英國文學(xué)史及選讀2 知識總結(jié)

1、以下為英國文學(xué)史第二冊的知識點(diǎn)總結(jié) 個(gè)別知識點(diǎn)會有錯(cuò)誤或者遺漏 請?jiān)趶?fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候自主補(bǔ)充 愿大家都能取得好成績VictoriaJPart V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Wordsworth華茲華斯Coleridge 柯爾律治Southey 騷塞The Lake Poets1. William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯1770

2、1850Poet Laureate（桂冠詩人）a leader of the romantic movement in England. Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the be

3、ginning of the Romantic Movement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridges long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子詠”; “老水手之行”) and ends with Wordsworths “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds, daffodils and simple rural folk.(

4、5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written

5、 in Early Spring”(“早春詩行”), “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子詠”; “老水手之行”) “Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).Lucy Poems 露西組詩“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “獨(dú)自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gi

6、ve him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely da

7、ffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.“The Solitary Reaper” “孤獨(dú)的收割者”The Prelude 序曲or Growth of a Poets MindThe Excursion 遠(yuǎn)足 漫游Wordsworths Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary spe

8、ech of the language return to nature.）2. George Gordon Byron喬治戈登拜倫178818241) Hours of Idleness 閑暇時(shí)刻消閑時(shí)光dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。2) The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 英國詩人和蘇格蘭評論家She Walks In Beauty 她走在美的光影里When We Tw

9、o Parted 昔日依依別Sonnet on Chillon錫隆十四行詩Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰爾德哈羅德游記-“I awoke one morning and found myself famous” Spenserian stanza斯賓塞詩體 9-line stanza, ababbcbcc，long poem with 4 cantosDon Juan/dndu:n/唐璜masterpiece杰作It was written in Italy during the years from 1818 to 1823.It has 16,000 lines i

10、n 16 cantos It is an epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.It is written in ottava rima /t:vrim （八行體）. 八行體：每行10或11個(gè)音節(jié)，前6行交替押韻，后2行成一組同腳韻。 Each stanza contains 8 iambic pentameter lines. 每個(gè)節(jié)包含8個(gè)抑揚(yáng)格五音步線 The rhyme scheme is abababcc.The later part of the 18th century，a Spanish

11、 youth of aristocratic birth.This long poem describes Don Juans vicissitudes(變遷) of life and adventures in many countries.The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions.The hero shows his disgust at the vanity（虛榮） and hypocrisy（虛偽）of English high society.Byron

12、 did not finish the poem. He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and die a heroic death.Comments on Byron1)Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the time. 2) His literary career was closely linked with

13、 the struggle and progressive movements of his age. 3) He opposed oppression and slavery, and has an ardent (passionate) love for liberty. 4) He praised the peoples revolutionary struggles in his works. 5) His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people of other countries. 6)

14、Byrons poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring (bold, brave) and powerful passion. Some poems show his individual heroism and pessimism.英雄主義和悲觀主義“Byronic heroes”“拜倫式英雄”（在“Oriental Tales“東方敘事詩”大量體現(xiàn)）A theme that pervades much of Byrons work is that of the Byronic hero, an idealized but flawed cha

15、racter whose attributes include:Being a rebel 反叛者Having a distaste for social institutions 厭惡社會體系Being an exile 被流放Expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege 蔑視權(quán)威Having great talent 極具天賦Hiding an unsavory past 隱藏著令人厭惡的過去Being highly passionate 高度的熱情Ultimately, being self-destructive 自我毀滅“By

16、ronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules 殘暴的規(guī)則or moral principles.3. Percy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪萊17921822The finest lyric poets in the English language1) Zastrozzi, 柴斯特羅齊，written when in Eton. 2) The Necessity of Atheism, 無神論的必要性，written when in Oxford

17、University3) Queen Mab, 仙后麥布，written when in London.4) Prometheus Unbound,解放了的普羅米修斯，written when in Italy.5) “The Odes to the West Wind”,“西風(fēng)頌” written when in Italy.Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old

18、who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only

19、 starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invoca

20、tion for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行詩aba bcb cdc ded efe )6) The Masque of Anarchy, 暴政的假面，a political lyrics, written when in Italy.7) Ozymandias 奧西曼迪亞斯8) A Song: “Men of England” 給英格蘭人的歌9) The Cloud云10)To a Sky-Lark 致云雀Comments on Shelleys

21、Poetry1)Shelley has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite (/rudait/) (learned), complex (difficult), full of classical（古典）and mythological allusions（神話典故）. 2) His style abounds (is rich) in personification 擬人and metaphor比喻 and other figures of speech.Comments on ShelleyHe stood for this social a

22、nd political ideal all his life.Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied（預(yù)言）a happy and free life for mankind.He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.4. John Keats約翰濟(jì)慈17

