Unit2-Exploring-English-第2課時-Using-language(學(xué)生版)

Unit2ExploringEnglish2.2Usinglanguage【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】1.掌握派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法，掌握高中詞匯記憶法2.側(cè)重培養(yǎng)通過語境上下文的推理判斷詞性的能力3.注重高中詞匯積累【基礎(chǔ)知識】正確運用構(gòu)詞法知識是學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的重要途徑，同時也是擴(kuò)大詞匯量的一個重要方法。英語構(gòu)詞法主要分為派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法等。牢固掌握并熟練運用構(gòu)詞法知識，不僅有助于提高考生辨識生詞的能力，還能運用到高考完形填空、語法填空和短文改錯三大題型與詞性轉(zhuǎn)換相關(guān)的考查當(dāng)中。而且高考閱讀理解中的猜測詞義題有時也會考查并運用到此語法知識?！究键c剖析】考點一：派生法派生法就是由一個詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個詞。詞根是派生詞的基礎(chǔ)，而詞綴起到?jīng)Q定派生詞的詞匯意義和語法屬性的作用。（一）形容詞的后綴和前綴1.名詞+-cial--形容詞benefit--beneficial有益的office--official官方的face--facial面部的race--racial種族的finance--financial金融的society--social社會的例1．【單句填空】(全國卷乙卷)lprovide___________(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.2.名詞+-al(表示“有……屬性或者與……有關(guān)”)--形容詞agriculture--agricultural農(nóng)業(yè)的nature--national國家的education--educational教育的3.動詞/名詞+-able/-ible--形容詞accept--acceptable可接受的value--valuablelove--lovablerely--reliable4.名詞+-ful--形容詞care--careful仔細(xì)的beauty--beautiful漂亮的use--useful有用的(全國卷II)BranchesofPlumBlossoms:The_________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.5.名詞+-y/-ly--形容詞wealth--wealthy富裕的friend--friendly友好的dead--deadly致命的rain--rainy多雨的noise--noisy吵鬧的luck--lucky幸運的elder--elderly上年紀(jì)的【2021全國甲卷】Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand__________(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir_________(day)routines.6.動詞+ive--形容詞act--active積極的create--creative有創(chuàng)造力的7.名詞+-ous--形容詞anxiety--anxious焦急的variety--various各種各樣的glory--glorious光榮的8.名詞+en(表示材料或質(zhì)地)--形容詞gold--golden金色的wood--wooden木制的9.動詞+ent--形容詞diffee--different不同的depend--dependent依賴的10.名詞+less--形容詞home--homeless無家可歸的use--useless無用的care--careless粗心的11.以-some結(jié)尾的形容詞tiresome令人厭煩的troublesomeawesome12.以a-開頭的形容詞live--alive活著的wake--awake醒著的sleep--asleep睡著的afraid害怕的alone獨自的（二）動詞的前綴和后綴1前綴en-+形容詞--動詞rich--enrich使豐富large--enlarge變大；擴(kuò)大2.前綴en-名詞--動詞danger--endanger使危險3.形容詞/名詞+后綴-en--動詞short--shorten縮短sharp--sharpen使尖銳deep--deepen加深dark--darken變暗strength--strengthen加強4.形容詞+-ify--動詞simple--simplify使簡化beauty--beautify使美化clear--clarify使凈化5.以-ize結(jié)尾的動詞real--realize意識到memory--memorize記憶；識記（三）名詞的后綴后綴例詞--age(狀態(tài)；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻--an/-ian(人，……家)American美國人；musician音樂家--ence/-ency(構(gòu)成抽象名詞)dependence依靠；frequency頻率--ance(性質(zhì)，狀態(tài))importance重要性--ant/-ent(人)assistant助手；student學(xué)生--cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(動作，狀態(tài))suspicion懷疑；tension緊張；repetition重復(fù);expect--expectation期望--ee(動作承受者或受影響者)employee受雇者；refugee難民--er/or(人或物)writer作家；actor演員--ess(女性)actress女演員；waitress女服務(wù)員；hostess女主人--ism(主義，……教)communism共產(chǎn)主義--ist(……主義者，……家)communist共產(chǎn)主義者--ment(行為；結(jié)果；狀態(tài)；性質(zhì))argument爭論；government政府；development發(fā)展--ship(關(guān)系，身份)friendship友誼--hood(身份；性質(zhì))childhood童年--th(結(jié)果，過程)growth成長--ty(狀態(tài)；性質(zhì))anxiety焦慮--ure(結(jié)果；行為；狀態(tài)；實物)pressure壓力；picture圖畫；pleasure高興--al(動作過程；結(jié)果)arrival到達(dá)；approval同意(全國卷II)ChineseNewYearisa_______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.