高中英語句子成分基本句型精品課件.ppt

1、句 子 成 分 Members of a Sentence,*句子成分由詞或詞組充當,英語的基本成分有七種： _ _ _ 和_,主語(subject)、,謂語(predicate)、,表語(predicative)、,賓語(object)、,定語(attribute)、,狀語(adverbial),補語(complement),英語句子的基本結構可以歸納成五種 基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。,掌握這五種基本句型, 是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。,一: (主謂) 二: (主系表) 三: (主謂賓) 四: (主謂間賓直賓) 五: (主謂賓賓補),基本句型 一:(主謂),主語: 可以作主語的成

2、分有名詞, 主格代詞, 動詞不定式, 動名詞等等。主語一般在句首。,謂語: 謂語由動詞構成, 是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài) 變化的主角, 一般在主語之后。不及物動詞 (vi.)沒有賓語, 形成主謂結構。,如: We come.,(不及物動詞),1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一個共同特點, 即句子的謂語動詞 都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞， 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀

3、語從句等。,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一個共同的特點: 句子謂語 動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思, 必須加上 一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構成復合 謂語, 才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做 連系動詞。,系動詞分兩類: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情況; get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類, 表變化。 be 本身沒有什么意義, 只起連系主語和表語的 作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。,感官動詞多可用作連系動詞: look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯, feel good/感覺好, smell bad/難聞,(是系動詞)

4、 (表語),1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred.,*There be 結構: There be 表示存在有。 這里的there沒有實際意義, 不可與副詞 there那里混淆。 此結構后跟名詞, 表示 “(存在)有某事物”。,試比較: There is a b

5、oy there. (那兒有一個男孩) 前一個there無實意, 后一個there為副詞那里。,基本句型 三: (主謂賓),此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都 具有實義, 都是主語產生的動作, 但不能 表達完整的意思, 必須跟有一個賓語, 即動作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。 這類動詞叫做及物動詞。,(及物動詞)(賓語),1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. Hesaid“Good morning.” 5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken.,基本句型 四:

6、 (主謂間賓直賓),有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。這兩個賓語通常一個 指人(間接賓語); 一個指物(直接賓語)。,-Give me a cup of tea please. -Show this house to Mr. Smith. -Bring it to me, please.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was lat

7、e. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine.,基本句型 五: (主謂賓賓補),此句型的句子的共同特點是: 動詞雖然是及物動詞, 但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思, 必須加上 一個補充成分來補足賓語, 才能使意思完整。,賓語補足語: 位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。 可以用作賓語補足語的有名詞, 形容詞, 不定式, 動名詞, 分詞, 介詞短語等。,The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the s

8、tudents to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.,名詞/代詞賓格 + n./adj./ 介詞短語/ 動詞不定式/分詞, (及物) (賓語) (賓補),1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2. Thissetthem thinking. 3. Theyfoundthe housedeserted. 4. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 5. I sawthemgetting on the bus.,a. b. c. d. e. ,1. Pleas tell us a

9、story. _ 2. She smiled. _ 3. I have a lot of work to do. _ 4. His job is to train swimmers. _ 5. He noticed a man enter the room. _ 6. Please look at the picture. _,d,a,e,b,e,c,但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣 簡短, 除了基本句型的成分不變外, 通常 是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些 修飾語而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是 單詞 (adj./adv./num. 數詞)短語 (主要 是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語)。

10、我們稱之為: 定語、狀語 The little boy needs a blue pen.,一、 定語：,定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用 的詞、短語或句子, 譯為的。,定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。 復合不定代詞(something/nothing)之后； 不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時要放在 被修飾的成分后； 副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。,Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. The boy needs a ball pen. There is

11、 nothing to do today. The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy you will know is Tom.,二、狀語：,狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的 句子成分, 說明方式、因果、條件、時間、 地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。,-The boy needs a pen now. -The boy needs a pen very much.,可用作狀語的有副詞, 不定式, 分詞, 介詞短語, 從句等。,In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里, 男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點

12、狀語) Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母親面前, 湯姆總是一個男孩子。(條件狀語) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天, 教室里沒有學生。 (時間狀語),介詞短語作狀語：,分詞(短語)作狀語：,He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài)) Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因為不得不完成作業(yè), 男孩需要一支筆。 (原因狀語) Frightened

13、, he sits there soundlessly. (因為)受了驚嚇, 他無聲地坐在那兒。 (原因狀語),The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語) To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 為實現夢想, 湯姆變得對商業(yè)很有興趣.,不定式作狀語：,狀語從句： 時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、 原因狀語從句、結果狀語從句、 目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、 讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句,-We chatted as we wal

14、ked along. -Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.,三、同位語：,同位語 當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在 同等位置時, 一個句子成分用來說明和解釋 另一個句子成分, 這個句子成分就叫做它的 同位語。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語, 都是指同一批“學生”) We all are students. (all是we的同位語, 都指同樣的“我們”),四、獨立成分：,與全句沒有語法關系的句子成分叫做句子的 獨立成分。 感嘆詞: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定詞:

15、yes 否定詞: no 稱呼語: 稱呼人的用語。 插入語: 一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 這個故事還遠沒結束.,(一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school wan

16、t to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二) 挑出下列句中的表語 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(三) 挑出下列句中的定語 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to swee

17、p the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily some

18、times. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的狀語 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast., With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,劃分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve g