研究生英語課件第二單元.ppt

1、研究生英語精讀教程(第三版上),中國人民大學(xué)出版社,Unit Two,Cancer speak with a particular tone吟誦 (祈禱文、贊美詩等 )；以特殊音調(diào)說話 carcinogen n. a substance which tends to produce a cancer in the body致癌物質(zhì) interject v. make a sudden remark between others突然插入說話,Translation,Menu, 4 The whole world is chock-full of carcinogens, Ames declare

2、d. “A beer, with its 700 parts per billion of formaldehyde and five parts per 100 of alcohol is a thousand times more hazardous than anything in the water. If you have beer on your breath, does that mean you have to warn everyone who comes within ten feet of you?,formaldehyde n. a type of colourless

3、 gas甲醛,Menu,Translation, 5 In an era when headlines shout about the latest cancer scare, Ames has a different message: the levels of most man-made carcinogens are generally so low that any danger is trivial compared with the levels of natural carcinogens.,Translation,Menu, 6 Ames is not a quack. At

4、age 59, he is one of the nations most respected authorities on carcinogenesis. His resume is packed with honors, including the Charles. Mott Prize from the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, one of the most prestigious awards in cancer research, and membership in the National Academy of Scie

5、nces.,quack n. a person dishonestly claiming to have special, esp. medical knowledge and practising a skill he does not have冒充內(nèi)行之人 (尤指醫(yī)術(shù)方面 )；江湖醫(yī)生 prestigious adj. having or bringing prestige有名望的，有威信的,Menu,Even his critics say the Ames testhis simple, inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps deter

6、mine whether a substance might cause canceris a remarkable achievement.,Translation,Menu, 7 But Ames slaughters sacred cows. Hes taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century. In April 1987, for instance, he and two colleag

7、ues, Renae Magaw and Lois Swirsky Gold, published a report in Science magazine that ranked various possible cancer risks.,slaughter vt. to kill (animals) for food屠宰 (動物 ) a sacred cow any person or thing regarded as above criticism or attack 神圣不可侵犯的人或物,Menu,Based on animal tests of nearly 1,000 chem

8、icals, the data show that daily consumption of the average peanut-butter sandwich, which contains traces of aflatoxin (a naturally occurring mold carcinogen in peanuts), is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food, and that a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silico

9、n Valley is 1,000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is.,aflatoxin n.黃曲霉毒素 silicon n.硅,Menu,Hes not advising people to stop consuming peanut-butter, beer and wine. What hes saying is that most cancer risks created by man are trivial compared with everyday natural risks, and its n

10、ot clear how many of these are real risks. Both types distract attention from such enormous risk factors as tobacco.,distract v. draw away (persons attention from sth.) 轉(zhuǎn)移（一個(gè)人的注意力），使分心,Menu,Translation, 8 Amess cancer research began about 25 years ago over a bag of potato chips. Ames, then conductin

11、g research for the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, was reading the ingredients on the bag. It struck him that no one knew what each chemical did to human genes , and there was no easy way to find out.,ingredient n. a particular one of a mixture of things (混合的 )成分 gene n.基因,Translation,Men

12、u, 9 At that time, scientists testing for carcinogenicity had to set up time consuming and costly lab experiments on rats and mice. Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen tes

13、t using bacteria. The Ames test was hailed as a major scientific development and is now used worldwide.,mutation n. sudden inheritable divergence from ancestral type突變，變異,Menu,Translation, 10 One day in 1974 Ames, now teaching at Berkeley, suggested that some students test various household products

14、. To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, as did a flame retardant used in childrens pajamas. Almost overnight, Ames became a hero of environmentalists when his findings led to new regulations and bans on certain chemicals.,a flame retardant 阻燃劑 pajamas n. (pl. )loose-fitting jacket

15、and trousers for sleeping in寬松睡衣褲,Translation,Menu, 11 For the next decade public concern over carcinogens continued to rise. Then, Ames says, I started realizing something wasnt right. Too many natural substances also tested positive as carcinogens or mutagens: fruit juices, brown mustard , celery

16、, parsley .,mustard n.芥菜 celery n.芹菜 parsly n.歐芹,Menu,In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Amesboth natural and man-madeturned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.,Translation,Menu, 12 Ames at first assumed he had erred with his test. He hadnt.

