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Boastingrichculturalmeaningandalonghistory,traditionalChinese
festivalscomposeanimportantandbrilliantpartofChineseculture.Most
traditionalfestivalstookshapeduringtheQinDynasty(221-206BC).In
themostprosperousTangDynasty(AD618-907),traditionalfestivals
liberatedthemselvesfromprimitivesacrifice,tabooandmysteryand
becamemoreentertaining.Fromthenon,festiveoccasionsturnedmore
briskandexcitingandmoreandmorefolkcustomsweredeveloped.
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SpringFestivalLanternFesthalQingmingFestival
DragonBoatFestivalDoubleSeventhMid-AutumnFestival
Festival
DoubleNinthFestivalWinterSolstice
Festival
1.TheSpringFestival
TheSpringFestivalisthemostimportantfestivalfortheChinese
peopleandiswhenallfamilymembersgottogether,justlike
ChristmasintheWest.Allpeoplelivingawayfromhomegoback,
becomingthebusiesttimefortransportationsystemsofabouthalfa
monthfromtheSpringFestival.Airports,railwaystationsandlong-
distancebusstationsarecrowdedwithhomereturnees.
TheSpringFestivalfallsonthe1stdayofthe1stlunarmonth,often
onemonthlaterthantheGregoriancalendar.ItoriginatedintheShang
Dynasty(c.1600BC-c.1100BC)fromthepeople*ssacrificetogodsand
ancestorsattheendofanoldyearandthebeginningofanewone.
Strictlyspeaking,theSpringFestivalstartseveryyearintheearly
daysofthe12thlunarmonthandwilllasttillthemid1stlunarmonth
ofthenextyear.Ofthem,themostimportantdaysareSpringFestival
Eveandthefirstthreedays.TheChinesegovernmentnowstipulates
peoplehavesevendaysofffortheChineseLunarNewYear.
ManycustomsaccompanytheSpringFestival.Somearestillfollowed
today,butothershaveweakened.
Onthe8thdayofthe12thlunarmonth,manyfamiliesmakelaba
porridge,adeliciouskindofporridgemadewithglutinousrice,
millet,seedsofJob'stears,jujubeberries,lotusseeds,beans,
longanandgingko.
The23rddayofthe12thlunarmonthiscalledPreliminaryEve.Atthis
time,peopleoffersacrificetothekitchengod.Nowhowever,most
familiesmakedeliciousfoodtoenjoythemselves.
AfterthePreliminaryEve,peoplebeginpreparingforthecomingNew
Year.Thisiscalled"SeeingtheNewYearin”.
Storeownersarebusythenaseverybodygoesouttopurchase
necessitiesfortheNewYear.Materialsnotonlyincludeedibleoil,
rice,flour,chicken,duck,fishandmeat,butalsofruit,candiesand
kindsofnuts.What'smore,variousdecorations,newclothesandshoes
forthechildrenaswellasgiftsfortheelderly,friendsand
relatives,areallonthelistofpurchasing.
BeforetheNewYearcomes,thepeoplecompletelycleantheindoorsand
outdoorsoftheirhomesaswellastheirclothes,bedclothesandall
theirutensils.
Thenpeoplebegindecoratingtheircleanroomsfeaturinganatmosphere
ofrejoicingandfestivity.Allthedoorpanelswillbepastedwith
SpringFestivalcouplets,highlightingChinesecalligraphywithblack
charactersonredpaper.Thecontentvariesfromhouseowners*wishes
forabrightfuturetogoodluckfortheNewYear.Also,picturesof
thegodofdoorsandwealthwillbepostedonfrontdoorstowardoff
evilspiritsandwelcomepeaceandabundance.
TheChinesecharacter"fd(meaningblessingorhappiness)isamust.
Thecharacterputonpapercanbepastednormallyorupsidedown,for
inChinesethe"reversedfuishomophonicwith“fucomes”,bothbeing
pronouncedas"fudaole."What'smore,twobigredlanternscanbe
raisedonbothsidesofthefrontdoor.Redpaper-cuttingscanbeseen
onwindowglassandbrightlycoloredNewYearpaintingswithauspicious
meaningsmaybeputonthewall.
PeopleattachgreatimportancetoSpringFestivalEve.Atthattime,
allfamilymemberseatdinnertogether.Themealismoreluxuriousthan
usual.Dishessuchaschicken,fishandbeancurdcannotbeexcluded,
forinChinese,theirpronunciations,respectively"力:"yifand
“doufu,“meanauspiciousness,abundanceandrichness.Afterthedinner,
thewholefamilywillsittogether,chattingandwatchingTV.Inrecent
years,theSpringFestivalpartybroadcastonChinaCentralTelevision
Station(CCTV)isessentialentertainmentfortheChinesebothathome
andabroad.Accordingtocustom,eachfamilywillstayuptoseethe
NewYearin.
WakinguponNewYear,everybodydressesup.Firsttheyextend
greetingstotheirparents.TheneachchildwillgetmoneyasaNew
Yeargift,wrappedupinredpaper.PeopleinnorthernChinawilleat
Jiaozitordumplings,forbreakfast,astheythink"jiaozfinsound
means"biddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenew”.Also,the
shapeofthedumplingislikegoldingotfromancientChina.Sopeople
eatthemandwishformoneyandtreasure.
SouthernChineseeatniangao(NewYearcakemadeofglutinousrice
flour)onthisoccasion,becauseasahomophone,niangaomeans"higher
andhigher,oneyearafteranother."Thefirstfivedaysafterthe
SpringFestivalareagoodtimeforrelatives,friends,andclassmates
aswellascolleaguestoexchangegreetings,giftsandchatleisurely.
BurningfireworkswasoncethemosttypicalcustomontheSpring
Festival.Peoplethoughtthesplutteringsoundcouldhelpdriveaway
evilspirits.However,suchanactivitywascompletelyorpartially
forbiddeninbigcitiesoncethegovernmenttooksecurity,noiseand
pollutionfactorsintoconsideration.Asareplacement,somebuytapes
withfirecrackersoundstolistento,somebreaklittleballoonstoget
thesoundtoo,whileothersbuyfirecrackerhandicraftstohanginthe
livingroom.
Thelivelyatmospherenotonlyfillseveryhousehold,butpermeatesto
streetsandlanes.Aseriesofactivitiessuchasliondancing,dragon
lanterndancing,lanternfestivalsandtemplefairswillbeheldfor
days.TheSpringFestivalthencomestoanendwhentheLantern
Festivalisfinished.
Chinahas56ethnicgroups.MinoritiescelebratetheirSpringFestival
almostthesamedayastheHanpeople,andtheyhavedifferentcustoms.
2.LanternFestival
TheLanternFestivalfallsonthe15thdayofthe1stlunarmonth,
usuallyinFebruaryorMarchintheGregoriancalendar.Asearlyasthe
WesternHanDynasty(206BC-AD25),ithadbecomeafestivalwithgreat
significance.
Thisday'simportantactivityiswatchinglanterns.ThroughouttheHan
Dynasty(206BC-AD220),BuddhismflourishedinChina.Oneemperorheard
thatBuddhistmonkswouldwatchsarira,orremainsfromthecremationof
Buddha'sbody,andlightlanternstoworshipBuddhaonthe15thdayofthe
1stlunarmonth,soheorderedtolightlanternsintheimperialpalace
andtemplestoshowrespecttoBuddhaonthisday.Later,theBuddhist
ritedevelopedintoagrandfestivalamongcommonpeopleanditsinfluence
expandedfromtheCentralPlainstothewholeofChina.
Tilltoday,thelanternfestivalisstillheldeachyeararoundthe
country.Lanternsofvariousshapesandsizesarehunginthestreets,
attractingcountlessvisitors.Childrenwillholdself-madeorbought
lanternstostrollwithonthestreets,extremelyexcited.