答案為celebration。2.動詞+-al--名詞arrive--arrival到達(dá)survive--survival幸存approve--approval同意(全國乙卷)Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome____61____(educate)abouttheareas-bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe____62____(develop)ofthelocalareas.（四）副詞的后綴1.形容詞+-ly--副詞（以某種方式）slow--slowly緩慢地extreme--extremely極度地complete--completely完全地2.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的單詞，改y為i，加-lyhappy--happily高興地merry--merrily快樂地3.去e加-lytrue--truly真正地4.以-le結(jié)尾的形容詞去e加lysimple--simply簡單地gentle--gently溫柔地terrible--terribly糟糕地possible--possibly可能地（五）表示否定或相反意義的意義1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不，非able--unable不能夠cover--uncover揭露polite--impolite不禮貌的honest--dishonest不誠實的patient--impatient不耐煩的regular--irregular不規(guī)則的legal--illegal非法的2.mis-錯誤地lead--mislead誤導(dǎo)take--mistake誤會；誤解understand--misunderstand誤解3.-less表示否定或相反意義的后綴use-useless無用的hope--hopeless毫無希望的home--homeless無家可歸的總結(jié)：常用前綴表否定un-:unhappy,uncomfortable,unconscious,undoubtedly（毋庸置疑地）,unlock（開··...·鎖）,undress（脫衣）,unpack（打開行李），unsay（收回說過的話）in-:incorrect,informal,indifferent（漠不關(guān)心的）,invaluable（極有價值的；極寶貴的）im-:impossible，impolite，imperfect，impatient，immoral（不道德的）il-:illegal（違法的），illogical（不合邏輯的）ir-:irregular（不規(guī)則的）,irresistible（不可抗拒的）,irrelevant（不相關(guān)的）dis-:discover,disagree,disappear,dislike,disbelief,dishonest,dishonorable（不體面的）mis-:misunderstand，misjudge,misread，mislead（誤導(dǎo)）,misfortune(不幸)non-:non-smoker,nonstop,nonsense（胡說）,non-drinker不喝酒的人表重復(fù)re-:retell,reconsider，rearrange，react（作出反應(yīng)），renew（更新），reusable（可再用的），refresh（使恢復(fù)精力）表中間mid-:midnight，midpoint（中點），midway（中途），mid-July（七月中旬）表超出extra-:extraordinary，extracurricular（課外的），extra-official（非官方的）表超級super-:supermarket，superstar（超級明星），superpower（超級大國）表微小micro-:microscope（顯微鏡），microcomputer（微機(jī)）表小的mini-:miniskirt，minibus（小型巴士：面包車）表遠(yuǎn)tele-:telescope，telephone，television，telephotograph（傳真照片）表千kilo-:kilometer（千米），kilogram（千克），kilowatt（千瓦）表變化trans-:translate，transform，transport，transformer（變壓器）表后于post-:postpone（延遲），postgraduate（研究生），postwar（戰(zhàn)后的）先于pre-:pre-school（學(xué)齡前的），pre-war（戰(zhàn)前的），prehistoric（史前的）相互inter-:international，interview，interchange（互換）前部;預(yù)先fore-:forehead，foreword（序言），foreman（領(lǐng)班），forearm（前臂），foresee，forecast，foretell（預(yù)言；預(yù)料）自動auto-:automatic，automobile（汽車），autopilot（自動駕駛儀）半semi-:semicircle，semisolid（半固體的），semiconductor（半導(dǎo)體）副vice-:vice-chairman，vice-manager，vice-president（副總統(tǒng)）過多over-:overeat（吃得過多），overexcited，overpopulated（人口過多的）使成為;把...