Unit-1單元易錯綜合練習(xí)(人教版2019)

Unit1單元易錯綜合練習(xí)（考試時間：120分鐘試卷滿分：150分）注意事項：1．本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分。答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號填寫在答題卡上。2．回答第Ⅰ卷時，選出每小題答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號。寫在本試卷上無效。3．回答第Ⅱ卷時，將答案寫在答題卡上。寫在本試卷上無效。4．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽力（共30分，略）第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。AAmazingScientistsWhoHappentoBeTeenagersWe’vegotalistofteenscientistsfromavarietyoffields.JackAndrakaJackAndrakacreatedabiologicalsensorfortestingcanceratanearlystage.Hesaysthatthepapersensoris168timesfaster,26,667timeslessexpensiveand400timesmoresensitivethantechnologynowadays.He’stheyoungestpersontohavespokeninfrontoftheRoyalSocietyofMedicine.TaylorWilsonTaylorWilsonwastheyoungestpersontoachievenuclearfusion(核聚變).HewasinspiredbyTheRadioactiveBoyScout,anovelinwhichakidtriesandfailstobuildanuclearreactor.Taylorthoughthecoulddobetter.Longstoryshort,hewantedtobuildasmallnuclearreactor.Andhediditattheageoffourteen.HereceivedaThielFellowship,whichgavehim$100,000toworkonhisownresearch.SaraVolzSaraVolzperformedexperimentsinwhichshegrewalgae(藻類)basedontheiroiloutputforthepurposeofgrowingthemasbiofuel.Thisresearchisespeciallyimportantastheworldcontinuestosearchforawaytoreduceourdependenceonnon-renewableenergy.Shewonthetopprizeof$100,000intheIntelScienceTalentSearch.DanielBurdPlasticusuallytakesthousandsofyearstodecompose(分解),butthishighschoolstudentDanielBurdmanagedtodoitinthreemonths.Inanexperiment,hemixedplasticbagsandaspecialkindofdirttogether,andfoundthattheydiddecomposefaster.Hethenperformedteststofindthebacteria(細(xì)菌)responsiblefordecomposingtheplastics.Hissolutiononlyproduceswaterandsmallamountsofcarbondioxide.Hesaysitcouldeasilybeusedelsewhere.1．Whoinventedamedicalinstrument?A．JackAndraka. B．TaylorWilson. C．SaraVolz. D．DanielBurd.2．WhatexcitedTaylorWilson’sinterestinhisinvention?A．Atravelprogram. B．Plasticpollution. C．Energyshortage. D．Astorybook.3．WhatdoweknowaboutDanielBurd’sinvention?A．Itismadefromplastics. B．Itdoeslittleharmtotheenvironment.C．Itwascompletedinthreemonths. D．Itiswidelyusedineverydaywaste.BThenexttimeyouhavecheeseloudly,remembertheFrenchscientistLouisPasteurwhodiscoveredthatbadmilk,andmanydiseasesarecausedbybacteria(細(xì)菌).LouisPasteurisknownasthefatherofmicrobiology.Inhislifetime,henotonlyprovedthatbacteriaarethecauseofdiseases,butalsodiscoveredtheprocessofvaccination(接種疫苗),whichhassavedbillionsoflives.WhenPasteurworkedwithchickensthatweresufferingfromcholeraduringhisexperiments,heaccidentallyspreadcholeratohischickens.Pasteur’schickensbecamemildlysickbutdidnotdie.Thiswasstrangeaseverychickenthatcamenearcholeraearlierhaddied.Herealizedsoonthatthecholerahadbecomeweak.Bythetimehetriedagain,thechickenshehadcuredearlierdidnotgetcholeraanymore.Herealizedthataweakcholerahelped,hischickensdevelopanantibodyagainstit.Later,Pasteurwentontotrythisoncows,pigsanddogs.Allhisresearchhelpedhimdevelopdifferentvaccines.Wenowknowthattheprocessofvaccinationintroducesaweakenedkindofbacteriaintoourbody.Ourbodyreactsbycreatingantibodiestofightthebacteria.Now,whenourbodycomeacrossthesamebacteriawhicharemuchstronger,itcanfightthemoff.LouisPasteurreceivednumerousawardsfortheadvancementofbiology,chemistry,andmedicine.HefoundedthePasteurInstitutetostudydiseases.Itwasthefirstuniversity,toteachmicrobiologyandtodaythereare32institutesacross29countries.Foreverychildvaccinatedagainstadeadlydisease,wehaveLouisPasteurtothank.4．