“Guessinglanternriddles*isanessentialpartoftheFestival.Lantern
ownerswriteriddlesonapieceofpaperandpostthemonthelanterns.If
visitorshavesolutionstotheriddles,theycanpullthepaperoutandgo
tothelanternownerstochecktheiranswer.Iftheyareright,theywill
getalittlegift.Theactivityemergedduringpeople1senjoymentof
lanternsintheSongDynasty(960-1279).Asriddleguessingisinteresting
andfullofwisdom,ithasbecomepopularamongallsocialstrata.
Peoplewilleatyuanxiao,orricedumplings,onthisday,soitisalso
calledthe*YuanxiaoFestival.HYuanxiaoalsohasanothername,tangyuan.
Itissmalldumplingballsmadeofglutinousriceflourwithrosepetals,
sesame,beanpaste,jujubepaste,walnutmeat,driedfruit,sugarand
edibleoilasfilling.Tangyuancanbeboiled,friedorsteamed.Ittastes
sweetanddelicious.What'smore,tangyuaninChinesehasasimilar
pronunciationwithtuanyuanv,meaningreunion.Sopeopleeatthemto
denoteunion,harmonyandhappinessforthefamily.
InthedaytimeoftheFestival,performancessuchasadragonlantern
dance,aliondance,alandboatdance,ayanggedance,walkingonstilts
andbeatingdrumswhiledancingwillbestaged.Onthenight,exceptfor
magnificentlanterns,fireworksformabeautifulscene.Mostfamilies
sparesomefireworksfromtheSpringFestivalandletthemoffinthe
LanternFestival.Somelocalgovernmentswillevenorganizeafireworks
party.OnthenightwhenthefirstfullmoonenterstheNewYear,people
becomereallyintoxicatedbytheimposingfireworksandbrightmooninthe
sky.
3.QingmingFestival
TheQingming(PureBrightness)Festivalisoneofthe24seasonal
divisionpointsinChina,fallingonApril4-6eachyear.Afterthe
festival,thetemperaturewillriseupandrainfallincreases.Itisthe
hightimeforspringplowingandsowing.ButtheQingmingFestivalisnot
onlyaseasonalpointtoguidefarmwork,itismoreafestivalof
commemoration.
TheQingmingFestivalseesacombinationofsadnessandhappiness.
Thisisthemostimportantdayofsacrifice.BoththeHanandminority
ethnicgroupsatthistimeoffersacrificestotheirancestorsandsweep
thetombsofthedeceased,Also,theywillnotcookonthisdayandonly
coldfoodisserved.
TheHanshi(ColdFood)FestivalwasusuallyonedaybeforetheQingming
Festival.AsourancestorsoftenextendedthedaytotheQingming,they
werelatercombined.
OneachQingmingFestival,allcemeteriesarecrowdedwithpeoplewho
cametosweeptombsandoffersacrifices.Trafficonthewaytothe
cemeteriesbecomesextremelyjammed.Thecustomshavebeengreatly
simplifiedtoday.Afterslightlysweepingthetombs,peopleofferfood,
flowersandfavoritesofthedead,thenburnincenseandpapermoneyand
bowbeforethememorialtablet.
Incontrasttothesadnessofthetombsweepers,peoplealsoenjoyhopeof
Springonthisday.TheQingmingFestivalisatimewhenthesunshines
brightly,thetreesandgrassbecomegreenandnatureisagainlively.
Sinceancienttimes,peoplehavefollowedthecustomofSpringoutings.At
thistimetouristsareeverywhere.
PeoplelovetoflykitesduringtheQingmingFestival.Kiteflyingis
actuallynotlimitedtotheQingmingFestival.Itsuniquenessliesinthat
peopleflykitesnotduringtheday,butalsoatnight.Astringof
littlelanternstiedontothekiteorthethreadlooklikeshiningstars,
andtherefore,arecalled"god'slanterns.”
TheQingmingFestivalisalsoatimetoplanttrees,forthesurvivalrate
ofsaplingsishighandtreesgrowfastlater.Inthepast,theQingming
Festivalwascalled"ArborDay*.Butsince1979,*ArborDay"wassettled
asMarch12accordingtotheGregoriancalendar.