23、9518211)“O Solitude”,“孤寂”, a sonnet published in Hunts The Examiner檢查官. 2)“On First Looking into Chapmans Homer”,“初讀查普曼譯荷馬史詩”， a sonnet.3)Poems，詩集， his first book. 4)Endymion,恩底彌翁 his first long poem.5)Isabella,伊莎貝拉6)Hyperion,許佩里翁，written in blank verse. The theme is the conflict between the old and

24、 the new.7)Lamia，萊米亞8) The Eve of St. Agnes，圣愛格尼斯之夜，unfinished.9) The great odes: (1)On a Grecian Urn，“希臘古甕頌”.(2)To Psyche，“心靈頌”(3)To a Nightingale，“夜鶯頌”.(4)On Melancholy，“憂傷頌”.(5)To Autumn，“秋頌”Comments on John Keats poetry (synesthesia通感)1) In John Keats short writing career of six or seven years,

25、Keats produced a variety of kinds of work, including epic, lyric and narrative poems. 2) Keats poetry, characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.3) His artistic aim is to cr

26、eate a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid (miserable) reality of his day. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.5. Walter Scott沃爾特斯科特177118321. The father of the historical novel2. Scottish Novelist and Poet3. His

27、language is difficult with Scottish dialect. Range: from the Middle Ages to the 18th centurysubjects: history of Scotland, English history, history of European countries.Of the Scottish historyWaverley 威弗利first historical novel.Rob Roy羅布羅伊the best of the groupOf the English historyIvanhoe艾凡赫, Norman

28、 Conquest the best of the groupStyle：a. combination of history and romanceb. panoramic scene of the medieval Englandc. third-person point of view (story) combined with first-person point of view (authors intervention);d. the use of disjointed flashbacke. structural clues to move the story alongScott

29、s wish of the reconciliation of two nations and desire for the establishment of a strong centralized nation headed by a wise and just king. e.g. Richard the Lion-hearted is such a king. He is a beautified figure.GENERAL FEATURES of THE HISTORICAL NOVELBlend of fictional and real characters/events 虛實(shí)

30、相混Detailed description 細(xì)節(jié)描寫Third-person omniscient narrator 第三人稱視角Flashbacks and time shifts 閃回和時(shí)間移位Closeness of the past to the present 從古至今Comments on Scotts Historical NovelsScotts historical novels paved the way for the development of the realistic novels of the 19th century and marks the transi

31、tion from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane Austen簡奧斯丁17751817The first important English woman novelist, and now ranking among the truly great British novelists.Pride and Prejudice (1813) 傲慢與偏見Sense and Sensibility (1811) 理智與情感Northanger Abbey (1818) 諾桑覺寺Mansf

32、ield Park (1814) 曼斯菲爾德莊園Emma (1816) 愛瑪Persuasion (1818) 勸導(dǎo)Features of Janes Writing(1) Her writing is realistic. (2) She drew vivid pictures of everyday life of the country society. (3) The themes are mostly about love and marriage. (4) The language is simple, humorous, and witty and with quiet iron

33、y. The dialogue is not only fit for the characteristics but also with satire.7. Charles lamb查爾斯蘭姆17751834The best representative of Romantic Prose Writers.British counterpart of Montaigne.蒙田Dream-Children: A Reverie 夢中的兒女：一首幻想曲Poor Relations窮親戚Features of Lambs Essays1) the most important feature of

34、 his essays is his humor. Charles Lamb is a humorist and a master of puns and jokes, which abound in his essays.2) Lamb was especially fond of old writers. His writings are full of archaisms (/a:keiizm/古詞).3) His essays are intensely personal. They are an excellent picture of Lamb and humanity. His

35、essays are marked by relaxed style, conversational tone and wide range of subject matter.4)Lamb is a romanticist of the city, (while Wordsworth is a romanticist of nature).Lambs imagination was inspired by the busy life of London, (Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes).Part VI T

36、he Victorian Age （Critical Realism in England）A satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classs greed and hypocrisy Satire/grotesqueProfound sympathy for the common people honesty and good-heartedness HumorDemocratic and humanistic character.1. Charles Dickens 查爾斯狄更斯1812-1870The Fir

37、st Period18361841, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) 博茲特寫集, the first book 2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) 匹克威克外傳3). Oliver Twist (1837-1838) 奧克佛特維斯特，霧都孤兒 4). Nichols Nickleby (1838-1839) 尼古拉斯尼克爾貝5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) 老古玩店6). Barnab

38、y Rudge (1841) 巴納比拉奇The Second Period1842-1850, Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) 美國札記 2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844) 馬丁朱述爾維特3) A Christmas Carol (1843

