考研英語一模擬試題及答案解析四

考研英語一模擬試題及答案解析（4）

（1~20/共20題）完形填空

OntheafternoonofApril19th,1587,SirFrancisDr.Akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportof

Cadiz,_1_theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto_2_England.TheSpanishwere_3_

completelybysurprise,andDr.Akesmenquicklylooted,sankorburnteveryshipinsight.After

clearingtheharbourofstoresand_4_offaSpanishattack,Dr,ekeandhisships_5_without

thelossofasingleman.BackinEngland,Dr.akabecameanationalhero,andhisdaringattack

becameknownasthesingeingoftheKingofSpainsbeard.

Aswellas_6_backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonths,Dr.Akesdaring

attack_7_thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe_8_fromCadiz

were2,900largebarrelsofsack,awinemadeintheJerezregionofSpain,andthe_9_of

todayssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarkets,andsackstartedtotakeoff

inEngland.In1587,thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.Akegave

itafurther_10_andmadeithugelyfashionable,_11_itsSpanishorigin.

For_12_chemicalreasons,sackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand_13_wine.Thismade

itidealfortakingonlongseavoyages,_14_whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsocial

lubricantthat_15_thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa_16_ship.Columbustook

sackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490s,makingitthefirstwinetobe_17_intothe

Americas.

In1604,sackwas_18_officialrecognitionof_19_whenJamesI_20_anordinance

limitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sack（sherris

beingacorruptionofJerez）,whicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry.

第1題

A.where

B.when

C.as

D.which

第2題

A.aggravate

B.besiege

C.invade

D.siege

第3題

A.seized

B.taken

C.captured

0.snapped

第4題

A.fending

B.fencing

C.defeating

0.bringing

第5題

A.avoided

B.bided

C.broke

0.escaped

第6題

A.cutting

B.taking

C.setting

0.dissecting

第7題

A.stitched

B.sealed

C.stuck

0.labeled

第8題

A.robbed

B.plundered

C.squandered

D.stole

第9題

A.deviant

B.variation

C.forerunner

0.descendant

第10題

A.stimulus

B.incentive

C.conducive

D.boost

第11題

A.nevertheless

B.notwithstanding

C.however

□.concerning

第12題

A.obscure

B.obsessive

C.obscene

0.obsolete

第13題

A.dry

B.robust

C.weak

D.stiff

第14題

A.in

B.on

C.during

D.to

第15題

A.lessened

B.worsened

C.softened

□.sharpened

第16題

A.spacious

B.crept

C.camped

D.cramped

第17題

A.sold

B.exported

C.imported

0.introduced

第18題

A.conferred

B.presented

C.granted

□.offered

第19題

A.sorts

B.kinds

C.sort

D.kinds

第20題

A.announced

B.proclaimed

C.claimed

□.issued

下一題

(21~25/共20題)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

TheCaliforniaPublicEmployeesRetirementSystem(CalPERS)haspositioneditselfasthepremier

championofinvestorrights,regularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenationslargest

companiesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionunder

management,WallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountryslargest

pensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16,whenitfiledaclassactionagainst

theNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERSsuitchargestheNYSEand

specialistfirmswithfraud,allegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandallowedits

memberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors.

ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSEsrecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohn

Reed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchanges

longtimehead,RichardGrasso,resignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessive

compensation.

ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincluding

representativesofinvestorsontheexchangesnewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparating

theexchangesregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitis

evidencethattheinvestmentcommunitiesdissatisfactionhasntebbed.Ourhopesweredashed

whenMr.Reeddidntperform,saysHarrigan.

Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesof

tradingtactics.Thetactics,whicharenotcurrentlyillegal,includepennylumping,whereafirm

positionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferential,frontrunning,

whichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedby

theirorders,andfreezingthefirmsorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsown

accountfirst.

Manyofthesuitsallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchange

conductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.Accordingtothesuit,theOctoberSEC

reportfoundseriousdeficienciesintheNYSEssurveillanceandinvestigativeprocedures,

includingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsByspecialistfirms.

Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwith

whattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped—ifnoteliminated.Accordingto

CaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestley,aCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.

16pressconference,hehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmsto

facilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYETheres

noreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchange,Westleysays.Everyexchangeintheworld

isusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremove

thecloudthattheresself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors.

第21題

Whatdoesthewordafish(Para.1)probablyreferto

A.CalPERS.

B.Pensionfund.

C.WallStreet.

D.NYS

E.

