英國文學史及選讀PartVThe17thCentury2.ppt

1、Part V The 17th Century 2,John Milton a second edition followed in 1674, redivided into twelve books. The poem concerns the Judeo-Christian story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden.,Paradise Lost,Paradise Lost - Creation of man,In

2、the Bible, Adam and Eve were the first man and the first woman. The Book of Genesis tells that God created Adam by breathing life into “the dust of the ground.” Later, God created Eve from Adams rib. God placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, telling them that they could eat the fruit of all the

3、 trees in the garden except the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. They lived happily until the serpent (Satan) tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit.,Creation of man,Adam and Eve,Garden of Eden,Satan,Paradise Lost - the Fall of Man,She ate, and gave the fruit to Adam, who also ate; t

4、hey immediately became aware and ashamed of their nakedness. Because of Adam and Eves disobedience, God drove them from the garden into the world outside, where Eve would suffer in childbirth and Adam would have to earn his livelihood by the sweat of his brow. The direst consequence of Adam and Eves

5、 disobedience was death: “ Dust thou art,” said God, “and unto dust shalt thou return.”,Paradise Lost - the Fall of Man,After their expulsion, Eve gave birth to sons, first Cain and Abel and then Seth, and thus Adam and Eve became the parents of humankind. Adam and Eves sin and their consequent loss

6、 of Gods grace and the enjoyment of paradise are referred to as the Fall of Man or simply “the Fall.”,Fall of Man,The Fall of Man,Paradise Lost - Miltons purpose,Miltons purpose, stated in Book I, is to justify the ways of God to men (l. 26) and elucidate (闡明, 說明) the conflict between His eternal fo

7、resight (深謀遠慮) and free will.,Paradise Lost - Satan the fallen angel,Satan The main protagonist of this epic is the fallen angel, Satan. Looked at from a modern perspective it may appear to some that Milton presents Satan sympathetically, as an ambitious and proud being who defies his tyrannical cre

8、ator, omnipotent (全能的, 無所不能的) God, and wages war on Heaven, only to be defeated and cast down.,Paradise Lost - Miltons sympathy for Satan,Milton worked for Oliver Cromwell and thus wrote first-hand for the English Commonwealth. Arguably, the failed rebellion and reinstallation of the monarchy left h

9、im to explore his losses within Paradise Lost. Some critics say that he sympathized with the Satan in this work, in that both had experienced a failed cause.,Paradise Lost - Milton of the Devils party without knowing it,In William Blakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, the voice of the devil argues

10、: The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels 不忠) or heroism of Satan, but rather the tension between classical conservative old testament hierarchs evidenced in Satans worldview, and even in that of the archangels (天使長，大天使) Raphael and Gabriel, and new testament revolutionaries (embo

11、died in the Son of God, Adam, and Eve) who represent a new system of universal organization based not in tradition, precedence (優(yōu)先權; 級別高低), and unthinking habit, but in sincere and conscious acceptance of faith on the one hand, and on station (位置, 崗位, 地位, 身份) chosen by ability and responsibility.,Pa

12、radise Lost - contemporary interpretation,Naturally, this critical mode makes much use of Miltons other works and his biography, grounding itself in his personal history as an English revolutionary and social critic.,Paradise Regained- Jesus overcoming the temptations of Satan,Paradise Regained, a s

13、econd blank-verse poem in four books, describes how Jesus, a greater individual than Adam, overcame the temptations of Satan.,Paradise Lost 上帝的保佑), are able to more actively serve God, and “who best/ Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best.”,Cf: Matthew 11,28 Come unto me, all ye that labour and are

14、 heavy laden, and I will give you rest. 29Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. 30For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. Matthew 11 King James Bible 28“Come to Me, all who are weary and heavy-laden, and I will give you

15、 rest. 29“Take My yoke upon you and learn from Me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and YOU WILL FIND REST FOR YOUR SOULS. 30“For My yoke is easy and My burden is light.” Matthew 11 New American Standard Bible,On His Blindness - the voice of suffering humanity,This, too, is an expression of a re

16、cognizable human experience. As we absorb the poem, we listen to the voice of suffering humanity. For all its particularity, the poem arouses our awareness of something that is close to the experience of everyone - the tragedy of human life, the debilitating (使衰弱；使虛弱) catastrophe that changes a pers

17、ons whole life, the psychic pain that cannot be brushed aside because it is a daily reality.,On His Blindness - faces the facts of life at their worst,The poem does what art often does: it faces the facts of life at their worst. One function of art, therefore, is to allow us to grapple with our own