17、His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. Why assume nature is benign? he now says.,err v. make mistakes; do or be wrong犯錯(cuò)，做錯(cuò) benign adj. (of a disease) not dangerous to life, not malignant (指病變 )無危險(xiǎn)的，良性的,Menu,Translation, 13 The cam

18、paign supporting Californias Proposition 65 convinced Ames that he had a duty to explain this to the public. When people said certain birth defects were caused by a part per billion of something in the water, I thought it irresponsible, he says. Its just playing with peoples fears. You can always fi

19、nd a part per billion of something in the water.,Translation,Menu, 14 In testimonybefore a California senate committee, Ames noted that tap water, for instance, contains the carcinogen chloroform at about 83 ppb due to chlorination.,testimony n. a formal statement that something is true, as made by

20、a witness in a court of law (法庭上見證人所作的 )見證 chloroform n. 氯仿 chlorination n. 使氯化，用氯氣處理,Menu,But coffee contains two natural carcinogens at about 4,000 ppb each, while human blood averages 3,000 ppb of formaldehyde from normal metabolism.,metabolism n. process by which food is built up into living mat

21、ter or by which living matter is broken down into simple substances新陳代謝，代謝作用,Translation,Menu,15 Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not. He does no consulting for the chemical, drug or food companies, or for law firms. And he accepts no grants from business.,s

22、tooge n. any person who acts as a foil, (an underling, etc. ) to another陪襯；傀儡,Menu,Translation, 16 Environmentalists reject Amess arguments, saying that we are obligated to keep the total exposure to carcinogens as low as possible. Somehow he thinks there has to be a choice, says Carl Pope of the Si

23、erra Club. If we had to choose between TCE a suspected cancer causing solvent in drinking water and public education on cigarette smoking, maybe hes right. But we dont have to make a choice.,obligate v. compel a person, esp. legally to do sth.強(qiáng)制 (某人，尤指依法 )做某事,Translation,Menu, 17 Amess reply:You don

24、t want every chemical company dumping their garbage out the back door. But the price you pay for living in a modern, industrial society is a few parts per billion of chemicals in the water. You can get rid of it, but at enormous cost. If you spend all your time chasing trivia, you lose sight of the

25、important risks.,trivia n. (pl.) trifles; unimportant details 不重要的事，瑣事,Menu,Translation,Exercises,. Comprehension,. Vocabulary,. Cloze,. Translation (English to Chinese),. Translation (Chinese to English),. Writing,Menu,. Comprehension,Answer the following questions or complete the following stateme

26、nts by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.,1. Amess appearance at last years meeting showed that _. he liked to enjoy the California sunshine he was too busy to care for himself he was particular about his clothes he paid no atte

27、ntion to himself,Menu,Answers,. Comprehension,2. According to Ames, in our era man-made carcinogens are _. less dangerous than natural carcinogens as dangerous as natural carcinogens more dangerous than natural carcinogens the latest cancer scare 3. Ames slaughters sacred cows“ means that _. Ames of

28、ten kills cows Ames likes to eat beef Ames doesnt believe in any religion Ames defies anything regarded as above criticism,Answers,Menu,4. What Ames really wants to say in his report in Science magazine is that _. daily consumption of the average peanut-butter sandwich is 100 times more dangerous th

29、an our daily intake of DDT from food a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1,000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is people should stop consuming peanut-butter, beer and wine most man-made cancer risks are trivial compared with daily natural risks and

30、 its not clear how many of these are real risks,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,5. Before Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria, scientists _. made their experiments on bacteria did not know that bacteria were sensitive to mutagens had known that bacteria were sensitive to carcinogens had spe

31、nt much time and money making experiments on bacteria,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,6. In 1974, Ames suddenly became a hero of environmentalists as _. he suggested that some students test various household products many common hair dyes tested positive a flame retardant used in childrens pajamas test

32、ed positive his findings resulted in new regulations and laws on certain chemicals,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,7. People tend to assume nature is benign because _. they believe only man-made chemicals could be dangerous Ames had erred with his tests they are naive and ignorant about the Ames Test m

33、ost natural substances have been tested negative as carcinogens or mutagens,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,8. Environmentalists argument against Ames is that _. Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry Ames does consulting for the chemical drug and food companies or law firms Ames has erred in suppo

34、sing that we have to make a choice between cancer risks More attention should be paid to TCE in drinking water than public education of cigarette smoking,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,9. Amess reply to the environmentalists is that _. we have to pay for living in a modern industrial society we should

35、 not waste time on trivia at the expense of real risks we have to get rid of harmful chemicals in the water at any costs every chemical company should dump its garbage out the back door,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,10. From the text we can infer that man-made carcinogens are _. no more harmful to th

36、e American public than a peanut-butter sandwich not more harmful to the American public than a peanut-butter sandwich more harmful to the American public than a peanut-butter sandwich harmful to the American public while a peanut-butter sandwich is not,. Comprehension,Menu,Answers,11. Ames has adopt

37、ed a _ attitude towards Californias Proposition 65. watch-and-wait B. no-comment C. critical D. respectful,. Comprehension,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,1. After his father died, Bill took on

38、 the management of the factory. got B. undertook C. organized D. held 2. Those students who have access to his esoteric discussions were impressed by the scope of his thinking. known by few B. known to all C. very lively D. quite popular,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices

39、A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,3. The music of the radio distracted me from my reading. A. engrossed B. confused C. refrain D. diverted 4. Abraham Lincoln was quintessential American patriot. A. great B. famous C. typical D. revered,Answers,Menu,. Vocabu

40、lary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,5. Every now and then, the speaker interjected some witty remark. A. rejected B. criticized C. inserted D. jeered 6. Why do you get angry over such trivial matters? A. of great worth

41、 B. of great benefit C. of little worth D. of little help,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,7. The youngest boy was laughed at for his naive remarks. innocent B. witty C. amusing D. foolish 8. Th

42、e lady rumpled her skirt by sitting on the seat while flying. A. disordered B. disarranged C. creased D. crashed,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,9. Thousands of people are needlessly slaughtere

43、d in road accidents in his country each year. wounded B. killedC. injured D. crushed 10. I bought this cloth cheap because there is a small defect in it. A. spotB. dotC. flawD. point,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,11. Your job is not to make decis

44、ions but to _ the decisions we make. complete B. accomplish C. ImplementD. affect 12. Would you _ him among the worlds great statesmen? A. rank B. callC. nameD. hail,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,13. Understanding is one of the most important _ o

45、f a successful marriage. ingredientsB. standards C. keysD. methods 14. There are _ of poison in the dead mans blood. A. pieces B. tracesC. slicesD. lots,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,15. He had been ill for months, and we were disturbed by his _

46、complexion. fair B. sallow C. darkD. white 16. A witness in court is _ to tell the truth. temptedB. obligated C. urgedD. praised,Answers,Menu,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,17. A _ swelling or tumour can usually be cured. malignantB. benign C. small D. mild 18

47、. It is better to _ on the side of mercy. A. errB. add C. work D. offer,Menu,Answers,. Vocabulary,B. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.,19. He has a very _ address; he lives in the best part of town. wealthy B. comfortable C. prestigiousD. Accessible 20. We all listened to the pr

48、iest _ the psalm. intoning B. uttering C. speaking D. delivering,Answers,Menu,. Cloze,Read the passage through and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage.,We all know that normal human daily 1 of activity is of some 78 hours sleep 2 with some 1617 hours

49、wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of 3 .,A. lifeB. cycleC. operationD. plan A. alternating B. keepingC. goingD. shifting A. dawnB. quietnessC. darknessD. mid-night,Menu,Answers,Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this normality

50、can be modified. The question is no more an academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where 4 calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machine. It normally takes from five days

51、 to one week for a person to adapt to a 5 routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night.,A. productionB. automation C. managementD. manufacture A. fixedB. reservedC. givenD. reversed,Answers,Menu,Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed

52、 every week, a person may work from 12 mid-night to 8 a.m. 6 week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 mid-night the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine 7 he was to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping efficie

53、ntly.,A. aB. firstC. oneD. the A. thanB. whenC. oneD. while,Menu,Answers,One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research, however, has shown that people on such systems will get back into their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the

54、 weekend and that this is quite enough to 8 any adaptation to night work built up during the week.,A. harmB. changeC. demolishD. reduce,Answers,Menu,The only real solution appears to be to hand 9 the night shift to a 10 of permanent night workers whose adaptation to night work may persist 11 all wee

55、kends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1967.,A. downB. overC. fromD. In A. corpsB. crowdC. gangD. flock A. inB. forC. throughD. on,Menu,Answers,She found a high 12 of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic

56、 disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these 13 among those on permanent night work.,A. incidenceB. happening C. levelD. possibility A. diseasesB. symbols C. signsD. symptoms,Answers,Menu,This latter system then appears to be the best long-term pol

57、icy, but, for the time being, something may be done to relieve the 14 of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most 15 to the changes of routine.,A. taskB. hardshipC. strainsD. weight A. permanentlyB. Frequently C. willinglyD. quickly,Menu,Answers,. Translation (Englis

58、h to Chinese),Whether you die at a young age or when you are older is less important than whether you have fully lived the years you have had. One person may live more in eighteen years than another does in eighty. By living, we do not mean frantically accumulating a range and quantity of experience

59、 valued in fantasy by others. Rather, we mean living each day as if it is the only one you have.,Answers,Menu,. Translation (English to Chinese),We mean finding a sense of peace and strength to deal with lifes disappointments and pain while always striving to discover vehicles to make more accessible, increase, and sustain the joys and delights of life.,Menu,Answers,. Translation (Chinese to English),1.那個(gè)政客以許多事實(shí)和數(shù)字作為武器。(arm with) 2.我覺得我們在那里確實(shí)學(xué)到了許多東西。 (strike) 3.現(xiàn)在工人們的各方面條件比起10年前都大大改善了。(as compared with) 4.根據(jù)人民共和