第22題

TheCalPERSlawsuitindicatesthat

A.theNYSEdidignoreitsregulatoryduties

BJohnReedshouldresignlikehispredecessor

C.theinvestorsweredissatisfiedwiththeNYSE

D.theexchangeshouldhaveitsboardreelected

第23題

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNottrue

A.InvestorswerenotsufficientlyrepresentedonNYSEsboard.

B.Thesevenspecialistfirmsmadeprofitsbyillegalprocedures.

C.CalPERSsuitagainsttheNYSEresultedlargelyfromaSECsreport.

D.NYSEhadignoredthefirmsimproperoperationsforalongtime.

第24題

AccordingtoWestley,NYSEsproblemresultsfrom.

A.itsrelianceonspecialistfirms

B.itssystemofmatchingtraders

C.itsautomatedexchange

D.itsviolationofinvestorsinterests

第25題

Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

A.ChampionofInvestorRights

B.SevenSpecialistFirms

C.CalPERSAppealstoWallStreet

D.LawsuitsagainstNYSE

上一題下一題

(26~30/共20題)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Anindustrialsociety,especiallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritain,isheavily

dependentoncertainessentialservicesforinstance,electricitysupply,water;railandroad

transport,theharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbish,

hospitalandambulanceservices,and,astheeconomydevelops,centralcomputerand

informationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperate,thewholeeconomic

systemisindanger.

Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftrade

unionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries

economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountries,in

partbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongto

unions,comparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.Forhistoricalreasons,Britainsunions

havetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallines,ratherthanonan

industry-by-industrybasis,whichmakesawagespolicy,democracyinindustryandthe

improvementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.

Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovement,someofthem

arisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembers

becauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshould

representworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunions,

whichmeansthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeeling

betweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancing

technologies,unionscanfightfortheirmembersdisappointingjobstothepointwherethejobs

ofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.Theprintingofnewspapersbothinthe

UnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdonto

theirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.

Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdo,

problemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferent

industriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-elected

regularly;othersareelected,orevenappointed,forlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwitha

systemofshopstewardsinmanyunions,shopstewardsbeingworkerselectedbyotherworkers

astheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.

第26題

WhyistheinterdependenceoftheUKeconomymentionedinparagraph1

A.Topointuptheimportanceofthetradeunionpower.

B.Tooutlineinbriefthegreatscaleofessentialservices.

C.Toillustratethedangerinthewholeeconomicsystem.

D.Tobringoutacentralizedandconcentratedindustrialsociety.

第27題

Becauseoftheirout-of-dateorganizationsomeunionsfinditdifficultto

A.recruitnewmemberstojoin.

B.remoldthemselvesasindustrieschange.

C.adapttoadvancingtechnologies.

0.bargainforhighenoughwages.

第28題

Disagreementsarisebetweenunionsbecausesomeofthem

A.takeoverotherunionsjobs.

B.trytowinovermembersofotherunions.

C.protecttheirownmembersattheexpenseofothers.

0.intendtorepresentworkersinnewtradeorganizations.

第29題

Whatbasicproblemarewetoldmosttradeunionsface

A.Theyareequalinsizeofinfluence.

B.Theyarelesspowerfulthaneverbefore.

C.Theydonthaveenoughmembers.

D.Theyarenotorganizedefficiently.

第30題

Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthetextwouldbe

A.BritishTradeUnionsandTheirDrawbacks.

B.ACentralizedandConcentratedSociety.

C.ThePowerofTradeUnionsinBritain.

D.TheStructureofBritishTradeUnions.

上一題下一題

（31~35/共20題）SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

TheTuscantownofVinci,birthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachines,should

fittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKoreanborn

AmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspiritsLeonardosawhumanistic

potentialinhisscientificexperiments,Mr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyfor

artisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960s,hetreatstelevisionasaspaceforart

imagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures.

Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausethey

offeredaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Now,tomarkvideoartscomingofage,New

YorksMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalledTheFirst

Decade.ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermix

(EAI),oneoftheworldsleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaart,founded30yearsago.

OneofEAlsmostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartists,

whoemergedinthe1970s,Mr.Violaexperimentedwithvideosexpressivepotential.Hiscamera

exploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheimin

Berlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerin

all-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath.

OnenewstarisaCalifornian,DougAitken,whotookoverLondonsSerpentineGallerylast

OctoberwithaninstallationcalledNewOcean.SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJackson

Pollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceiling,creatingsequencesofroomsin

whichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimages,ofsoundandlight.