4.DragonBoatFestival
TheDragonBoatFestival,the5thdayofthe5th
lunarmonth,hashadahistoryofmorethan2,000
years.ItisusuallyinJuneintheGregorian
calendar.
Therearemanylegendsabouttheevolutionofthe
festival,themostpopularofwhichisin
commemorationofQuYuan(340-278BC).QuYuanwas
ministeroftheStateofChuandoneofChina,s
earliestpoets.Infaceofgreatpressurefromthe
powerfulQinState,headvocatedenrichingthe
countryandstrengtheningitsmilitaryforcessoas
tofightagainsttheQin.However,hewasopposedby
aristocratsheadedbyZiLan,andlaterdeposedand
exiledbyKingHuai.Inhisexileddays,hestill
caredmuchforhiscountryandpeopleandcomposed
immortalpoemsincludingLiSao{TheLament),Tian
Wen{HeavenlyQuestions)andJiuGe{NineSongs),
whichhadfar-reachinginfluences.In278BC,he
heardthenewsthatQintroopshadfinallyconquered
Chu,scapital,sohefinishedhislastpieceHuaiSha
{EmbracingSand)andplungedhimselfintotheMiluo
River,claspinghisarmstoalargestone.Theday
happenedtobethe5thofthe5thmonthinthe
Chineselunarcalendar.Afterhisdeath,thepeople
ofChucrowdedtothebankoftherivertopaytheir
respectstohim.Thefishermensailedtheirboatsup
anddowntherivertolookforhisbody.Peoplethrew
intothewaterzongzi(pyramid-shapedglutinousrice
dumplingswrappedinreedorbambooleaves)andeggs
todivertpossiblefishorshrimpfromattackinghis
body.Anolddoctorpouredajugofreaglarwine
(Chineseliquorseasonedwithrealgar)intothe
water,hopingtoturnallaquaticbeastsdrunk.
That'swhypeoplelaterfollowedthecustomssuchas
dragonboatracing,eatingzongzianddrinking
realgarwineonthatday.
Dragonboatracingisanindispensablepartofthe
festival,heldalloverthecountry.Asthegunis
fired,peoplewillseeracersindragon-shapedcanoes
pullingtheoarsharmoniouslyandhurriedly,
accompaniedbyrapiddrums,speedingtowardtheir
destination.Folktalessaythegameoriginatesfrom
theactivitiesofseekingQuYuan,sbody,but
experts,afterpainstakingandmeticulousresearch,
concludethatdragonboatracingisasemi-religious,
semi-entertainingprogramfromtheWarringStates
Period(475-221BC).Inthefollowingthousandsof
years,thegamespreadtoJapan,VietnamandBritain
aswellasChina,sTaiwanandHongKong.Nowdragon
boatracinghasdevelopedintoanaquaticsportsitem
whichfeaturesbothChinesetraditionandmodern
sportingspirit.In1980,itwaslistedintothe
statesportscompetitionprogramsandhassincebeen
heldeveryyear.Theawardiscalled"QuYuanCup.”
ZongziisanessentialfoodoftheDragonBoat
Festival.Itissaidthatpeopleatetheminthe
SpringandAutumnPeriod(770-476BC).Inearly
times,itwasonlyglutinousricedumplingswrapped
inreedorotherplantleavesandtiedwithcolored
thread,butnowthefillingsaremorediversified,
includingjujubeandbeanpaste,freshmeat,andham
andeggyolk.Iftimepermits,peoplewillsoak
glutinousrice,washreedleavesandwrapupzongzi
themselves.Otherwise,theywillgotoshopstobuy
whateverstufftheywant.Thecustomofeatingzongzi
isnowpopularinNorthandSouthKorea,Japanand
SoutheastAsiannations.
