大學(xué)英語作文筆記(陳萍教授歸納)

理論篇一、前言(一)最新作文得分統(tǒng)計：四級新題型考試后，一項內(nèi)部閱卷統(tǒng)計顯示考生作文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得分36分下為30%，36分63分為40%，63分85分為20%，85分以上為10%。70%的考生得分為63 以下。（二）寫作中應(yīng)該注意的問題1. 長度問題： 四級作文一般120150詞為宜： 第一部分34句； 第二部分68句 第三部分34句2. 格式問題 3 結(jié)構(gòu)正確 4.卷面整潔5.字體工整 6. 語法無誤 7. 中心（句）突出8. 內(nèi)容完整（三）四級寫作中語言重于內(nèi)容：1. 詞匯方面： 拼寫錯誤（分可原諒錯誤-難詞和不可原諒錯誤-簡單詞）謂語動詞過于簡單：主要表現(xiàn)在用詞單一；時態(tài)和語態(tài)單一2. 句子方面：語法錯誤： 主謂不一致； 時態(tài)問題； 語態(tài)問題 句型單一3. 篇章方面： 常用三段式 三個主題句 有閃光點 瘋狂使用定語從句二、高分作文的要素1、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。2、語言豐富。3、內(nèi)容充實。4.出現(xiàn)亮點：遣詞造句要地道 開頭結(jié)尾破常規(guī) 適當(dāng)應(yīng)用修辭法 恰當(dāng)使用警言句三、四級寫作過程()前寫作階段：審題、列提綱（前35分鐘）1第一步：解決文章內(nèi)容問題：讀懂考題，劃出考題要點第二步：解決文章結(jié)構(gòu)問題：依據(jù)要點，打開思路例1、中心思想 interview is good分論點interview forces us to study harder(第一方) interview is good to employer company(第二方對方) interview is good to society(第三方)第三步帥選出最佳寫作思路，從多個角度考慮一個相同的問題：第一方-己方；第二方對方；第三方 2（二）寫作階段：1任務(wù)： 解決文章語言問題（6th30th 分鐘）2 成功語言體現(xiàn)的幾個方面：(1) 長句、短句錯落有致 (2) 倒裝、強調(diào)適當(dāng)穿插(3) 主動、被動合理應(yīng)用 (4) 比較結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙應(yīng)用3 選擇的適切性(1) 考慮讀者與作者的關(guān)系（寫給朋友與公司是不能用同一種方法來寫）(2) 語言的正式程度（幼兒與成人、口語與書面語不同）四 四級考試作文的結(jié)構(gòu)要求1引言段：表明文章話題，吸引讀者興趣，暗示正文內(nèi)容用數(shù)字：e.g.: Nowadays tens of thousands university students are graduated from school, and they all want to be successful in this modern world.用問題e.g.: Do you know any university students who do not want to succeed in the society? What does it take for them to succeed in the modern society?用引語e.g.: Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from sati factory performance in interview. commented Dr Kenly in his book.開門見山式e.g.: In the modern society, almost all university students look forward to success駁論式（推薦使用：先說錯的，后說對的，然后解釋為什么）e.g.: As the modem society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values, it provides more opportunities for students to seek success. However, the fact is that not everyone can succeed. Success calls for certain opportunities, but more importantly, it calls for many personal qualities.2 正文段的寫法(1)第一部分： 本段主題句(2)第二部分： 三組支持的論據(jù)(以下R=理由)： R1 + R2 + Example2 + R3 R1+ Example1；R2 + Example2； R3 + Example3(3)第三部分：簡單重復(fù)本段內(nèi)容3 結(jié)論段的寫法：(1)總結(jié)的寫法： 簡單的重復(fù)前文內(nèi)容(2)評論的寫法： 自己的觀點實戰(zhàn)篇一、四級寫作構(gòu)思文章（一）確保文章內(nèi)容正確（二）確保文章內(nèi)容充實1 expert testimony 專家證言（不一定專家與證言對號）2 statistics 統(tǒng)計數(shù)計法（不要老用very, 數(shù)據(jù)不一定正確，但要真是、合理、適中）3 example 舉例法 權(quán)威事例身邊事例（For example, Here is an example, I got from sb./sth.+定語從句，which works quite well in this case）舉例萬能公式： if + if not + so-增加文章長度 所舉事例必須是積極而非消極的4 personal experience 個人經(jīng)歷（謝積極經(jīng)歷而非消極經(jīng)歷）e.g： 如果有電腦，我就玩游戲；如果沒電腦，我就認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)，所以電腦不好。改為：如果有電腦，他們就天天玩游戲，沒人和我一起學(xué)英語。5 logic and reasoning 邏輯推理法 why (分析問題段)： R1; R2 + E; R3. 或 R1 +權(quán)威事例； R2+ 身邊事例 How （解決問題段） 宏觀觀點+ 他人觀點 + 自己觀點6 known facts 常識法7 analogy 類比法二 四級作文常用句式：1 there be 結(jié)構(gòu): 時態(tài)變化 單復(fù)數(shù)變化（就近原則）(1) be動詞變化There is（was） a concert last night. There are(is an ) English book, a dictionary and some(+other ) books on the desk.(2) There are many people (+who ) like to go to movies. There were many friends (+who )visited our school.2否定結(jié)構(gòu)(1)詞的否定： need 和 have 的否定: neednt / havent dont need to/ dont have to have no (2) 否定轉(zhuǎn)移 ：與思維、大腦有關(guān)的動詞需要用否定轉(zhuǎn)移(3) 部分否定： 指all, both, every與not 構(gòu)成的成分 I dont(x) remember (not) all the details.