WhatdoweknowaboutLouisPasteur?A．Hisdiscoveriesweren’tusedathistime.B．HewasaprofessoratthePasteurInstitute.C．Hisdiscoveriesbroughtmanyprofitsandawardstohim.D．Hediscoveredtheconnectionbetweenbacteriaanddiseases.5．Whatcanwelearnfromhisexperimentwithchickens?A．Cholerawasnotadeadlydiseasethen.B．Pasteurspreadcholeratochickensonpurpose.C．Allchickenssufferedfromcholeradiedatlast.D．Theweakenedcholeracouldn’tkillthelivingcreatures.6．Whatisthefunctionoftheprocessofvaccination?A．Itbuildsuppeople’sbody. B．Withoutit,peoplewilldie.C．Itimprovespeople’sabilitytoavoiddiseases. D．Itcankillallthediseasesandmakethesickhealthy.7．Whatisthepurposeofthearticle?A．Toshowthediscoveriesofthevaccination.B．TocallonchildrentolearnfromLouisPasteur.C．Tointroduceanimportantinventioninmicrobiology.D．TohonourLouisPasteurandhiscontributiontotheworld.CCharlesDarwinwasbornintoafamilyofthinkers.HisfatherwasaFellowoftheRoyalSociety（theelitecircleoftopBritishscientists），hismotherwasthedaughterofJosiahWedgwood，themanwhofoundedthefamousWedgwoodPotteries，andhisgrandfather，ErasmusDarwin，wasafamousphysician，thinkerandphilosopherwho，likehisgrandson，spentmuchtimestudyingtheevolutionoflife.AfterachildhoodinthetownofShrewsbury，wherehewaseducatedattheGrammarSchool，DarwinwentuptoEdinburghUniversitytostudymedicineandnaturalhistory.Whenhewaseighteen，heleftEdinburghandwenttoCambridgeUniversity，planningtoenterthechurch，buthewasmoreinterestedinsciencethaninreligionandlaterheabandonedtheology.ShortlyaftergraduatingfromCambridge，hegotajobasanaturalistontheshipH.M.S.Beagle，whichwasabouttostartonascientificandcartographic（地圖的）surveyoftheSouthAmericancoast.ThejourneystartedinDecember1831andwastolastalmostfiveyears，duringwhichtimehecollectedconsiderabledocumentation.Darwinwasstruckbytheanimalsofthesouthseas，particularlybythetortoiseshefoundontheGalapagosIslands，agroupofPacificIslands.TheGalapagostortoises，Darwinobserved，differedfromislandtoisland，andthis，heinferred，showeddifferentformsofevolution，sincetheanimalsobviouslycamefromthesameorigins.Darwinwasalsostruckbytheiguanas（蜥蜴）hefound，andobservedthatthosewhichlivedinwaterhadheadssuitableforfindingfoodamongstones，whilethosethatlivedonlandhadasharperhead，morefitforaherbivorous（食草的）animal.Darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution，butitwasnotuntil1859thatheactuallypublishedit.Itwasinstantlyseenasagreatmilestoneinscientificthought，andattractedviolentargumentalloverEurope.Manyfoundfaultinit，andDarwinspenttherestofhislifeimprovinghistheoryinthelightofotherpeople'sobservations.8．Whatisthepurposeofpara.1？A．Tohonourhisfamily.B．Toincreasehispopularity.C．Toshowhisfamily'sinfluenceonhim.D．Tohighlighthisfamily'scontributions.9．WhatdidDarwinendupstudyingatCambridgeUniversity？A．Science. B．Theology. C．Medicine. D．Naturalhistory.10．Whyweretheiguanasdifferentfromislandtoisland？A．Becauseoftheirtypes. B．Becauseoftheirhabitats.C．Becauseoftheirfoods. D．Becauseoftheirorigins.11．WhatcanbelearnedaboutDarwin'stheoryofevolution？A．Hefeltquitecontentwithit. B．Hepublisheditoncefinished.C．Itcausedaworldwidedisagreement. D．Itwasagreatbreakthroughinscience.DStandinginmyoffice25yearsagowasanunknownyoungastronomerwithahalf-smileonherface.Shehadcomewithanimpossiblerequestthatmyteammodify(修改)ourthoroughlytestedsoftwaretomakeoneofourmostimportantscientificinstrumentsdosomethingithadneverbeendesignedforandriskbreakingit.Alltocarryoutanexperimentthatwasbasicallyawasteoftimeandcouldn’tbedone—provethatamassiveblackholelayatthecenterofourMilkyWay.Myinitial“noway”graduallygavewayinthefaceofhercheerfulbutfirmdetermination.AndreaGhez,oneofthreewinnersofthisyear’sNobelPrizeinPhysics,impressedmewithherworkonprovidingsolidevidenceofasupermassiveblackholewiththemassoffourmillionsunslivingatthecenteroftheMilkyWaygalaxy.ThatdeterminationandthewillingnesstotakecalculatedriskshasalwayscharacterizedAndrea.For25yearsshehasfocusedalmostcompletelyonSagittariusA-thenameofourownlocalsupermassiveblackhole.Itisremarkablethatanentirefieldofstudyhasgrownupinthequartercentury,ofsearchingforandfindingevidenceofthesemonstersthoughttolieattheheartofeverylargegalaxy.AndreadidherworkattheW.M.KeckObservatory’s(天文臺)twintelescopesonMaunakea,Hawaii,inthecalmandclearairalmost14000feetabovethePacificOcean.ShestartedusingtheveryfirstinstrumentfixedonKeckObservatory’sNearInfraredCamera(NIRC),nowgracingthelobby(大廳)atourheadquarters.Andreaisfondofpointingoutthatoneofthereasonsforhersuccesshasbeenthistightandrapidloop(循環(huán))betweentheneedsoftheastronomersandtheengineerswhorespondedtothechallenge.Thisismyfriendandlongtimecolleague,theonewhorefusedtotake“no”forananswer:AndreaGhez,winnerofthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysics.12．WhichwordsbestdescribeAndreaGhez?A．Confidentandadaptable. B．Determinedandcreative.C．Braveandkind. D．Cooperativeandgenerous.13．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．TheNoblePrizeforphysics. B．HowAndreawontheNobel.C．Friendshipbetweencolleagues. D．WhatmakesAndreadifferent.14．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“gracing”inParagraph4mean?A．Bringinghonourto. B．Beingkindenoughtoattend.C．Movinginasmoothway. D．Advancingthelevel.15．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Aresearchpaper. B．Asciencefiction.C．Awebsiteaboutscientists. D．Afashionmagazine.第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Asisknown,AlbertEinsteinwasoneofthegreatestscientistsofalltime.Hewasalsoareallygreatperson.Einsteinlearnedfrommakingmistakes____16____,someoneaskedhimwhatheneeded.Hesaidheneededadesk,somepaperandpencil.Healsoneededabaskettoholdhismistakes.Thisshowsthathekneweventhecleverestmanintheworldcanonlylearnbymakingmistakes.____17____Manychildrenwroteletterstoaskhimforhelpwiththeirhomework.Oneday,hewrotealettertoayounggirltotellhernottoworryaboutherMathshomeworkbecausehethoughtMathswasdifficulttoo.EinsteinconsideredtimetobeimportantHeneverworesocksbecausehethoughtputtingonsockswasawasteoftimeaspeoplealreadyworeshoes.Healsothoughtrememberingthingsfoundinbookswasnotworthit.____18____.Heknewwhatwasworthremembering.Itistruethatifwearegoingtodogreatthingsinourlives,wecannotwastetime.EinsteinlikedtojoketooInoneexam,astudentaskedhimwhyallthequestionswerethesameaslastyear’s.Einsteinrepliedthequestionswerethesame,buttheanswersweredifferent.