18、problems from a safe distance. This is a sonnet written in the Petrachan style. The rhyming scheme is abbaabbacdecde.,On His Deceased Wife - three marriages,Miltons life, as well as some of his ideas, were no doubt influenced by his three marriages. In 1642 he married Mary Powell, who was seventeen

19、at the time. She left him after a few weeks because of their emotional incompatibility, but reconciled with him in 1645. They had three daughters and a son together before her death in 1652. His experience with Mary shaped his opinions on divorce, which led to his famous pamphlet concerning the subj

20、ect.,On His Deceased Wife - written in memory of Katherine Woodcock, his second wife,Four years after Marys death, Milton married Katherine Woodcock. She died two years later after giving birth to a daughter who lived only a few months. In her memory, Milton composed his sonnet, “On His Deceased Wif

21、e.”（1656）. Milton had now been some time totally blind. His third marriage with the much younger Elizabeth Munshill was apparently happy.,On His Deceased Wife - rhyme scheme,1. Alcestis: see Euripides. 2. Great son: Hercules. 3. Glad husband: Admetus. 4. Veild: so was Alcestis. Rhyme scheme: abbaabb

22、acdcdcd a Petrachan sonnet,John Bunyan,Writer / Religious Figure Born: November 1628 Birthplace: Elstow, Bedfordshire, England Died: 31 August 1688 Best Known As: Author of The Pilgrims Progress (天路歷程),John Bunyan,John Bunyans birthplace,John Bunyans tomb in London,I. Life and career - a religious f

23、igure,After a brief period at the village free school, Bunyan learned the tinkers trade, which he followed intermittently throughout his life. Joining the parliamentary army in 1644, he served until 1647. The reading of several pious books and a constant study of the Bible intensified Bunyans religi

24、ous beliefs, and in 1653 he began acting as lay preacher for a congregation (會眾；某地區(qū)的全體教徒) of Baptists in Bedford.,I. Life and career - a religious figure,In this capacity he came into conflict with the Quakers led by George Fox and turned to writing in defense of his beliefs. In 1660 agents of the r

25、estored monarchy arrested him for unlicensed preaching, and he remained in prison for the next 12 years.,John Bunyan in prison,I. Life and career - a religious figure,During this period Bunyan wrote nine books, the most famous of which is Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (罪人頭目的赦免 1666), a fer

26、vent spiritual autobiography. Soon after his release in 1672 he was reimprisoned briefly and wrote the first part of his masterpiece The Pilgrims Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come(天路歷程), published in 1678. A second part appeared in 1684.,I. Life and career - a religious figure,By the

27、 time Bunyan was released from his second imprisonment, he had become a hero to the members of his sect, and he continued preaching and writing until his death. The principal works of these later years are The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (培德曼先生生死錄 1680) and The Holy War (圣戰(zhàn) 1682).,I. Life and caree

28、r -writing of The Pilgrims Progress,The Pilgrims Progress is an allegory recounting Christians journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City (【宗】天國，天上樂園); the second part describes the manner in which Christians wife, Christiana, makes the same pilgrimage. Remarkable for its simple, bib

29、lical style and its vivid presentation of character and incident, The Pilgrims Progress is considered one of the worlds great works of literature.,I. Life and career -style,Bunyans continued popularity rests on the spiritual fervor that permeates his works and on the compelling style in which they a

30、re written. His prose unites the eloquence of the Bible with the vigorous realism of common speech.,II. The Pilgrims Progress-written during Bunyans imprisonment,Bunyan wrote The Pilgrims Progress in two parts, the first of which was published in London in 1678 and the second in 1684. He had begun t

31、he work in his first period of imprisonment, and probably finished it during the second. The earliest edition in which the two parts combined in one volume came in 1728. A third part falsely attributed to Bunyan appeared in 1693, and was reprinted as late as 1852. Its full title is The Pilgrims Prog

32、ress from This World to That Which Is to Come.,The Pilgrims Progress-1st ed.,The Pilgrims Progress - a Christian allegory,The Pilgrims Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come is a Christian allegory, a vision of salvation (【宗】靈魂得救, 超度; 靈魂的拯救) told allegorically as if it were a journey thro

33、ugh life. It is regarded as one of the most significant works of English literature, and has been translated into more than 100 languages. Protestant missionaries commonly translated it as the first thing after the Bible.,The Pilgrims Progress - First part Christians journey,First part The allegory

34、tells of Christian, an everyman character, who makes his way from the City of Destruction (Earth) to the Celestial City (Heaven) of Zion (錫安山;耶路撒冷;天國).,The Pilgrims Progress - First part Christians journey,Christian finds himself weighed down by a great burden that he gets from reading a book (obvio