AttheSerpentine,Mr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimages,onthethemeofwatersflow

aroundtheplanetasaforceoflife.Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthiswork,aliquid

image,toshowaworldthatneverstandsstill,hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworld

andtheworldofimagesandinformation,hethinks,isblurring.

Theinterplayofillusionandreality,soundandimage,referencestoarthistory,politics,film

andtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.

Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematic

media.Atitsbest,theappealofvideoartliesinitsversatility,itspowertocapturethepassingof

timeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls.

第31題

ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetext

A.tointroducethetopicofvideoarttechnology.

B.topaytributetothisRenaissancemaster.

C.tohonorhiscontributiontoscientificdiscoveries.

D.tooutlinethedevelopmentofarttelevision.

第32題

Towardthenovelliteraryidea,theauthorsattitudeseemstobethatof

A.DisapprovaL

B.Neutrality.

C.Appreciation.

0.Suspicion.

第33題

Aspointedoutinthetext,thevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyits

A.humaningenuity

B.complexdefinition.

C.strongappeal.

0.extremeinteractivity.

第34題

ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowacombinationof

A.televisionandrobotics.

B.illusionandreality.

C.sculpturesandpaintings.

D.spaceandplanets.

第35題

Whichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetext

A.ANewGenerationofArtists.

B.VideoArtisGoingNowhere.

C.ACradleofFamousArtists.

D.NewArtfortheMTVGeneration.

上一題下一題

(36~40/共20題)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodelof

firstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodofsuccess,

makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheir

day-by-daytacticalactivities,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitionto

manageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,

inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.

Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrely

heavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.

Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapaciousness.

Isenbergsrecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthat

managersintuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfive

distinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyon

intuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryor

irrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.

Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegrated

picture,ofteninanAha!experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckonthe

resultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecision

analysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsare

occasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsense

ofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysis

andmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmost

instantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.

Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingis

inseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeand

explainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactionin

thinkingactingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesand

organizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingand

analyzingincloseconcert.

Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,senior

managersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusethe

resultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationof

thinkingactingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementing

thesolution.Notescapriciousness多變，反復(fù)無常cognitive認(rèn)識(shí)的runcounterto與…背道而

馳;違反bypass繞過incloseconcert一齊，一致givenprep.考慮到，由于

第36題

Thelogicalorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetextisthat

A.aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

B.theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.

C.twooppositepointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

D.awidelyaccepteddefinitionispresentedandqualified.

第37題

InrelationtothewritersonmanagementmentionedinPara.2,thetextsuggeststhatthey

A.havenotbasedtheiranalyzesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.

B.havereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanwhatmanagersdo.

C.havemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.

D.havenotacknowledgedtheroleofintuitioninmanagerialpractice.

第38題

Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT

A.tospeedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.

B.toidentifyaproblemorbringtogetherdifferentfacts.

C.toinitiatecleargoalsandintheendattainthem.

D.toevaluatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem.

第39題

Whenmentioningthinkingactingcycles(inPara.4),theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat

A.amanageranalyzesaseriesofproblemsandthenactsonthatanalysis.

B.amanagergathersdatabyactingandthenobservestheeffectsofaction.

C.actionandanalysisinmanagerialpracticeinvariablyoccursimultaneously.

D.amanagertakesaction,beingabletoclarifyreasonsforthataction.

第40題

Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferencein

behaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whouses

onlyformaldecisionanalysis

A.ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.

B.ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.

C.ManagerYdrawsonyearsofpersonalexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;

ManagerXdoesnot.

0.ManagerXdependsonday-by-daytacticalactivities;ManagerXdoesnot.

上一題下一題

（4廣45/共5題）PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe

mostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

[A]Thesechangeshavebroughtaboutwhatistodayfamiliarlycalledthepopulation

explosion-which,unlesschecked,couldconceivablybecomethemostseriousproblemofthe

nextcentury.

[B]Assuming,however,thatmankindcanavoidthiskindofdisaster,itispossible,onthebasis

ofvariabledata,tomakemeaningfulguessesaboutfeasibledevelopmentsinmanzsphysical,

politicalandsocietalenvironmentsfortheyear2010,andevenbeyond.

[C]Lastbutnotleast,peopleintherichercountriesoftheworldcouldalsohelpsavethe

rainforestsbyusingwood-derivedproductssuchaspapermorecarefullyandbyrecyclingused

paperproductstohelpreducethedemandfornewlycutwood.