____19____!WhenEinsteinwasachild,histeachersusedtosayhewasnotclever.However,Einsteinkeptworkinghardandsurprisedtheworldwithhisachievements.____20____,weshouldthinkofhim.So,neverbediscouraged!A．EinsteinwasalsoverymodestB．WhatahumorouspersonheisC．EinsteinwasalsostrictwithhisstudentsD．WhenEinsteinstartedtoworkinAmericaE．GivestudentsachancetocorrecttheirmistakesF．IfweeverfeellikegivingupwhenwehaveproblemsG．That’swhyheneverrememberedhisownphonenumber第三部分語言運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。TheNobelPrizeisconsideredoneofthemostrecognizableandadmirableawardspossible___21___peopleoftheworldfortheiroutstandingachievementsindifferentfields.AlfredNobelwasbornin1833toafamilyofengineersin.Sweden.In1850,hemetAscanioSobrero,theinventorofnitroglycerin(硝酸甘油)inParis.Interestedinitsirregular___22___ofexplodingunderpressureorheat,Nobelstartedtofindawaytocontrolitandmakea___23___explosive(爆炸物).Afteryearsof___24___,in1867,theageof34,Nobelinventeddynamite(炸藥),whichismucheasierandsafertocontrolthannitroglycerin.Duringhislifetime,Nobelinventedandpatentedvariousexplosives.He___25___hiswealthfromhis355inventions,amongwhichdynamitewasthemostimportant.WhenAlfred’sbrotherLudwigdiedin1888,aFrenchnewspaper___26___publishedAlfred’sobituary(訃告).Readinghisownobituary,

Nobelwas___27___tofindouthispublicimage.Thennewspaperstrongly___28___Nobelforinventingdynamite,givinghimthenicknameof“themerchantofdeath”andsaying“Dr.AlfredNobel,whobecame___29___byfindingwaystokillmorepeoplefasterthaneverbefore,diedyesterday.”ToAlfred,thisobituarywasa(n)____30____.Hespenthislifetimealone____31____thingsandwasdeeplyconcernedwithhowhewouldberemembered.Thisunfortunateeventinspiredhimtomakechangesinhiswill.soasto____32____hispublicimage,andtoberememberedforagoodcause.In1895,oneyearbeforehisdeath,Nobelmadethelast____33____,sayingclearlythathiswealthwouldbeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhohavemadegreat____34____tomankindinphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace.Towidespreadastonishment,Dr.AlfredNobel____35____94%ofhistotalwealthtofoundthefiveNobelPrizes.21．A．.remembering B．honouring C．crediting D．negating22．A．nature B．.conduct C．flavour D．benefit23．A．deadly B．bitter C．usable. D．mild24．A．innovations B．efforts C．hesitation D．a(chǎn)ssociation25．A．broughtup B．putup C．brokeup D．builtup26．A．mistakenly B．purposefully C．unintentionally D．scientifically27．A．satisfied B．relieved C．impressed D．disappointed28．A．praised B．blamed C．a(chǎn)ppreciated D．favoured29．A．greedy B．essential C．rich D．sufficient30．A．error B．warning C．threat D．consequence31．A．destroying B．inventing C．combining D．stimulating32．A．improve B．establish C．illustrate D．secure33．A．request B．illustration C．will D．fortune34．A．choices B．decisions C．profits D．contributions35．A．gaveaway B．gaveback C．gaveoff D．gaveout第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分,滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Malariahasbeena____36____(dead)problemforhumanssinceancienttimes.Countlesspeoplehavediedofit.____37____(thank),ChinesescientistTuYouyoufoundqinghaosu.Thisyearmarkedthe50thanniversaryofTu’s____38____(discover).In1967,Chinesestartedanationalproject.Twoyearslater,Tubecamedirectorofittodevelop____39____drugagainstmalaria.Tuandherteamcollectedover600plantsandlistedalmost380possibleChineserecipesformalaria.Onerecipeusesthesweetwormwoodplant____40____(treat)malariaTufounditeffectiveandtriedtoextracttheqinghaosu____41____itinordertomakedrugsandsucceededin1972.Afterherteamshowedthatqinghaosucouldtreatmalariainmiceandmonkeys,Tuandtwoofhercolleaguesvolunteeredtotestthedrugon____42____(they)beforetestingitonhumanpatients.Itturnedout____43____qinghaosuwassafe.Gradually,qinghaosubecamethefirst-linetreatmentformalaria,____44____(save)millionsoflivesaroundtheworld.In2015,whenTu____45____(award)withtheNobelPrize,sherefusedtotakeallofthecredit.Shesaid,“Everyscientistdreamsofdoingsomethingthatcanhelptheworld.”第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié),滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）46．假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)的高三學(xué)生李華。你在英國學(xué)醫(yī)的朋友Jim想請你介紹中國科學(xué)家鐘南山，請你根據(jù)以下要點給Jim回信介紹鐘南山。1.鐘南山于1941年出生在廣州，畢業(yè)于北京醫(yī)學(xué)院，并于1979年出國進修，是中國最著名的科學(xué)家和醫(yī)生之一。2.2003年他奮戰(zhàn)在抗擊非典第一線；2020年初，84歲高齡的他再上新冠肺炎防疫最前線。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。參考詞匯：theSARSepidemic非典；thenovelcoronavirus新型冠狀病毒第二節(jié)（滿分25分）47．閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。YoghurtItwasaroughweek.ThepriceofoilskyrocketedasthetemperaturedroppedsharplyinMaine.Ihadmissedthreedaysofwoksomypaycheckwasgoingtobelowerthannormal.Iwasstresses,tosaytheleast.Ishoppedstrategically,lookingforeverypossiblewaytocutpenniessoIcouldbuygroceriesandkeepthehousewarm.Myeight-year-oldsondidn’tunderstandwhenItoldhimwewerestrugglingthatweek.Hewantedaspecialkindofyoghurt,butIdidn'thavetheextrathreedollarstobuyitforhim.Itwasthekindofyoghurtwithacartoonkidridingaskateboardonthefrontofthebox,andameretwospoonfulsineachcup.Itwasthekindofproductthatwastesaparent’smoneyandmakesmehateadvertising.Ifeltguiltyasaparentwhenthosebigeyeslookedatmewithconfusion,asiftosay,“It’sjustyoghurt.What’sthebigdeal?”SoIfoundaway.Iputsomethingbackassinglemothersoftendo.Hegothisyoghurt.Onthewaydrivingbackfromthegrocerystore,Inoticedahomelessmanholdingasignbythesideoftheroad.Myhearthurt,andItriednottolookathim.Iwatchedpeoplestayawayfromhimonthestreetandwalkbywithoutevenmeetinghiseyes.Mysondidn’tseemtocaremuch,either.Ilookedatthemancloselythen—barehandsgraspingapieceofcardboard,snot(鼻涕)frozentohisface,aworn-outjacket.AndthereIwasstrugglingbecauseIhadtobuyoilandgroceries,ButIdecidedtohelp.Ipulledovertothemanandhandedhimafive-dollarbill.注意:續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。Paragraph1:Seeingthis,mysonbecameconfusedandsurprised.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Then,mysonperformedanactthatmostadultswouldn’thavedone.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________參考答案：1．A2．D3．B【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了幾位青少年科學(xué)家以及他們的發(fā)明。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)JackAndraka部分“JackAndrakacreatedabiologicalsensorfortestingcanceratanearlystage.(杰克·安德拉卡發(fā)明了一種用于早期癌癥檢測的生物傳感器)”可知，杰克·安德拉卡發(fā)明了醫(yī)療器械。故選A項。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)TaylorWilson部分“HewasinspiredbyTheRadioactiveBoyScout,anovelinwhichakidtriesandfailstobuildanuclearreactor.(他受到《放射性童子軍》的啟發(fā)，這本小說講述了一個孩子試圖建造核反應(yīng)堆卻失敗的故事)”可知，是一本故事書激發(fā)了TaylorWilson對他的發(fā)明的興趣。故選D項。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)DanielBurd部分“Hissolutiononlyproduceswaterandsmallamountsofcarbondioxide.(他的解決方案只產(chǎn)生水和少量二氧化碳)”以及常識可知，DanielBurd的發(fā)明對環(huán)境幾乎沒有危害。故選B項。4．D5．D6．C7．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。本文敘述了法國微生物學(xué)家LouisPasteur，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了疫苗接種，拯救了億萬人類的生命。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Thenexttimeyouhavecheeseloudly,remembertheFrenchscientistLouisPasteurwhodiscoveredthatbadmilk,andmanydiseasesarecausedbybacteria(細(xì)菌).(下次你大聲吃奶酪的時候，記得法國科學(xué)家LouisPasteur，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了變質(zhì)的牛奶，以及許多疾病是由細(xì)菌引起的)”可知，LouisPasteur發(fā)現(xiàn)很多疾病是由細(xì)菌引起的。故選D。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“WhenPasteurworkedwithchickensthatweresufferingfromcholeraduringhisexperiments,heaccidentallyspreadcholeratohischickens.Pasteur’schickensbecamemildlysickbutdidnotdie.Thiswasstrangeaseverychickenthatcamenearcholeraearlierhaddied.Herealizedsoonthatthecholerahadbecomeweak.Bythetimehetriedagain,thechickenshehadcuredearlierdidnotgetcholeraanymore.Herealizedthataweakcholerahelped,hischickensdevelopanantibodyagainstit.(當(dāng)巴斯德在實驗中研究患有霍亂的雞時，他不小心把霍亂傳染給了他的雞。巴斯德的雞出現(xiàn)輕微疾病，但沒有死亡。這很奇怪，因為之前每只靠近霍亂的雞都死了。他很快意識到霍亂已經(jīng)不那么嚴(yán)重了。當(dāng)他再次嘗試時，他之前治愈的雞已經(jīng)不再感染霍亂了。他意識到一種微弱的霍亂有幫助，他的雞產(chǎn)生了一種對抗霍亂的抗體)”可推知，有些雞感染了霍亂卻沒有死，因為它們感染的霍亂已經(jīng)被削弱了，故被削弱的霍亂無法殺死生物。故選D。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Later,Pasteurwentontotrythisoncows,pigsanddogs.Allhisresearchhelpedhimdevelopdifferentvaccines.Wenowknowthattheprocessofvaccinationintroducesaweakenedkindofbacteriaintoourbody.Ourbodyreactsbycreatingantibodiestofightthebacteria.Now,whenourbodycomeacrossthesamebacteriawhicharemuchstronger,itcanfightthemoff.(后來，巴斯德繼續(xù)在牛、豬和狗身上進行試驗。他所有的研究都幫助他開發(fā)了不同的疫苗。我們現(xiàn)在知道，接種疫苗的過程會將一種衰弱的細(xì)菌引入我們的身體。我們的身體通過產(chǎn)生抗體來對抗細(xì)菌?，F(xiàn)在，當(dāng)我們的身體遇到同樣的更強大的細(xì)菌時，它可以將它們擊退)”可知，疫苗接種通過把弱化了的細(xì)菌注射進人體，使人體產(chǎn)生了對抗細(xì)菌的抗體，增強了應(yīng)對感染的免疫力。疫苗接種過程的作用是它能提高人們避免疾病的能力。故選C。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“LouisPasteurreceivednumerousawardsfortheadvancementofbiology,chemistry,andmedicine.HefoundedthePasteurInstitutetostudydiseases.Itwasthefirstuniversity,toteachmicrobiologyandtodaythereare32institutesacross29countries.Foreverychildvaccinatedagainstadeadlydisease,wehaveLouisPasteurtothank.(路易斯·巴斯德因為在生物學(xué)、化學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)上的進步而獲得了許多獎項。他創(chuàng)立了巴斯德研究所來研究疾病。它是第一所教授微生物學(xué)的大學(xué)，如今在29個國家有32個研究所。對于每一個接種疫苗預(yù)防致命疾病的孩子，我們都要感謝路易斯·巴斯德)”結(jié)合本文介紹了微生物學(xué)家LouisPasteur，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了疫苗接種，拯救了億萬人類的生命?？梢酝茰y，本文寫作目的在于緬懷這位偉大的科學(xué)家，提醒我們不要忘記他的卓越貢獻。故選D。8．C9．A10．B11．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是記敘文。本文章主要介紹了達爾文一生的生活經(jīng)歷和成就。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“CharlesDarwinwasbornintoafamilyofthinkers.(查爾斯·達爾文出生于一個思想家家庭。)”及后文對他父親，母親，祖父的介紹可知，達爾文的家人社會地位都很高，家人對達爾文的影響很大。所以第一段的寫作目的是為了表明家庭對達爾文的影響。故選C。9．推理判斷題。由第二段中的“Whenhewaseighteen,heleftEdinburghandwenttoCambridgeUniversity,planningtoenterthechurch,buthewasmoreinterestedinsciencethaninreligionandlaterheabandonedtheology.(十八歲時，他離開愛丁堡，進入劍橋大學(xué)，打算進入教堂，但他對科學(xué)比對宗教更感興趣，后來他放棄了神學(xué)。)”可知，達爾文進入劍橋大學(xué)后，對科學(xué)更感興趣，故推知他在劍橋大學(xué)最終主修科學(xué)。故選A。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Darwinwasalsostruckbytheiguanas(蜥蜴)hefound,andobservedthatthosewhichlivedinwaterhadheadssuitableforfindingfoodamongstones,whilethosethatlivedonlandhadasharperhead,morefitforaherbivorous(食草的)animal.(達爾文也被他發(fā)現(xiàn)的蜥蜴所震撼了，并觀察到那些生活在水中的蜥蜴的頭部適合在石頭中尋找食物，而那些生活在陸地上的蜥蜴有更鋒利的頭部，更適合食草動物。)可知，生活在水中的蜥蜴和生活在陸地上的蜥蜴是因為生活環(huán)境的不同導(dǎo)致生物進化差異。故選B。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution,butitwasnotuntil1859thatheactuallypublishedit.Itwasinstantlyseenasagreatmilestoneinscientificthought,andattractedviolentargumentalloverEurope.(達爾文發(fā)展了他的進化論，但直到1859年他才真正發(fā)表了它。它立即被視為科學(xué)思想的一個偉大里程碑，并引起了整個歐洲的激烈爭論。)”可知，達爾文的進化論是科學(xué)思想的一個偉大的里程碑，是科學(xué)界的一個偉大的突破。故選D。12．B13．B14．A15．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。主要介紹了2020年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎得主安德烈婭·蓋茲是如何獲得諾貝爾獎的。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Shehadcomewithanimpossiblerequestthatmyteammodifyourthoroughlytestedsoftwaretomakeoneofourmostimportantscientificinstrumentsdosomethingithadneverbeendesignedforandriskbreakingit.Alltocarryoutanexperimentthatwasbasicallyawasteoftimeandcouldn’tbedone—provethatamassiveblackholelayatthecenterofourMilkyWay.(她提出了一個似乎不可能的請求，要求我的團隊修改我們經(jīng)過徹底測試的軟件，使我們最重要的科學(xué)儀器之一能夠完成它從未被設(shè)計過的任務(wù)，并冒著破壞它的風(fēng)險。所有這些都是為了進行一個基本上是浪費時間而且無法完成的實驗——證明一個巨大的黑洞位于我們銀河系的中心)”以及第三段“ThatdeterminationandthewillingnesstotakecalculatedriskshasalwayscharacterizedAndrea.(這種決心和愿意承擔(dān)計算風(fēng)險一直是安德烈婭的特點)”可知，安德烈婭提出非常有創(chuàng)造力的請求并堅定地去證明它，她是有決心并且有創(chuàng)造力的。故選B項。13．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thisismyfriendandlongtimecolleague,theonewhorefusedtotake“no”forananswer:AndreaGhez,winnerofthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysics.(這是我的朋友，也是我的老同事，一個拒絕接受“不”答案的人：安德烈婭·蓋茲，2020年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎獲得者)”以及上文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了安德烈婭是如何成功獲得諾貝爾獎的。故選B項。14．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段“For25yearsshehasfocusedalmostcompletelyonSagittariusA-thenameofourownlocalsupermassiveblackhole.Itisremarkablethatanentirefieldofstudyhasgrownupinthequartercentury,ofsearchingforandfindingevidenceofthesemonstersthoughttolieattheheartofeverylargegalaxy.(25年來，她幾乎完全專注于人馬座A——我們當(dāng)?shù)爻筚|(zhì)量黑洞的名字。值得注意的是，在25年的時間里，整個研究領(lǐng)域都在發(fā)展，尋找并找到這些被認(rèn)為位于每個大星系中心的龐然大物的證據(jù))”以及第四段“ShestartedusingtheveryfirstinstrumentfixedonKeckObservatory’sNearInfraredCamera(NIRC),nowgracingthelobbyatourheadquarters.(她開始使用第一臺在凱克天文臺近紅外照相機（NIRC）改造的儀器，現(xiàn)在gracing我們總部的大廳)”可知，安德烈婭專注于人馬座A的研究，引領(lǐng)整個研究領(lǐng)域發(fā)展，她所做的研究為整個總部帶來榮譽，這臺紅外照相機是第一臺機器，用紀(jì)念意義，因此放在大廳里是帶領(lǐng)榮耀的，故推測劃線單詞表示“為……帶來榮譽”，即bringinghonourto。故選A項。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thisismyfriendandlongtimecolleague,theonewhorefusedtotake“no”forananswer:AndreaGhez,winnerofthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysics.(這是我的朋友，也是我的老同事，一個拒絕接受“不”答案的人：安德烈婭·蓋茲，2020年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎獲得者)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了2020年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎得主安德烈婭·蓋茲是如何獲得諾貝爾獎的，推測文章來自一個有關(guān)科學(xué)家的網(wǎng)站。故選C項。16．D17．A18．G19．B20．F【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了愛因斯坦個人的一些偉大之處。16．分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該空缺乏一個從句。D選項“當(dāng)愛因斯坦開始在美國工作時”用When引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表明下文“someoneaskedhimwhatheneeded(有人問他需要什么)”事情發(fā)生的時間點，引出下文“Hesaidheneededadesk,somepaperandpencil.(他說他需要一張桌子，一些紙和鉛筆)”講工作需要的工具。故選D項。17．該空為小標(biāo)題，起總結(jié)段落作用。由下文“Manychildrenwroteletterstoaskhimforhelpwiththeirhomework.Oneday,hewrotealettertoayounggirltotellhernottoworryaboutherMathshomeworkbecausehethoughtMathswasdifficulttoo.(許多孩子寫信要求他幫他們做作業(yè)。一天，他寫信給一個年輕女孩，告訴她不要擔(dān)心她的數(shù)學(xué)作業(yè)，因為他認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)也很難)”可知，下文講最偉大的科學(xué)家愛因斯坦也認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)也很難，說明他謙虛的品質(zhì)，承接下文，A選項“愛因斯坦也很謙虛”是最佳小標(biāo)題。故選A項。18．由小標(biāo)題“Einsteinconsideredtimetobeimportant(愛因斯坦認(rèn)為時間很重要)”和上文“Heneverworesocksbecausehethoughtputtingonsockswasawasteoftimeaspeoplealreadyworeshoes.Healsothoughtrememberingthingsfoundinbookswasnotworthit.(他從不穿襪子，因為人們已經(jīng)穿鞋子了，所以他認(rèn)為穿襪子是浪費時間。他還認(rèn)為，記住書本上的東西是不值得的)”可知，上文用具體事例講明愛因斯坦不會做浪費時間的一些事，表明他注重時間的重要性，G選項“這就是為什么他從不記得自己的電話號碼”承接上文舉出另一個愛因斯坦看重時間的例子，也講明愛因斯坦為什么會這樣做。故選G項。19．由小標(biāo)題“Einsteinlikedtojoketoo(愛因斯坦也喜歡開玩笑)”和“Inoneexam,astudentaskedhimwhyallthequestionswerethesameaslastyear’s.Einsteinrepliedthequestionswerethesame,buttheanswersweredifferent.(在一次考試中，一個學(xué)生問愛因斯坦為什么所有的問題都和去年的一樣。愛因斯坦回答的問題都一樣，但答案不同)”可知，B選項“他是一個多么幽默的人啊”承接上文講愛因斯坦擁有幽默感。故選B項。20．分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該空缺乏一個從句。由上文“WhenEinsteinwasachild,histeachersusedtosayhewasnotclever.However,Einsteinkeptworkinghardandsurprisedtheworldwithhisachievements.(愛因斯坦小時候，老師們常說他不聰明。然而，愛因斯坦一直在努力工作，他的成就令世界驚訝)”可知，愛因斯坦被老師說不聰明，也沒有放棄努力工作，可見永遠不要遇到問題就放棄、氣餒，承接上文，F(xiàn)選項“如果我們遇到問題時想放棄”用If引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，表明下文“weshouldthinkofhim(我們應(yīng)該想想他)”事情發(fā)生的條件。故選F項。21．B22．A23．C24．B25．D26．A27．D28．B29．C30．B31．B32．A33．C34．D35．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要敘述了諾貝爾一生發(fā)明了無數(shù)的爆炸物品，卻因此受到了人們的詬病，為了提升自己的公眾形象，他將自己一生的大部分財產(chǎn)捐獻了出去成立了諾貝爾獎用來獎勵在物理、化學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)等方面做出突出貢獻的人。21．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：諾貝爾獎被認(rèn)為是最有辨識度和最令人欽佩的獎項之一，表彰了世界各地在不同領(lǐng)域取得的杰出成就的人們。A.remembering記得；B.honouring尊敬、表彰；C.crediting相信；D.negating否認(rèn)。根據(jù)最后一段“In1895,oneyearbeforehisdeath,Nobelmadethelast___13___,sayingclearlythathiswealthwouldbeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhohavemadegreat___14___tomankindinphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace.”可知，諾貝爾獎是用來表彰這些杰出的人。故選B。22．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：諾貝爾對其在壓力或熱量下爆炸的不規(guī)則性質(zhì)很感興趣，他開始尋找一種方法來控制它，并制造一種可用的炸藥。A.nature自然、性質(zhì)；B.conduct行為、舉動；C.flavour味道；D.benefit利益。根據(jù)空后的“explodingunderpressureorheat”可知，