OnDragonBoatFestival,parentsalsoneedtodress
theirchildrenupwithaperfumepouch.Theyfirst
sewlittlebagswithcolorfulsilkcloth,thenfill
thebagswithperfumesorherbalmedicines,and
finallystringthemwithsilkthreads.Theperfume
pouchwillbehungaroundtheneckortiedtothe
frontofagarmentasanornament.Theyaresaidto
beabletowardoffevil.
5.DoubleSeventhFestival
TheDoubleSeventhFestival,onthe7thdayofthe7thlunar
month,isatraditionalfestivalfullofromance.Itoftengoes
intoAugustintheGregoriancalendar.
Thisfestivalisinmid-summerwhentheweatheriswarmandthe
grassandtreesrevealtheirluxuriousgreens.Atnightwhen
theskyisdottedwithstars,andpeoplecanseetheMilkyWay
spanningfromthenorthtothesouth.Oneachbankofitisa
brightstar,whichseeeachotherfromafar.TheyaretheCowherd
andWeaverMaid,andaboutthemthereisabeautifullovestory
passeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.
Long,longago,therewasanhonestandkind-heartedfellownamed
NiuLang(Cowhand).Hisparentsdiedwhenhewasachild.Later
hewasdrivenoutofhishomebyhissister-in-law.Sohelived
byhimselfherdingcattleandfarming.Oneday,afairyfrom
heavenZhiNu(WeaverMaid)fellinlovewithhimandcamedown
secretlytoearthandmarriedhim.Thecowhandfarmedinthe
fieldandtheWeaverMaidwoveathome.Theylivedahappylife
andgavebirthtoaboyandagirl.Unfortunately,theGodof
HeavensoonfoundoutthefactandorderedtheQueenMotherof
theWesternHeavenstobringtheWeaverMaidback.
Withthehelpofcelestialcattle,theCowhandflewtoheaven
withhissonanddaughter.Atthetimewhenhewasaboutto
catchupwithhiswife,theQueenMothertookoffoneofhergold
hairpinsandmadeastroke.Onebillowyriverappearedinfront
oftheCowhand.TheCowhandandWeaverMaidwereseparatedonthe
twobanksforeverandcouldonlyfeeltheirtears.Theirloyalty
tolovetouchedmagpies,sotensofthousandsofmagpiescameto
buildabridgefortheCowhandandWeaverMaidtomeeteach
other.TheQueenMotherwaseventuallymovedandallowedthemto
meeteachyearonthe7thofthe7thlunarmonth.Hencetheir
meetingdatehasbeencalled"QiXi”(DoubleSeventh).
ScholarshaveshowntheDoubleSeventhFestivaloriginatedfrom
theHanDynasty(206BC-AD220).Historicaldocumentsfromthe
EasternJinDynasty(AD371-420)mentionthefestival,while
recordsfromtheTangDynasty(618-907)depictthegrandevening
banquetofEmperorTaizongandhisconcubines.BytheSong(960-
1279)andYuan(1279-1368)dynasties,specialarticlesforthe
"QiXi"wereseenbeingsoldonmarketsinthecapital.The
bustlingmarketsdemonstratedthesignificanceofthefestival.
Todaysometraditionalcustomsarestillobservedinruralareas
ofChina,buthavebeenweakenedordilutedinurbancities.
However,thelegendoftheCowhandandWeaverMaidhastakenroot
intheheartsofthepeople.Inrecentyears,inparticular,
urbanyouthshavecelebrateditasValentine'sDayinChina.Asa
result,ownersofflowershops,barsandstoresarefullofjoy
astheysellmorecommoditiesforlove.
6.Mid-AutumnFestival
TheMid-AutumnFestivalfallsonthe15thdayofthe8thlunar
month,usuallyinOctoberinGregoriancalendar.
Thefestivalhasalonghistory.InancientChina,emperors
followedtheriteofofferingsacrificestothesuninspring
andtothemooninautumn.HistoricalbooksoftheZhouDynasty
hadhadtheword"Mid-Autumn”.Lateraristocratsandliterary
figureshelpedexpandtheceremonytocommonpeople.Theyenjoyed
thefull,brightmoononthatday,worshippeditandexpressed
theirthoughtsandfeelingsunderit.BytheTangDynasty(618-
907),theMid-AutumnFestivalhadbeenfixed,whichbecameeven
granderintheSongDynasty(960-1279).IntheMing(1368-1644)
andQing(1644-1911)dynasties,itgrewtobeamajorfestivalof
China.