[D]Ontheotherhand,itishearteningtonotethattheinteractionrelationshipbetween

populationgrowth,technologicalchange,andtheuseofresourceshasatlastbeenrecognizedas

aninternationalchallengebythememberstatesoftheUnitedNations.

[E]Sinceeconomicproductionisgrowingfasterthanbiologicalreproductionintheadvanced

countriesoftheWestwhilethereversesituationthreatenstooccurintherestoftheworld

duringthedecadesahead,theresultingimbalancebetweenpopulationgrowthandeconomic

growthisalmostcertaintogeneratemassivepoliticalandsocialtensions.

[F]Butthispsychologicalphenomenonofourtimesposesthequestion;Willtheearthzs

resourceslastlongenoughtoenabletheentireworldtoapproachthelivingstandardsinthe

industrializedcountriesoftoday

Historiansareunderstandablyreluctantaboutpredictingthefuturebecauseofallthe

unknownvariablesinvolved.Forexample,athirdworldwar—employingthermonuclear

weapons-couldconceivablydestroylifeonthisplanet.

_41_.

Facedwiththeseprospects,theUSgovernmentundertooktopersuadetheCanadian

governmenttojoininacontinentalprogramtoexploitandmarketenergyandmineralresources,

particularlyoilandwater;ofwhichCanadaisoneoftheworld'smajorsuppliers.Forthe

industrializedcountries,acontinentalstrategyofaccesstoenergyandfuelresourcesappearedto

beimperative.WehavesingledouttheNorthAmericanresourcesituationbecauseit

illustratesacontemporaryphenomenon.Peopleseverywherearecaughtupintherevolutionof

risingexpectationsothatinunderdevelopedcountriesmenlookforwardtoowningatleastafew

modernwesternappliances.

_42_.

Itistheapplicationoftechnologytophysicalresourcesthatsustainshumanlifeandultimately

setsthelimitsonthenumberofpeoplewhocanbefed.Buttechnologyalsoprovidesthetools

andtechniquesforlengtheninglifespansandreducingdeathrates.Asaresult,highbirthrates

arenolongercloselymatchedby,highdeathratesastheywereuntilmoderntimes;infectious

diseasesaremuchlessfrequentinmostpartsoftheworld,duelargelytopublichealthmeasures;

andphysicalvitalityhasbeenincreasedbyimprovednutrition.

_43_.

In1000A.D.theestimatedpopulationoftheworldwas275million,afigurewhichhad

approximatelydoubledby1650.Butwhereasittooksomeyearsforthisincreasetooccur;the

following300yearsbroughtasix-foldincreasetooverthreebillionpeoplein1962.Inthosethree

centuriessome23billionpeoplehadbeenborn,andthefactorofaccelerationcontinues.

Asia,AfricaandLatinAmericahavebeengrowingmorerapidlythanEurope,RussiaandNorth

America.Inotherwords,theregionspossessingthemostadvancedtechnologyandhighestliving

standardsarelikelytobeaprogressivelydiminishingportionoftheglobalpopulation.

_44_.

Thescopeandurgencyofthequestionsraisedbythepopulationexplosionare

unprecedented.

_45_.

Itremainstobeseenwhateffectivecombinedeffortscan—orwill-bemade.

第41題

第42題

第43題

第44題

第45題

上一題下一題

(46~50/共5題)PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.(10points)

PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthat

unprecedentedchangeinthenationseconomywouldbringsocialchaos.(46)lntheyears

following1820,afterseveraldecadesofrelativestability,theeconomyenteredaperiodof

sustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenth

century.(47)Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasing

economicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenationslaborforcefromagricultureto

manufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits.Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodecline

fromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcentury,thepopulationroughly

doubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcenturies.(48)Asthepopulationgrew,

itsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothe

country.Geographicandsocialmobilitydownwardaswellasupward—touchedalmosteveryone.

Localstudlesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulation-intheNorthandSouth,in

theemergingcitiesoftheNortheast,andintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheir

residenceeachdecade.(49)Asaconsequence,historianDavidDonaldhaswritten,Social

atomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety,anditseemedtomanypeoplethatallthe

recognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded.Rapidindustrializationand

increasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomen

becausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomen

playedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefined,sodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.(50)ln

thecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchange,thehouseholdhostedmany

ofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasaharborofpeaceandorder.Asthesizeof

familiesdecreased,therolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthanever

before.Inthemiddleclassespecially,menparticipat