全部否定： 指肯定式的謂語動詞+ 否定意義的詞（rare, scare, seldom, never, neither, none, hardly, barely）I have never seen such things before.(4) 雙重否定： 其功能表肯定 加強語氣She is too sensitive not to notice that.(5)具有否定意義的短語：by no means （句中） in no way （句尾）in no wise （句尾） on no account （句首，且倒裝）eg: The problems are by no means difficult to solve. On no account are you to cheat in the coming exams. The situation is serious in no wise.(=is not serious)(6) 常用于否定的詞組：at all by many meansin any way in the leasteg: I am not tired in the least. (7)含有否定詞不含否定意義: cant but do sth.; cant help doing不含否定詞但否定意義 ：free， fail to do, lack, short 3 比較結(jié)構(gòu)eg: The climate in Shengyang is colder than (+that in )other cities. Comparing ( Compared )with cars, train runs much faster.(1) 同級比較我叔叔和你父親一樣高。這個杯子里的水和那個杯子里的水一樣多。你的帽子和我的帽子一樣。(2) 比較級和英語相比我更擅長物理。(3) 固定句型：A：“越越”他越忙越感到快樂。你越努力取得的進(jìn)步越大。B：句子主要成分+比較級+and+比較級假期航班越來越不貴了。在這上面花的時間越來越多。C：句子的主要成分+the+比較級+of the two這是兩個問題中比較簡單的一個。D：句子成分+more than+ He is more than a singer; he is a famous composer.A science is more than a large amount of information on some subject.-I am more than sad to hear that.-More than 70% of people are man.(4) 選擇比較：與其說他聰明，不如說他幸運。在春節(jié)，人們寧愿在家一起看電視，也不要出去旅游。4. 因果結(jié)構(gòu)（1）原因類My secretary didnt attend the meeting because he was ill.I wont tell you about it since youve not interested.We went without him as he wasnt ready in time.-In that he is very busy, he feels unable to do it.-She didnt get the job on the ground that she was young.-Not that I dont like the novel, but that I have no time for it.(2)結(jié)果類Everyone work hard, so that the work was finished ahead of achedule.-I was asleep, with the result that I didnt heat the telephone.-He studied hard, so he passed the exam.(3) 動詞短語前因后果 : lead to, contribute to前果后因: credit to, attribute to混合因果: be bound up with, be associated with, 5 目的結(jié)構(gòu): with the purpose of 我們采取這樣的措施是為了解決這個問題。.為了使每個人都理解，請大聲的把它說出來。我記下他的地址，以免忘記。他打他兒子的電話好讓他聽他的話。6 條件結(jié)構(gòu)：如果不努力學(xué)習(xí)是永遠(yuǎn)不會成功的。如果措施可以及時采取的話，問題就會被解決的。7 并列結(jié)構(gòu): Winter had gone and spring is here.Not only is he himself interested in the subject but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it. We had to cope with the action from the enemy as well as the shortage of food, clothing , and almost everything.8 It 句型結(jié)構(gòu)(1) lt+be+名詞/形容詞 +(for+名詞/代詞) + 動詞不定式 Nice , difficult, interesting, essential, important, easy, hard, possible, useful, lovely, wonderful, pleasant 等。保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的責(zé)任。我來參加這個演講是很榮幸的。(2) It+be+形容詞 +of+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式Foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, rude, wise, wrong, modest, considerate, bold, generous, selfish, careful 等。她連母親的生日都忘記了，實在是太粗心了。-你們考慮真周到，為我們做好一切必要的準(zhǔn)備。.(3) 強調(diào)句It+be+被強調(diào)部分+that I hope people can realize the urgency to solve this problem as soon as possible, (陳述句) I do hope people can realize the urgency to solve this problem as soon as possible, (強調(diào)句)9 簡單句與復(fù)合句的轉(zhuǎn)換(1) 簡單句的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 主語+謂語 Jim laughs. 主語+系動詞+表語 Mary looks ill. 主語+謂語+賓語 The girl likes ice cre