35、usly the Bible). This burden, which would cause him to sink into Tophet (hell), is Christians acute, immediate concern that impels him to the crisis of what to do for deliverance (解救；解脫). Evangelist (福音傳道者，尤指新教傳教士) suddenly comes by to direct Christian for deliverance to the Wicket Gate, which is th

36、e direction indicated by a shining light that Christian thinks he sees.,Christian enters the “Wicket Gate” directed by Evangelist,The Pilgrims Progress - First part Christians journey,Christian leaves his home, his wife, and children to save himself when his attempts to persuade them to join him are

37、 frustrated. Christian has a rough time of it, but Hopeful helps him over; and they are welcomed into the Celestial City in the end, where they enjoy eternal life in the fellowship of the blessed.,Christian sets out with his burden,The Pilgrims Progress - Second part Christianas journey,Second part

38、The Second Part of The Pilgrims Progress presents the pilgrimage of Christians wife, Christiana; their sons and the maiden, Mercy.,The Pilgrims Progress - Second part Christianas journey,They visit the same stopping places that Christian did, with the addition of Gaius Inn between the Valley of the

39、Shadow of Death and Vanity Fair; but they take a longer time in order to accommodate marriage and childbirth for the four sons and their wives. The hero of the story is Greatheart, the servant of the Interpreter, who is a pilgrims guide to the Celestial City. He kills four giants, including Giant De

40、spair, and participates in the slaying of a monster that terrorizes the city of Vanity.,The Pilgrims Progress - Second part Christianas journey,When the pilgrims end up in the Land of Beulah (比烏拉,【宗】以色列的別名;安息地), they cross over the River of Death by appointment. As a matter of importance to Christia

41、ns of Bunyans persuasion reflected in the narrative of The Pilgrims Progress, the last words of the pilgrims as they cross over the river are recorded. The four sons of Christian and their families do not cross, but remain for the support of the church in that place.,The Pilgrims Progress - Second p

42、art Christianas journey,The passage of years in this second pilgrimage better allegorizes the journey of the Christian life. By using heroines, Bunyan, in the Second Part, illustrates how women as well as men can be brave pilgrims. Alexander M. Witherspoon, professor of English at Yale University, w

43、rites in a prefatory essay:,The Pilgrims Progress - Second part Christianas journey,Part II, which appeared in 1684, is much more than a mere sequel to or repetition of the earlier volume. It clarifies and reinforces and justifies the story of Part I. The beam of Bunyans spotlight is broadened to in

44、clude Christians family and other, men, women, and children; the incidents and accidents of everyday life are more numerous, the joys of the pilgrimage tend to outweigh the hardships; and to the faith and hope of Part I is added in abundant measure that greatest of virtues, charity.,The Pilgrims Pro

45、gress -theme,The Pilgrims Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. The two parts of The Pilgrims Progress in reality constitute a whole. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakne

46、sses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor - life as a journey - is simple and familiar.,The Pilgrims Progress -writing techniques,The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and th

47、e scenes presented are typical English ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual significance is added to the commonplace details. Here the strange is combined with the familiar and the trivial joined to the divine, and, a rich imagination and a natural talent for storytelling also contribute to

48、 the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive.,III. Allegory -definition,allegory, in literature, symbolic story that serves as a disguised representation for meanings other than those indicated on the surface. The characters in an allegory often have no individual p

49、ersonality, but are embodiments (體現, 具體化, 化身) of moral qualities and other abstractions (抽象概念;抽象術語;抽象觀念). The allegory is closely related to the parable, fable, and metaphor, differing from them largely in intricacy and length.,III. Allegory -examples,A great variety of literary forms have been used

50、 for allegories. The medieval morality play Everyman, personifying such abstractions as Fellowship and Good Deeds, recounts the death journey of Everyman. Spensers poem The Faerie Queene, besides being a chivalric romance, is a commentary on morals and manners in 16th-century England as well as a na

51、tional epic.,III. Allegory - popularity as a literary form has declined,John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress, a prose narrative, is an allegory of mans spiritual salvation. Although allegory is still used by some authors, its popularity as a literary form has declined in favor of a more personal form of s

52、ymbolic expression.,IV. Vanity Fair -various meanings,1. (often lowercase 小寫的) any place or group, as the world or fashionable society, characterized by or displaying a preoccupation with idle pleasures or ostentation (夸耀, 擺闊). 2. (italics 斜體) (18471848) A novel by the English author William Makepeace T