放入:en-:encourage（鼓勵），endanger（危及），enable（使能夠），enrich（使富裕），empower（授權(quán)），encase（把······裝入箱），encage（把······關(guān)在籠）構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞a-:asleep,alive,alike,awake,alone,apart,aloud,ahead常用名詞后綴表示行為者-er:worker,teacher,painter,waiter,performer,winner,Londoner（倫敦人）,northerner（北方人），container（容器）,cooker（炊具），opener（開啟的人或工具），heater（取熱器），timer（計時員；計時器），cutter（切割者；切割工具）-or:visitor,actor,sailor,inventor,conductor,director,translator,operator，survivor（幸存者）-ar:liar（說謊者），beggar（乞丐），scholar（學(xué)者）-ist:scientist,physicist,artist,tourist,novelist，specialist，medalist（獎牌獲得者）-ant/ent:assistant,accountant,president-(i)an:librarian（圖書管理員）,historian（史學(xué)家）,politician（政治家）,musician（音樂家），African，American-ee:employee（受雇者），trainee（受訓(xùn)者），interviewee（被面試者）表過程性質(zhì)狀態(tài)結(jié)果等抽象概念-ation:information,invitation,education,explanation,motivation,hesitation（猶豫）-(t)ion:action,construction,direction,introduction,invention,collection,attraction,connection-sion:conclusion,division,discussion,expression,possession-ssion:permission,admission-ance:allowance,importance,appearance,assistance,performance,resistance-ence:existence,preference,reference,difference,existence,absence,independence-ment:advertisement,agreement,amusement,argument,arrangement,development-ness:illness,sickness,happiness,kindness,sadness,goodness（善良；美德）-hood:childhood，neighbourhood（鄰居關(guān)系），brotherhood（兄弟關(guān)系；手足之情）-th:truth，strength，depth，length，growth，warmth，width（寬度）-ship:friendship,relationship,scholarship,membership,citizenship（國籍；公民的身份）-(a)bility:possibility，disability，responsibility，flexibility（靈活性；柔韌性）-y:difficulty,recovery-(i)ty:reality，nationality，safety，cruelty（殘酷行為）,certainty（確實的事情）-ery:bravery，bakery（面包房），cookery（烹調(diào)法）-al:approval，arrival，survival，refusal（拒絕）-age:marriage,shortage（不足；短缺）,storage（儲存）-ing:feeling，hearing,building，meeting，opening，suffering，cooling（冷卻）-ful:handful，spoonful，mouthful（一口），glassful（一杯的容量）plateful（滿盤；一盤）-cy:fluency,accuracy（準(zhǔn)確性）-dom:freedom;wisdom,kingdom(王國)常用形容詞后綴-ful:successful,careful,hopeful,helpful,useful,harmful,beautiful,wonderful，colourful-y:guilty,stormy,healthy,wealthy,dirty,noisy,sleepy，foggy，muddy-less:breathless,tasteless,useless,hopeless,helpless,endless,stainless,meaningless-able:comfortable,reasonable,suitable,admirable,knowledgeable,remarkable（不尋常的）-al:personal,national,traditional,natural,cultural,agricultural,fictional,additional,musical-ical:political，physical，practical，grammatical，historical（歷史上的）-ly:friendly（友好的）,monthly（每月的），daily（日常的）,timely（及時的）-en:golden，woollen，wooden，earthen（泥土做的）-ous:dangerous,anxious,famous,poisonous,religious,mountainous，nervous，ambitious-ive:active,expensive,attractive,subjective,representative,creative,impressive-ish:foolish,selfish,childish,British-some:troublesome，fearsome（可怕的）,burdensome（難于負(fù)擔(dān)的）-ed:interested,ashamed,disappointed,furnished,talented,aged，strong-minded（意志堅強的）-ing:amazing,boring,interesting,surprising,disturbing,freezing(冰冷的),shocking常用動詞后綴-en:deepen，sharpen，shorten，lessen（變少），worsen（使惡化），strengthen，weaken-ize:realize,apologize,recognize,modernize,legalize,commercialize，popularize-(i)fy:satisfy，beautify，simplify，signify（表示；意味），terrify（使害怕）常用副詞后綴-ly:quickly,simply,angrily,stupidly，hopefully，hopelessly，truly，smilingly，decidedly（堅決地；斷然地），namely（即；就是）,scientifically-ward(s):upward(s),downward(s),forward(s),backward(s),Southward（s），inward（s）outward（s），homeward（s）（向家：在歸途上）考點二：合成法合成法就是把兩個或兩個以上的獨立的詞結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成新詞，這樣的詞一般稱為合成詞或復(fù)合詞。復(fù)合名詞的主要構(gòu)成方式1.名詞＋名詞silkworm蠶classroom教室daybreak佛曉flashlight手電筒necklace項鏈2.合成形容詞good-looking好看的hard-working勤奮的cold-blooded冷血的newborn新生的bittersweet苦樂參半的airsick暈飛機(jī)的homesick想家的easygoing隨和的3.合成動詞名詞+動詞broadcast播送babysit看孩子副詞+動詞overcome克服undergo經(jīng)歷downfall垮臺；例2．【猜一猜】haircut理發(fā)energy-saving節(jié)能的breakthrough突破outbreak爆發(fā)總結(jié)：合成名詞：bookmark(書簽)；guidebook(指南手冊)；workshop(研討會；車間)；sunset(日落)合成形容詞：lifelong(終身的；畢生的)；heartbreaking(令人心碎的)；absent-minded(心不在焉的)合成動詞：whitewash(用石灰水刷白)；overcome(戰(zhàn)勝)；overthrow(推翻)合成副詞：anyway(無論如何)；everywhere(到處)；however(盡管如此)；forever(永遠(yuǎn))合成介詞：inside(在......里)；outside(在......外)；throughout(遍及)；within(在......之內(nèi))考點三：轉(zhuǎn)化法一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性，稱之為轉(zhuǎn)化法。單詞轉(zhuǎn)化后的意義往往與轉(zhuǎn)化前的意義有密切聯(lián)系，但其拼寫形式不變。名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞face臉—face面對形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞dirty臟的—dirty弄臟動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞design設(shè)計—design圖案形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞daily每日的—daily日報形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞deep深的—deep深深地例3．【猜一猜】handcleanstressvaluewidehighdeepgradatestraightrightemptydown總結(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)化法動詞→名詞：change改變；找零→變化；walk步行→散步;stop停止→車站；record錄音→記錄名詞→動詞：place地點→放置；taste味道→嘗起來；hand手→傳遞；遞交；seat座位→使……坐下

形容詞→動詞：clean干凈→使干凈，打掃；clear清楚→清理；dirty臟→弄臟；dry干燥→烘干，曬干；empty空的→倒空

截短法縮略法截短法：telephone→phone,aeroplane→plane,advertisement→ad.,laboratory→lab,influenza→flu,smog(smoke+fog)煙霧；brunch(breakfast+lunch)早午餐；newscast(news+broadcast)新聞廣播;sci-fi(science+fiction)科幻小說縮略法：television→TV(讀字母音)電視;veryimportantperson→VIP(讀字母音)要人；TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL(作為一個單詞讀音)托福構(gòu)詞法練習(xí)分層提分分層提分題組A基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練單句語法填空1．MyEnglishimprovedalot;moreimportantly,Igainedmuch________(confident).2．Smokingduringpregnancy________(danger)yourbaby'slife.3．Itwasa________(fog)coldmorningwhenhesetofffortheremotevillage.4．Peoplecertainlyhaveavarietyofreasonsforgoingbacktoschoolbutoneimportantthingtoknowis,noknowledgeis________(use)．5．The________(protect)andimprovementofthehumanenvironmentisamajorissuewhichaffectsallthepeopleandeconomicdevelopmentthroughouttheworld.6．Themeetingsupposedtobe________(success)turnedouttobeafailureintheend.7．Customsofficials________(cover)aplottosmuggleweaponsintothecountry.8．Annwillberememberedforherabilityandher________(warm).9．Thecoolingwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,makingairconditioning________(necessary)．10．Ithasahighly________(regular)shape,coveredwithbumpsandindentations.11．Itis________(legal)toselltobaccotosomeoneunder16.12．Extracurricularactivities________(able)thestudentstoknowhowtoapplytheknowledgelearnedinthetextbooks.13．Youcanrelyonhimbecauseheisquite________(rely)．14．Peopleonwelfarearewronglyseenaslazyor________(honest)．15．Youmayfindtoyour________(amaze)thatthereismorekindnessinyourcommunitythanyoueverbelievepossible.16．Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbecome________(pain)．17．LatelastyeartheThompsonstookpartinatelevisiondocumentary(紀(jì)錄片)toprovethatnotallgiftedchildrenaretheresultofextremely________(ambition)parents.18．Underher________(encourage),Iwouldspendhoursburyingmyselfinnovels,evenifmyfriendsjustlaughedatme.19．The________(grow)numberofChinesetouriststravelingtoSpainhasinrecentyearsofferedopportunitiesforlocalcompanies.20．Chinahasonceagainshoweditsabilitytochangetheworldwithits“newfourgreat________(invent)”．21．I________(firm)believedIcouldlearnlotsofwords,phrases,translationskills,newsstoriesandevenamazingknowledgebyreadingit.22．Inmost________(develop)countries,likeAmericaandtheGreatBritain,teachingisaprofession.23．________(luck),nativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon'tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.24．Being________(happy)islikeaninfectiousdisease.Itcausespeopletostayawayfromthesufferer.25．Shecarriedherleftarmatanawkwardangle,asifitwerecausingher________(comfort)．26．Itwas________(extreme)difficulttobuildsuchawallintheancientdayswithoutanymodernmachines.27．Yourideasareveryinteresting,butweneed________(practice)suggestionstogetusoutoftrouble.28．Trytounderstandwhat'sactuallyhappeninginsteadofactingonthe________(assume)you'vemade.29．Alice,thesalesmanagerofthecompany,isdoingacourseto________(sharp)herbusinessskills.30．Atelevisionseriesisfastgainingitsword-of-mouth________(popular)amongnotonlyChinesehouseholdsbutalsosomeforeigners.題組B能力提升練單句語法填空1．(2020·安徽省黃山市屯溪第一中學(xué)高三月考)Thosewhoatesevenouncesormoreofredorprocessedmeatdaily—orgotthe________(major)oftheirproteinfrommeat—hada23percenthigherriskofprematuredeath,accordingtoScienceDaily.2．(2020·安徽省六校教育研究會高三第一次素質(zhì)測試)Checkoutcourseandprogram________(describe),reviewsofprofessors,andsitinonsomeclassesifyou'reabletovisitcampus.3．(2020·湖北省孝感市第一中學(xué)高三年級月考)They________(accident)foundoutthatsoildoesnotonlyattractfat,itcouldalsostopfatfrombeingabsorbedintothebodyandroundthedigestivesystem.4．(2020·湖南師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)高三摸底考試)Somusicwasn'treally________(entertain),butameansformusicianstoaccomplishpoliticalandsocialgoals.5．(2020·天一大聯(lián)考皖豫聯(lián)盟體高三上學(xué)期第一次考試)Theevolutioniswhathasledtothepresent________(appear)ofthekiwibird.6．(2020·廣西柳州市高三上學(xué)期摸底考試)Peoplewhohavebreakfastaremorelikelytolose________(weigh)thanthosewhodon'teatamorningmeal.7．(2019·深圳耀華實驗學(xué)校月考)Lifeisjustablankcloth—youcanpaintabeautifulscene,oryoucanpaintblackghosts(鬼)and________(danger)people.8．(2019·山西大學(xué)附中高三模塊診斷)Howwouldyoufeelifyouwokeupandfoundyourentirecomputer'scontents—includingyourphotos,yourrecentdocuments—nolonger________(access)?9.Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimp