提升詞匯量的策略探究

詞匯量對(duì)于考生的重要性不言而喻，詞匯量的多少甚至對(duì)考生分?jǐn)?shù)的高低起決定性作用。英語成績相對(duì)較薄弱的考生，其詞匯量往往相對(duì)較??；而基礎(chǔ)較好的考生，其詞匯量也往往較大。如何提升詞匯量也是困擾廣大考生的難題。考生往往會(huì)采用機(jī)械記憶的方式來記單詞，比如按照詞匯表或單詞書逐個(gè)重復(fù)讀寫來記憶，但效果并不明顯，往往很快就忘記，反復(fù)記憶又反復(fù)忘記，最終使考生失去記單詞的動(dòng)力和興趣。那么，如何才能更好提升詞匯量呢？一、以教材文本為基礎(chǔ)，深入研讀文本，建構(gòu)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)考生應(yīng)該充分重視教材文本，教材的每個(gè)文本都是圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題展開的，包含了大量而豐富的主題詞匯。為了掌握這些零碎的主題詞匯，考生需要識(shí)別文本中含有主題詞匯的語塊，畢竟語塊是學(xué)習(xí)語言的基本單位，語塊可以包含動(dòng)詞短語、名詞短語、形容詞短語、介詞短語等有意義的詞匯組合。此外，考生需要深入研讀文本，深探主題意義，從而找到主題語塊的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，把零散的語塊串聯(lián)起來，連成線、織成網(wǎng)、形成片，形成一定的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，納入已有的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，形成知識(shí)體系更易于儲(chǔ)存在大腦中。下面以人教版必修三Unit2MoralsandVirtues的ReadingandThinking：MotherofTenThousandBabies為例來闡釋如何通過深入解讀文本、建構(gòu)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)來串聯(lián)零散的主題語塊。該文本包含了課標(biāo)要求的preciouslife，entrust…with…，carrythrough，bedeeplyaffectedby，insteadof，followthetraditionalpathofmarriage，themajorityofgirls，complain，thinkofhightuitionfees等31個(gè)語塊。該文本主要講述了“萬嬰之母”林巧稚的教育背景以及工作經(jīng)歷，贊揚(yáng)了林巧稚的努力拼搏、家國情懷以及默默奉獻(xiàn)的一生。該文本共有六段，可以分為三個(gè)部分，第一部分即第一段：通過引用林巧稚的話引入其艱難抉擇的一生這個(gè)主題；第二部分即第二至五段：主要講述了林巧稚的教育和工作經(jīng)歷；第三部分即最后一段：再次引用林巧稚的話烘托其無私奉獻(xiàn)的精神。該文本是人物自傳、記敘文文體，其明線是時(shí)間線索，按照時(shí)間先后順序介紹了林巧稚的一生，暗線是林巧稚一生五個(gè)艱難的抉擇。因此，根據(jù)兩個(gè)線索把文本的主要語塊進(jìn)行有意義的串聯(lián)如下。TimeLinsexperiences1901Linwasborn.1906Shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermothersdeath.1909Insteadoffollowingthetraditionalpathofmarriagelikethemajorityofgirls，shechosetostudymedicine.1917ShegraduatedfromPUMCwiththeWenhaiScholarship，thehighestprizegiventograduates.Sheimmediatelybecamethefirstwomanevertobehiredasaresidentphysicianandthenwasnamedachiefresidentphysician.（續(xù)表）TimeLinsexperiences1939ShewassenttostudyintheUS.1941ShebecamethefirstChinesewomanevertobeappointeddirectorofthehospital.1954ShewaselectedtothefirstNationalPeoplesCongress.1983Shedidntretireuntilthedayshedied，22April，1983.表1：文本的明線——時(shí)間線索HardchoicesReasonsDifficultiesQuotesQualitiesChoice1：Insteadofgettingmarried，shechosetostudymedicine.（Para1）Shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermothersdeath.Thehightuitionfees.Sheresponded，“Idratherstaysingletostudyallmylife.determinedChoice2：SherejectedstayingintheUSbutchosetoreturnhome.（Para2）Shewantedtoservethewomanandchildrenathome.Shemustgiveuphighincomesandcomfortablelife.patrioticChoice3：Shechosetoopenaprivateclinicratherthandidnothing.（Para3）Allthepeoplewerestillinneedofhelp.Shechargedverylowfeesandreducedcostsandrodeadonkeytofarawayvillagestoprovidemedicalcare.devoted，committedChoice4：Insteadofholdingmanyimportantpositions，shechosetotendpatients，publishmedicalresearchoncareforwomanandchildren，andtrainthenextgenerationofdoctors.（Para4）TheOB-GYNdepartmentcaresfortwolives.Weshouldberesponsible.Shehadtoworkveryhardandmaybecameexhausted.“TheOB-GYNdepartmentcaresfortwolives”，shetoldnewstaffinthedepartment.“Asdoctors，weshouldberesponsibleforthepatientsandtreatthemasoursisters.”indifferenttofameandmoney，hard-workingChoice5：Shechosetoworkuntilthedayshedied，andtoleavehersavingstoakindergartenandafundfornewdoctors.（Para5）Lifeisprecious，andpeopleentrustherwiththatlife.Shemayhavenothingleftforherown.“Imreadytogo.Donttrytorescuemeanymore.Dontwastethemedicineanymore.”selfless，generous表2：文本的暗線——林巧稚一生的五大抉擇表1按照時(shí)間線索梳理了林巧稚的生平，共串聯(lián)了11個(gè)語塊（黑體劃線部分）；表2按照文本的暗線梳理了林巧稚一生的五大抉擇以及抉擇背后的原因、困難、對(duì)林巧稚話語的引用及其寶貴的品質(zhì)，共串聯(lián)20個(gè)語塊。兩個(gè)線索共同形成了文本的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，共串聯(lián)了31個(gè)課標(biāo)要求掌握的語塊。二、基于知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，復(fù)述文本內(nèi)容，提煉語塊，強(qiáng)化記憶建立知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)后，也就理清了文本發(fā)展的主要脈絡(luò)，并梳理了文本的主要信息。為了進(jìn)一步理解記憶主要語塊，考生要根據(jù)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)文本進(jìn)行復(fù)述，不僅更好理解文章的主要內(nèi)容，而且能進(jìn)一步掌握單詞、語塊的用法，為后續(xù)的遷移運(yùn)用做鋪墊。同樣以人教版必修三Unit2MoralsandVirtues的ReadingandThinking：MotherofTenThousandBabies為例，根據(jù)以上知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，該文本的復(fù)述如下：In1901，LinQiaozhiwasborn.Asafive-year-oldgirl，shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermothersdeath.Atage18，Insteadoffollowingthetraditionalpathofmarriagelikethemajorityofgirls，shechosetostudymedicinedespiteherbrotherscomplainabouthightuitionfees.Eightyearslater，ShegraduatedfromPUMCwiththeWenhaiScholarship，thehighestprizegiventograduates.Sheimmediatelybecamethefirstwomanevertobehiredasaresidentphysicianandthenwasnamedachiefresidentphysician.In1939，shewassenttostudyintheUSandwasinvitedtostaybutsherejectedtheoffer.In1941，ShebecamethefirstChinesewomanevertobeappointeddirectorofthehospitalbutitwasclosedbecauseofthewar.Shechosetoopenaprivateclinicratherthandidnothing，becauseallthepeoplewerestillinneedofhelp.Shechargedverylowfeesandreducedcostsandrodeadonkeytofarawayvillagestoprovidemedicalcare.In1954，shewaselectedtothefirstNationalPeoplesCongressandthensheheldmanyimportantpositions，butshechosetotendpatients，publishmedicalresearchoncareforwomanandchildren，andtrainthenextgenerationofdoctors，forshethoughtthatasdoctors，theyshould“beresponsibleforthepatientsandtreatthemasoursisters.”Shechosetoworkuntilthedayshediedin1983，andtoleavehersavingstoakindergartenandafundfornewdoctors，becauseshethoughtthatlifewaspreciousandpeopleentrustedherwiththatlife.以上復(fù)述包含了該文本需要掌握的主要語塊?？忌粌H應(yīng)能口頭復(fù)述，最好能夠?qū)懴聛硎怪泳_、完整。此外，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和對(duì)文本的復(fù)述，再次梳理語塊，如下：Bedeeplyaffectedby對(duì)……感到深深悲傷Insteadof而不是Followthetraditionalpathofmarriage遵循傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)婚之路Themajorityofgirls大多數(shù)女孩……梳理語塊時(shí)注意分兩欄，左邊寫英語，右邊默寫漢語，中英文對(duì)照以便后續(xù)再次鞏固復(fù)習(xí)，強(qiáng)化記憶。三、結(jié)合試題，歸納派生詞，積累語塊對(duì)于考生而言，熟練掌握教材文本語塊僅僅是基本功。而考試的時(shí)候，往往會(huì)有很多超越教材文本的詞匯導(dǎo)致考生看不懂文章，答題的錯(cuò)誤率居高不下，因此，考生要善于總結(jié)試題中的詞匯，尤其是派生詞以及語塊以拓展詞匯量。下面以2024年廣州市普通高中畢業(yè)班綜合測試（二）的A篇文章為例來闡明如何總結(jié)派生詞、積累語塊。該文章如下：ATraintheimportantskillsmoderneditorsusetoevaluateandenhancewritingforclarity，precisionandaccuracy.Inthiscourse，studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece，goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy，styleandorganization.Understandingthedifferentchallengesinaneditorsjob，studentswillgetabehind-the-sceneslookatthissometimesbusyandoftenexcitingcareer.Meanwhile，studentswillgrowtheirowntechnicaleditingskillsandreturnhomeamorecompetenteditor.UsingGenZEraastheircasestudy，studentswillmeetandstudyunderthepeoplewhodecidewhattopicsarerelevantandvaluabletotheaudienceandwhodeterminetheoveralleditorialstrategy，ensuringthatthecontentmeetsthestandardsandtoneofthepublication.CourseHighlightsVisitthemediacityandattendlecturesbyaward-winningguestspeakers.Assessarticlesaswellasquestionandcoachtheauthorstogetthebestpiecepossible.Connectwithprofessionalswhomanagethedevelopmentandpublicationofaccurateandworthycontent.Editonepieceintoawell-writtenandfact-checkedarticleinthestyleofGenZEraPriceResidentialProgram（Studentsliveoncampus）：$6，600DayProgram（Studentscommutetoclasseveryday）：$5，500（Graduatingseniorscanhavea$400discountifapplyingbeforeMay2，2024.）TermDate：July9-July21，2024ApplicationDeadline：Friday，May31，2024ContactAdmission：info@21.Whichistheprobablenameofthecourse？A.CareerDevelopmentinMedia.B.EditorialDecision-making.C.FundamentalsofEditing.D.IntroductiontoPublication.22.Whatwillstudentsdointhecourse？A.Interviewaward-winningguests.B.Helpauthorsimprovetheirarticles.C.Connectwithprofessionalpublishers.D.EditonearticleforGenZEra.23.AgraduatingseniorapplyingforaDayProgramonApril30，2024shouldpay.A.$5，100B.$5，500C.$6，200D.$6，600該文章是一篇應(yīng)用文，主要介紹了寫作課程的主要內(nèi)容以及基本信息。該文本含有大量的派生詞和語塊，因此，考生在答題后應(yīng)總結(jié)歸納文本的派生詞并積累語塊以拓展詞匯量。如文章的第一段出現(xiàn)了editor一詞，第二段出現(xiàn)其形容詞短語editingskills，第三段出現(xiàn)另外一個(gè)形容詞短語theoveralleditorialstrategy以及動(dòng)詞短語editonepieceintoawell-writtenandfact-checkedarti