考研英語真題及標準答案

2002年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題及答案

SectionIListeningComprehension

Directions:

ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.You

willhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat

accompanythem.TherearethreepartsinthisSection,PartA,PartBandPartC.

Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyour

answersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,

youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbookletto

ANSWERSHEET1.

NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.

PartA

Directions:

ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaret

Welch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Some

oftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumber

ineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25seconds

toreadthetablebelow.(5points)

Welch'sPersonalInformation

PlaceofBirthPhiladelphia

YearofBirth1901

TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920

MajoratUniversity

1

FinalDegreePhD

YearofMarriage1928

GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)

2

FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)

3

MainInterest

4

ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)

5

Death(Age)77

PartBDirections:

Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.While

youlisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3

wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25seconds

toreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)

Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutside

6

thespeaker'shome?

Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay

7

Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking

8

Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?

9

Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlessthe

10

editorsandthenewsdirectors

PartCDirections:

Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,

youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoitWhilelistening,answereach

questionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyour

answers.

Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)

Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.

Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.

11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnext

time?

[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.

[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.

[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.

[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.

12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo

[A]getenoughentertainment

[B]havemoreactivities.

[C]receiveearlyeducation.

[D]haveregularcheckups.

13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould

[A]benoplaceforplay.

[B]benearacommonarea.

[C]havenoTVsets.

[D]haveacomputerforstudy.

Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.

Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.

14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhe

wantstosaveup?

[A]Familydebts.

[B]Banksavings.

[C]Monthlybills.

[D]Spendinghabits.

15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-day

habit?

[A]$190,000.

[B]$330,000.

[C]$500,000.

[D]$1,000,000.

16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulate

wealth?

[A]Investintoamutualfund.

[B]Usethediscounttickets.

[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.

[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.

Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.

Glieberman,domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoread

Questions17-20.

17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorce

rate?

[A]FalL

[B]Rise.

[C]V-sh叩e.

[D]Zigzag.

18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?

[A]Toembracechangesofthought.

[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.

[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand70s.

[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.

19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?

[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.

[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.

[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.

[D]Theywerewillingtostaytogether.

20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave

[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.

[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.

[C]enjoyedahappierlife.

[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.

Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbookletto

ANSWERSHEET1.

全國碩士研究生入學考試英語（二）

NationalEntranceTestOfEnglishforMA/MSCandidates

（2002）

考生注意事項

1.考生必須嚴格遵守各項考場規(guī)則，得到監(jiān)考人員指令后方可開始答題。

2.全國碩士研究生入學考試英語分為試題（一［試題（二）

3.本試題為試題（二），共11頁（5-15頁），含有英語知識運用、閱讀理解、寫作三

個部分。英語知識運用、閱讀理解A節(jié)的答案必須用2B鉛筆按要求直接填涂在答題卡1

上，如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。閱讀理解B節(jié)和寫作部分必須用藍（黑）圓珠筆在答

題卡2上答題，注意字跡清楚。

4.考試結束后，考生應將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，將試題（一［試

題（二）交給監(jiān)考人員。

SectionIIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20th

centuryandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhad

happened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthe

newspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthe

pamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametime

thatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,

andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures

27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryonesees

thatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerinthe

early20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,

radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.

Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame

"personal"too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34

increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,with

thedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety"beganto

bewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunications

revolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothabout

placeandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,social

andculturalimplications,"Benefits"havebeenweighed40"harmful"

outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]

later

22.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]

until

23.[A]means[B]method[C]

medium[D]measure

24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]

form

25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]

picked

26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]

off

27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]

into

28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]

perspective

29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]

therefore

30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]

characterized

31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]

although

32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]

plausible

33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]

instrumental

34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]

faculty

35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]in

linewith

36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]

smaller

37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]

territory

38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]

effected

39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]

irrational

40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]

with

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknow

howtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevantto

theaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyou

understandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Depending

onwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoa

groupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;

alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheir

disorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhich

workswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.Aman

arrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderful

accommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisvery

peaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalis

suddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,

grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?"thenew

arrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,"camethereply,"butsometimeshethinks

he'sadoctor."

Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinaposition

toknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbe

appropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodor

thechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn't

attempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparaging

remarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.Youwillbeonsafergroundifyou

sticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomes

morenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyou

candeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcauses

theaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworan

unbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.

Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliar

quote"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.

Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafew

wordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.

41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould

[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.

[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.

[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.

[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners.

42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare

[A]impolitetonewarrivals.

[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.

[C]entitledtosomeprivileges.

[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours.

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices

[A]havebenefitedmanypeople.

[B]arethefocusofpublicattention.

[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.

[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.

44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered

[A]inwell-wordedlanguage.

[B]asawkwardlyaspossible.

[C]inexaggeratedstatements.

[D]ascasuallyaspossible.

45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe

[A]UseHumorEffectively.

[B]VariousKindsofHumor.

[C]AddHumortoSpeech.

[D]DifferentHumorStrategies.

Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunning

toolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.

Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushuman

capabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanical

versionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmos

whosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremoved

muchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Our

bankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanical

politenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytireless

robo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsand

micro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsof

brainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthan

highlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhaveto

operatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisions

forthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotella

robottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogram

atNASA,"wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteract

withadynamicworld."

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixed

results.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappeared

thattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthe

humanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthat

forecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain's

roughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhuman

perceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuilt

robotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeter

inacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidly

changingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,

instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthe

singlesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.Themostadvancedcomputersystemson

Earthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquite

howwedoit.

46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin

[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.

[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.

[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.

[D]theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.

47.Theword"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans

[A]programs.

[B]experts.

[C]devices.

[D]creatures.

48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobot

thatcan

[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.

[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.

[C]havealittlecommonsense.

[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.

49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso

[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.

[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.

[C]improvefactoryenvironments.

[D]cultivatehumancreativity.

50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare

[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.

[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.

[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.

[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.

Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPEC

agreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26a

barrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsup

scarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,when

theyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflation

andglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomand

doomthistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoil

exports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthe

northernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobe

lessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccounts

forasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxes

accountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthe

priceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsoless

sensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsanda

declineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoil

consumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthan

steelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomies

nowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatest

EconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,compared

with$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly

0.25-0.5%ofGDRThatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.

Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustry

hasshifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriously

squeezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unlikethe

risesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneral

commodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionofthe

worldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommodity

priceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commodityprices

jumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.

51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis

[A]globalinflation.

[B]reductioninsupply.

[C]fastgrowthineconomy.

[D]Iraq'ssuspensionofexports.

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoup

dramaticallyif

[A]priceofcruderises.

[B]commoditypricesrise.

[C]consumptionrises.

[D]oiltaxesrise.

53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries

[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.

[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.

[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.

[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.

54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat

[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.

[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.

[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.

[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.

55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems

[A]optimistic.

[B]sensitive.

[C]gloomy.

[D]scared.

Text4

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecanrryimportant

implicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assisted

suicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"a

centuries-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agood

onethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactor

intendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighclosesof

morphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosages

willeventuallykillthepatient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthatthe

principlewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthat

theycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmight

hastendeath."

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,

maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedical

purpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugto

hastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicides

becausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheir

death.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon't

intendtheirsuicide."

Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethatthe

assisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsfor

whommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.

JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,the

NationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,Approaching

Death:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpain

andtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmay

prolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsof

end-of-lifecare.

Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,to

testknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicare

billingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessing

andtreatingpainattheendoflife.

Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaning

medicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseem

unconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,

"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedical

licensingboards"mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyones

thatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension."

56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat

[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.

[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.

[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.

[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.

57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.

[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.

[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbe

prescribed.

[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis

[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures.

[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain.

[C]systematicdrugabuse.

[D]insufficienthospitalcare.

59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"aggressive"(line4,

paragraph7)?

[A]Bold.

[B]Harmful.

[C]Careless.

[D]Desperate.

60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedif

they

[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently.

[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.

[C]reducedmgdosagesfortheirpatients.

[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments

intoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbe

solvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisa

technologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhich

suchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatis

calledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,

traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowed

similarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioral

scienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoften

seemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshave

beenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehas

remainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficult

todiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwas

formulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleof

theenvironmentinshapingandmai