Folkloreabouttheoriginofthefestivalgolikethis:Inremote
antiquity,thereweretensunsrisinginthesky,whichscorched
allcropsanddrovepeopleintodirepoverty.AheronamedHouYi
wasmuchworriedaboutthis,heascendedtothetopoftheKunlun
Mountainand,directinghissuperhumanstrengthtofullextent,
drewhisextraordinarybowandshotdowntheninesuperfluous
sunsoneafteranother.Healsoorderedthelastsuntoriseand
setaccordingtotime.Forthisreason,hewasrespectedand
lovedbythepeopleandlotsofpeopleofidealsandintegrity
cametohimtolearnmartialartsfromhim.ApersonnamedPeng
Menglurkedinthem.
HouYihadabeautifulandkindheartedwifenamedChangE.One
dayonhiswaytotheKunlunMountaintocallonfriends,heran
upontheEmpressofHeavenWangmuwhowaspassingby.Empress
Wangmupresentedtohimaparcelofelixir,bytakingwhich,it
wassaid,onewouldascendimmediatelytoheavenandbecomea
celestialbeing.HouYi,however,hatedtopartwithhiswife.So
hegavetheelixirtoChangEtotreasureforthetimebeing.
ChangEhidtheparcelinatreasureboxatherdressingtable
when,unexpectedly,itwasseenbyPengMeng.
OnedaywhenHouYiledhisdisciplestogohunting,PengMeng,
swordinhand,rushedintotheinnerchamberandforcedChangE
tohandovertheelixir.AwarethatshewasunabletodefeatPeng
Meng,ChangEmadeapromptdecisionatthatcriticalmoment.She
turnedroundtoopenhertreasurebox,tookuptheelixirand
swalloweditinonegulp.Assoonassheswallowedtheelixirher
bodyfloatedofftheground,dashedoutofthewindowandflew
towardsheaven.PengMengescaped.
WhenHouYireturnedhomeatdark,heknewfromthemaidservants
whathadhappened.Overcomewithgrief,HouYilookedupintothe
nightskyandcalledoutthenameofhisbelovedwifewhen,to
hissurprise,hefoundthatthemoonwasespeciallyclearand
bightandonittherewasaswayingshadowthatwasexactlylike
hiswife.Hetriedhisbesttochaseafterthemoon.Butashe
ran,themoonretreated;ashewithdrew,themooncameback.He
couldnotgettothemoonatall.
Thinkingofhiswifedayandnight,HouYithenhadanincense
tablearrangedinthebackgardenthatChangEloved.Puttingon
thetablesweetmeatsandfreshfruitsChangEenjoyedmost,Hou
YiheldatadistanceamemorialceremonyforChangEwhowas
sentimentallyattachedtohiminthepalaceofthemoon.
WhenpeopleheardofthestorythatChangEhadturnedintoa
celestialbeing,theyarrangedtheincensetableinthemoonlight
oneafteranotherandprayedkindheartedChangEforgoodfortune
andpeace.Fromthenonthecustomofworshipingthemoonspread
amongthepeople.
Peopleindifferentplacesfollowvariouscustoms,butallshow
theirloveandlongingforabetterlife.Todaypeoplewillenjoy
thefullmoonandeatmooncakesonthatday.
Themoonlooksextremelyround,bigandbrightonthe15thdayof
eachlunarmonth.PeopleselectedtheAugust15tocelebrate
becauseitisaseasonwhencropsandfruitsareallripeand
weatherpleasant.OntheMid-AutumnFestival,allfamilymembers
orfriendsmootoutside,puttingfoodontablesandlookingupat
theskywhiletalkingaboutlife.Howspl
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