39、) 圣誕頌歌 4) The Chimes 教堂鐘聲 5) The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀 6) Dombey and Son (1847-1848) 董貝父子7) David Copperfield (1849-1850)大衛(wèi)科波菲爾, the most autobiographical, one of the greatest English novelsThe Third Perioda Period of steadily intensifying pessimism, showing underlying tone of bitterness, loss

40、of hope for English bourgeois society1) Bleak House(1852-1853) 荒涼山莊2) Hard Times(1854) 艱難時(shí)世3) Little Dorrit (1855-1857)小杜麗4) A Tale of Two Cities(1859) 雙城記 5) Great Expectations(1860-1861) 遠(yuǎn)大前程6) Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865) 我們的共同朋友7) Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1869) 艾德溫德魯?shù)轮?Features of His Works這兩個(gè)

41、是批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義都有的特點(diǎn)：批判社會現(xiàn)實(shí)+妥協(xié)1. Dickens novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of capitalist society.2. Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. 小資產(chǎn)階級知識分子He

42、 could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist

43、s society.3. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and satire.（批判現(xiàn)實(shí)）4. Almost all his novels have happy endings.（妥協(xié)compromise）5. His novels tell much of the experience of his childhood.（創(chuàng)作源泉）2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉梅克皮斯薩克雷 181118631) The Book of Snobs 勢利人臉譜勢利者集It gives a

44、satirical description of the different strata of the ruling classes of England and is regarded as a prelude to Thackerays major literary career.2) Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero 名利場3) The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯4) The Newcomes 紐克姆一家5) The History of Henny Esmond亨利埃斯蒙德6) The Virginians 弗吉尼亞人 h

45、istorical novelsComments on Thackerays Novels1) Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. 2) Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖銳的) and his humor subtle(精妙的).3) Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.T

46、he Features of Vanity Fair(1) Vanity Fair has a sub-title, A Novel Without a Hero, which intends to portray the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.(2) In Vanity Fair, Thackeray gives block characters(人物群體 ).(3) Vanity Fair is work of social criticism, and is noted for the authors realisti

47、c depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.(4) Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair.(5) Thackeray employs an omniscient narrator to tell the story.3. George Eliot 喬治艾略特18191880 ( Mary Ann Evans瑪麗安伊萬斯)She is a female writer, most of her works are on the moral pro

48、blems and religion; some are on the political problems with ferocious criticism of the bourgeoisie society.She used a male pen name to ensure her works would be taken seriously. she wanted to escape the stereotype of women only writing lighthearted romances. Desire to shield her private life from pu

49、blic scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years 1. Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本質(zhì)2. Editor of The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特評論 Three stories:1)“The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton” “阿莫斯

50、巴頓牧師的不幸遭遇”2) “Mr. Gilfils Lover Story” “吉爾菲爾先生的戀愛史”3) “Janets Repentance” “珍妮特的懺悔” 3. Scenes of Clerical Life 教區(qū)生活場景1857 Remarkable Novels:4. Adam Bede 亞當(dāng)比德 5.The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨房6. Silas Marner 織工馬南7. Romola 羅慕拉1863 (a historical novel of the Renaissance in Italy problems of religion and m

51、orality)8. Felix Holt the Radical， 1866費(fèi)立可斯霍爾特9. Middlemarch， (18711872) 米德爾馬契10. Daniel Deronda， 1876 丹尼爾德龍達(dá)(A study of Jewish racial consciousness)4. The Bront sisters Charlotte Bront (18161855)Emily Bront (18181848) Anne Bront (18201849) They were all talented writers and all of them died young.

52、Emily: Wuthering Heights,呼嘯山莊Anne: Agnes Grey,安格尼斯格雷 The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall王爾德費(fèi)爾莊園的佃戶Charlottes Representative works1) The Professor,教授 (based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)2) Jane Eyre,簡愛 (masterpiece) (1) The criticism of the bourgeois system of education; the

53、Lowood School;(2) The description of the English country squire;(3) Position of woman in society: equalityJane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism, Gothicism and romanticism to create a distinctive Victorian novel.

54、Features of Jane Eyre Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved，a poor， plain， little governess who dares to love her master， a man superior to her in many ways， and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image

55、. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive，kind-hearted， noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her i

56、ntense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Themes:Morality 道德God and ReligionSocial classGender relationsLove and PassionIndependenceAtonement and Forgiveness贖罪和寬恕Search for home and family3) Shirley,舍麗 dealing with the life of workers at the time of

57、the Luddites movement (盧德運(yùn)動, 17 c. machines, deprived, work, destroy)4) Villette,維萊特, a realistic description of her sad experiences at a boarding school in Brussels.Themes of Charlottes works and the image of women protagonists.1. Charlottes works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness