英文寫作教程第3章如何寫段落

第三章如何寫段落

英語寫作，搞好遣詞、造句是前提(教材第二章已做詳述)。除這兩大點(diǎn)之外，更重要的就是要寫好段落。因?yàn)椋呐略~、句寫得再好，也構(gòu)不成篇章(text),更稱不上是“作文”(“composition”或“towriteanessay”)。而段落寫作不僅牽涉到如何遣詞、組句，還涉及到如何展開段落、如何篇章布局等作文的基本問題。因此，把段落作為英語寫作的基本單位，就抓住了英語寫作的要害。首先，我們看看一個(gè)正常的段落應(yīng)該由哪些部分構(gòu)成：3.1段落的構(gòu)成一般由3部分構(gòu)成：

1)主題句(TopicSentence)2)擴(kuò)展句(Development/supportingSentences)3)結(jié)尾句(ConcludingSentences)

結(jié)構(gòu)圖示如下：主題句

擴(kuò)展句1擴(kuò)展句2擴(kuò)展句3結(jié)尾句

4,5,6….每個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題(centralidea)，它用一個(gè)句子加以表達(dá)，所以稱為主題句(Topicsentence)。主題提出后需要很多結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木渥觼碇С趾驼f明，稱為擴(kuò)展句，它必須緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞展開，句與句之間必須邏輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當(dāng)。從某種程度上來說，寫好了擴(kuò)展句便基本上完成一個(gè)自然段落。段落最后要針對(duì)主題得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，這就是結(jié)尾句。完成了這些，一個(gè)正常的段落便得以成形。例如：

【主題句】

LearningEnglishatcollegeisdifferentfromlearningEnglishatthemiddleschool.(擴(kuò)展1)

Inthemiddleschool,thestudentsaremoredependentandpassive,alwaysspoon-fedbyteachers.

(擴(kuò)展2)

Butcollegestudentsmustsolvemostoftheproblemsbythemselves.(擴(kuò)展3Theywillhavetoconsultthedictionariesandreferencebooksbythemselvesandpreparetheirlessons.【結(jié)尾句*】Whatthey’reencouragedtotakeinthecollegeEnglishstudyistheself-accessinglearningapproach.【*注：通過這一“結(jié)尾句”，我們甚至可以想象到下一段要講的內(nèi)容，其段落主題多半會(huì)圍繞“self-accessinglearning

”(自主學(xué)習(xí))展開。所以，“結(jié)尾句”有時(shí)在段落展開(詳見本ppt.3.2)中，還起到承上啟下(transition)的作用，就是說，前一段的結(jié)尾有時(shí)還是后一段主題的開始。】3.1.1如何寫主題句(Topicsentence):

主題句為一個(gè)完整的句子，用以概括、敘述和說明該段的主題?！纠娊滩膒.p055-057:3.1--3.3】主題句限定段落主題的擴(kuò)展范圍和方向，須中肯扼要、結(jié)構(gòu)完整、意義清楚、具體有所指，要內(nèi)含段落擴(kuò)展的關(guān)鍵詞、利于作者主觀發(fā)揮的內(nèi)容，不可用太客觀太死板的內(nèi)容充當(dāng)主題句，不然作者無法發(fā)揮自己的主觀思想和意圖。例如：【主題句】Rockismyfavoritekindofmusic.【中心思想】RockismyfavoritekindmusicbecauseIlikethesoundofitandthemessageinthesongs.【深化主題，具體】【論述細(xì)節(jié)】RockismyfavoritekindmusicbecauseIlikethesoundofitandthemessageinthesongs.Thelyricstellaboutreal-lifesituations.Theideasinthesongsmakemethink.IthasagoodbeatthatIcandanceto.【段落基本成形】

要寫好主題句，首先要選準(zhǔn)句子“關(guān)鍵詞”，以明確段落主題，這是寫好主題句的關(guān)鍵。“關(guān)鍵詞”反映出主題句的中心思想,其作用有二，一是“導(dǎo)向”(control)，它決定著段落的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)(不散亂無章、離題偏題)，二是“制約”(limit)，它決定段落展開的有效范圍(不漫無邊際、無法收?qǐng)?。因此，選準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞是清楚表達(dá)段落主題、寫好段落主題句的重要前提之一。關(guān)鍵詞如何確定？段落主題句對(duì)主題的限定是通過關(guān)鍵詞來體現(xiàn)的，因此，主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞要盡可能的具體、明確，能控制和限定段落發(fā)展的方向，做到明確、切實(shí)、可行。例如：

例1.(1)Shetriestoimproveherlooks.【太寬泛，主題不明：后面接著寫什么？】(2)Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks.【明確、具體。從邏輯上看，只要接著說出幾種方式即可，利于段落展開。

】(3)Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks【明確、具體，開辟另一思路，只要順著闡明各條原因即可?！坷?.(1)Howtowriteacomposition.

【主題不明，不好展開】(2)Howtowriteacompositionisnotsoeasytotalkabout.【主題明確具體，后面可進(jìn)一步展開“notsoeasy

”的原因】例3.(1)WecanimproveourEnglish.×(2)WecanimproveourEnglishinseveralways.√(3)

There

areseveralwaystoimproveourEnglish.√

(4)WecanimproveourEnglishbyself-accessstudy.√

為什么？擴(kuò)展方向明確！前面講過，關(guān)鍵詞主要其兩個(gè)作用，一是“導(dǎo)向”，二是“制約”。沒有“導(dǎo)向”，段落內(nèi)容就會(huì)離題偏題；沒有“制約”，內(nèi)容就可能超出一個(gè)段落所能容納的范圍。例如：(教材p061例)Therearetwoways

inwhich

onecanownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyouhavemadeitapartofyourself,andthebestwaytomakeyourselfapartofitisbywritinginit.

本段主題句若無“inwhich

”(定語從句)這一關(guān)鍵部分，那么“twoways”便無從說起，整個(gè)段落就無法展開，起不到“制約”和“導(dǎo)向”的作用。有了“inwhich”的制約，后面的內(nèi)容便好展開了(Thefirstis…,andthebestway…is…)。判斷：Goldandsilverarethemostvaluablethingsintheworld.

【方向太窄，寫不出什么正面內(nèi)容】(2)Itissaidthatgoldandsilverarethemostvaluablethingsintheworld,(butImustsaythat…)

【留有余地，好展開】(1)【范圍太寬，后面不好深入展開】(2)【主題明確，具體化，好展開】(1)【范圍太寬，后面不好深入展開】(2)【主題明確，具體化，好展開】3.1.2主題句的位置：大多情況下，英語的主題句都位于段落開頭，這與英語民族的思維方式有關(guān)，表現(xiàn)為一種直線式思維，段落起筆開宗明義，直指命題，不像漢語那樣，思維呈螺旋狀，講究那么多的起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合和鋪敘【弄清這一差異，對(duì)學(xué)好英語寫作十分重要】。當(dāng)然，主題句也有置于段尾或段中的情況，但大多情況下，特別是考試時(shí)，主題句最好放在段首，這樣較易掌握和構(gòu)思。位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開門見山地提出問題，后面的擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題句加以說明、支持、補(bǔ)充和解釋。例如：例1.【教材p058】【主題句】Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.【擴(kuò)展句1】Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant,(理由1)foradvertisingexertsasuitableinfluenceonus.【擴(kuò)展句2】Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,(理由2)advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness.【擴(kuò)展句1.2補(bǔ)充、支撐主題】例2.【主題句】SlaveryintheUnitedStatesexistedalmostunchangedfor250years.【擴(kuò)展句1】Duringthistime,mostslaveswerenotallowedtomarryortoraisefamilies.【擴(kuò)展句2】Usuallytheywerenotallowedtolearntoread.【擴(kuò)展句3】Itwasverydangerousforaslavetotravel,sinceevenfreeNegroescouldbekidnappedandsoldatanytime.【結(jié)尾句】

Undertheseconditions,itwasalmostimpossibleforthemtoorganizetohelpeachother.位于段尾：主題句位于段尾便于總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容，給讀者以深刻的印象。例如：例3.

【擴(kuò)展句1,接續(xù)上段主題】Similarly,inordertowritesuccessfulanswerstoessayquestionsonhistoryoranthropologyexaminations,astudentmustarrangetherelevantfactsandopinionsaccordingtosomeacceptedpatternofparagraphstructure.【擴(kuò)展句2】

And

certainlywhenastudentwritesabookreportforEnglish,oracritiquesforpoliticsstudies,oratermpaperforsociology,styleandorganizationareoftenasimportantascontent.【主題句】Clearly,theabilitytowritewellorganized,conciseparagraphsandessaysisessentialtoastudent’ssuccessinalmostalluniversitycourses.

位于段中：位于段中的主題句起承上啟下的作用，這類主題句多起轉(zhuǎn)折作用，一般由“but,however,yet,anyhow,nevertheless”等詞連接，用于引起下文。例如：例4.Whatweteachourselvessometimesindeedismoreusefulthanwhatwelearnfromothers.Somegreatmenhadlittleornoschooling.【主題句，承上啟下】Butthesegreatmenprobablystudiedharderbythemselvesthanmostboysdoinschool.【引出的下文】Thegreatestmindsdonotnecessarilyripenthequickest,ifyouhavenottakenpains,thenyoushouldbeashamed;butifyouhavedoneyourbest,youhaveonlytopersevere,formanyofthosewhohaveneverbeenabletodistinguishthemselvesatschoolhavebeenverysuccessfulinlifelater.【結(jié)尾句】WearetoldthatWellingtonandNapoleonwerebothdullboysatschool,andsowereNewtonandAlbertEinstein.3.1.2如何寫擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)尾句

圍繞主題句展開，支持、說明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴(kuò)展句。擴(kuò)展句緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞而展開，句子與句子之間邏輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當(dāng)，簡明扼要，重點(diǎn)突出。一般來說，每個(gè)自然段除了主題句與結(jié)尾句之外，還包含了3－6個(gè)擴(kuò)展句。所以，寫好了擴(kuò)展句便基本上完成一個(gè)自然段落。一旦定下了主題和關(guān)鍵詞，作者便按照自己的思路來組織段落中的句子，句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關(guān)系構(gòu)成，例如：并列關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，解釋關(guān)系，概括關(guān)系，順序關(guān)系，讓步關(guān)系，對(duì)照比較關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等等，這些邏輯關(guān)系可由一系列的過渡詞(transitionalwords)來完成。過渡詞在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，故極為重要。例如：TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller

“Itisabigbigworld.”Thisisthebeginningofapopularsongtitled“bigbigworld”.Whileinthereallife,the

lyricsmayhavetochangeto“Itisasmallsmallworld.”

文章開頭使用的是瑞典流行歌手Emilia

一首流行于世界各國的歌曲“Big,bigworld”中的歌詞作為開頭。然后使用轉(zhuǎn)折過渡詞“while”，引出主題：“世界正在變得越來越小”。

由于擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)尾句的寫作牽涉到段落的完成，寫好了擴(kuò)展句也就基本完成了一個(gè)自然段落。因而，不妨結(jié)合段落展開一起談更合實(shí)際。段落展開自有其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法，就標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而言，不外統(tǒng)一性、連貫性和過渡性(承上啟下)【詳見教材pp062--070】。3.2段落展開

段落展開方法多種，因文體而異，最常用的主要有如下8種：【參見教材pp071-106】1)時(shí)間順序法2)空間順序法3)舉例說明法4)比較對(duì)照法5)因果分析法6)定義法7)分類法8)綜合法

1)時(shí)間順序法(DevelopmentbyTime)：即按事件發(fā)展的時(shí)間先后順序依次展開。常用過渡詞語有：first,second,finally,then,next,later,atlast,afterwards,before,after,presently,meanwhile,soon,until,atlast,simultaneously,afterawhile,atthattime,inthemeantime,inthepast,etc.例如：

例1)WehadahardtimegettingPeteroutofthewellhehadfalleninto.

First

wefashionedaropebylinkingourbeltstogether.

Then

weloweredittoPeter,tellinghimtograsptheend.

After

hehadholdofthebelt-rope,webegantopullhimslowly,inchbyinch,outofthewell.

During

hisascent,noonedaredspeakaword.

Finally

wecouldgrasphisarms,andwithashoutofrelief,wepulledhimoutontothegrassyband.

【此法大多用于記敘文(narration)】

例2)Amanalmosthadaterribleaccidentthismorning.Hewasstandingonthecornerwaitingforthetrafficlight(1)tochange.Whenthelightturnedgreen,hesteppedoffthecurb(控制)(2)andstartedacrossthestreetwithoutlookingtotheleftorright(3).Achildscreamed(4),andheturnedtolookwhenatruckcame(5)rumblingaroundthecorner.Thetruckdiverslammedonthebricks(6)justintimetoavoidhittingtheman.【事件順序(sequenceofevents)】2)空間順序法(DevelopmentbySpace)

按物體的空間位置(自左至右，由近到遠(yuǎn)，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中間到兩邊等順序)來展開【常用于描寫文(description)段落寫作】。常用的過渡詞語如下：

beyond,nearby,closeto,above,outside,aheadof,under,far,infrontof,behind,farther,nextto,below,over,oppositeto,beneath,onthetop,inthecenterof,between,adjacentto,inthedistance,across,inthemiddleof,around,ontherightside,on(to)the

left(right),等。

Downthemiddleofthevalleyrunsaclear,faststreaminwhichonemayfish.Inthelowlandalongthestreamarethefarmlands;beyondthemarethepastures.Behindthetopsofthefirsthillsarethebigmountains.Attheverytopinthepure,brownrockofEIErmitanoMountain,whichshowssnowuntilthemiddleofsummer.Flowerscoverthepasturelandsinseason.【隨著空間位置的移動(dòng)，恍若身臨其境！】3)舉例說明法(Example&illustration)

當(dāng)段落的主題為一理論性論點(diǎn)時(shí)，就需要舉例或例證來加以支持，以說服讀者。舉例和例證使抽象的概念具體化，而所舉的事例也應(yīng)該具有充分的說服力，同時(shí)邏輯嚴(yán)密【多用于說明文(exposition)和議論文(argumentation)】。舉例或例證法常用的過渡詞有：forexample,acaseinpoint,forinstance,what’smore,foronething,inaddition,foranother,inconclusion,toillustrate,insummary,tobeginwith,asanillustration,

besides,furthermore,

moreover,incidentally,namely,thatis,等。例如：

(1)【主題】Wealthdoesalwaysnotgohandinhandwithhappiness.【擴(kuò)1】Wealthmayencouragethoseweak-willedpersonstobeaddictedtosomeharmfulhabitssuchasdrug-takingorgambling,andbringabouttheirownruin.【擴(kuò)2】Also,apersonmaylosehisreasonandgoastrayifheispassionatelydevotedtoseekingwealth.【結(jié)尾】Therefore,onecannevercountonwealthtoachievehappiness.

【擴(kuò)展兩點(diǎn)說明證明主題，結(jié)尾得出結(jié)論】(2)ProfTracysaidotherstudiessuggestthatwhatpeoplefindattractivehasbeenshapedbycenturiesofevolutionaryandculturalforces.Forexample,evolutionarytheoriessuggestwomenmaybeattractedtomaledisplaysofpridebecausetheyimplystatus,competenceandanabilitytoprovideforapartnerandoffspring.Mr

Bealladdedthatexpressionsofpridealsoexaggeratetypicallymasculinephysicalfeatures,suchasupperbodysizeandmuscularity.【1點(diǎn)2例】4)比較對(duì)照法

(Comparison&Contrast)

當(dāng)段落的主題要指出兩件以上事物的相同(similarities)或相異(differences)之處時(shí)，便可采用比較或?qū)Ρ鹊姆椒ā?/p>

“比較”闡述所比對(duì)象的相似之處；“對(duì)比”闡述所比對(duì)象不同之處。一般采用兩種方法來擴(kuò)展：

1)對(duì)兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)事物的異同之處逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較對(duì)照，排列順序?yàn)椋?/p>

A1→←B1;A2→←B2;A3→←B3…2)對(duì)兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)事物的異同之處逐項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較對(duì)照，排列順序?yàn)椋?/p>

A1,A2,A3→←B1,B2,B3;…

例如：[比較1]:【主題】Thesamequalitiesthatmakepeoplegoodhouseguestsmakethemgoodhospitalpatients.(A1)Goodhouseguestscanexpectareasonableamountofserviceandeffortontheirbehalf,and(B1)hospitalpatientscanalso.(A2)Guestshavetoadjusttowhatisforthemachange,(B2)andcertainlyhospitalpatientsmustdothesame.Nooneappreciatesacomplaining,unpleasant,unappreciative(A3)houseguest,andthehospitalstaffis(B3)noexception.(A4)Houseguestswhoexpectvastchangestobemadefortheirbenefitarenotpopularforlong.

Certainlynursesandotherpersonnelwiththeirroutinesfeelthesamewayabout(B4)patientsintheircare.Justas(A5)houseguestsmustmakeadjustmentstoenjoytheirvisits,so(B5)patientsmustmakeadjustmentstomaketheirstaysreasonablypleasantandsatisfyingunderthecircumstances.[AB1→AB2→AB3→AB4→AB5][比較2]：[教材p082例]【主題】TwodifferentgroupsofblackmusiciansgrewupinNewOrleans.Thefirstofthese,theslaves,broughtwiththem(A1)themusicofAfricaandtheinfluenceofCaribbeanmusic.(A2)Denied

educationandopportunitybyslavery,they(A3)improvised

makinginstrumentfromgourds,bambooandbone.They(A4)createsongschargedwithemotionworldsongs,chants,andspirituals.In

contrasttotheslaves,thefreemenofcolor(B1)wereraisedasCreoles.(B2)FormallyeducatedandsometimessenttoEuropeanschools,theywere(B3)wellversedinclassicalmusicandthey(B4)playedclassicalinstrument.DuringtheReconstructionperiod,thesetwogroupsofmusicianswereflungtogether.Thebrilliantchildofthisunlikelyunionwasjazz.[A1234→←B1234](對(duì)比)：[p086例句]AlthoughEuropeanfootballistheparentofAmericanfootball,

【主題】thetwogamesshowseveralmajordifferences.(A1)Europeanfootball,sometimescallassociationfootballorsoccer,isplayedin80countries,makingitthemostwidelyplayedsportintheworld,(B1)Americanfootball,ontheotherhand,ispopularonlyinNorthAmerica(theunitedStatesanCanada).(A2)Soccerisplayedby11playerswitharoundball;while(B2)football,eventhoughplayedby11playersinsomewhatdifferentpositionsonthefield,isplayedwithanelongatedroundball.(A3)Soccerhaslittlebodycontactbetweenplayersandthereforerequiresnospecialprotectiveequipment.(B3)Football,inwhichplayersmakemaximumuseofbodycontacttoblockarunningball-carrierandhisteammates,requiresspecialheadgearandpadding.(A4)Insoccer,however,theballisadvancedtowardthegoalbykickingitorbybuttingitwiththehead.(B4)Infootball,ontheotherhand,theballispassedfromhandtohandorcarriedinthehandsacrosstheopponent’sgoal.【結(jié)尾句】ThesearejustafewoffeaturesthatdistinguishassociationandAmericanfootball.[AB1→AB2→AB3→AB4]5)因果分析法(Cause&Effect)

當(dāng)段落的主題要解釋“為什么”(Why)時(shí)，便可采用“因果法”。因果法根據(jù)事物的原因(cause)推導(dǎo)出來結(jié)果(effect)，它以事實(shí)(fact)和證據(jù)(evidence)為根據(jù)，前后過程合乎邏輯和常理。因果關(guān)系可以主題句陳述結(jié)果，擴(kuò)展句分析原因(果→因)，或反之(因→果)。此外，還可一因一果和多果多因。

因果分析法常用過渡詞：Because,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,accordingly,resultin,that’swhy,等等。例如：1)[教材p087例](果)Ienjoylivinginbigcities.(因1)Themainreasonisthatitisveryconveniencetoliveinbigcities.(例1)Thereisfastpublictransport,(例2)awidevarietyofgoodstochoosefrom,(例3)allthelatestmodernconveniencesand(例4)plentyofpublicplacesforenjoyment.(因2)Aboveall,thebetterhealthcaresystemhelpsyouliveingreatercomfort.[先果后因，1果2因]

2)[p088例](果)Cigarettesmokingcontainsnicotine,severalcancerproducingorirritatingsubstancesandcarbonmonoxidegas.Asaresult,(因1)damagetotheliningofbronchialtubes(損害氣管)is(例1)muchmorecommonamongcigarettesmokersthannonsmokers,evenwhenthereisnoobviousdisease.(因2)Someofthesechangesareconsidered(例2)tobeprecancerous.Moreover(因3)

lungfunctionisgenerallyreducedamongcigarettesmokers.Worstofall,cigarettesmokingisagreaterhazardthanotherfactors---(例3)suchascommunityairpollution---inthecausationoflungchronicbronchitis(慢性支氣管炎).[先果后因，一果多因]【它例見書，不再例舉】6)定義法(ByDefinition)

當(dāng)段落的主題闡述“是什么”(Whatis)時(shí)，便可用定義法(即下定義)。定義法用一段話來解釋說明某事物的性質(zhì)和特征等，定義的對(duì)象可以是一個(gè)抽象的概念或具體的事物，包括性質(zhì)、特征、結(jié)構(gòu)、用途、行為、原理、來源等等。下定義的方法一般按“分類→→詳述”步驟展開。例如：

(教材p095例)Photosynthesis,whichoccursinalllandplantsandmanywaterplants,(定義)isafood-manufacturingprocess

uponwhichalllivingthingsdepend.(述1)Thewordismadeupoftwoterms---photo---meaninglight,and---synthesis---,inchemistrymeaningthecombinationoftwoormoresimpleelementsintoacomplexchemicalcompound.Moreprecisely,

(述2)

photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantsuseenergyoflighttoproducecompounds,suchassugarandstarch,formanumberofsubstancesincludingwaterandcarbondioxide.(述3)Inadditiontotheorganiccompounds,photosynthesisformsoxygen,whichisreleasedintotheair.(述4)Intheconversionoflightenergyintochemicalenergy,photosynthesisisaprimaryenergy-producingprocessforallplantandanimallife.[定義→述1234]【它例見書】7)分類法(ByClassification)

按性質(zhì)、特征、形態(tài)、功用、成因等等屬性將某一種人或事物進(jìn)行分類而發(fā)展段落的方法，其寫作目的在于區(qū)分不同的事物、觀點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)象、概念等。具體步驟為，主題句提出分類，擴(kuò)展句一一陳述和說明。但分類時(shí)難免要考慮分清范疇，陳述時(shí)也需一些例舉來加以區(qū)分和說明，所以，它又有類似于定義法和舉例法的地方。常用過渡詞有：

todivide…into,toclassify…into,group…into,tofallintoclasses,accordingto,intermsof,dependingon,atthelevelofthereare…kinds(types,groups,classes,categories,sorts)of,等。例如：

Examinationsare(分類)ofthreekinds.(述1)Oneisthemachine-scored“objective”type.Inanobjectivetest,thestudentsanswerquestionsbydecidingonthebestchoiceamonganumberofalternativesgive.(述2)Anotheristhe“completion”type.Thiskindofexaminationrequiresthestudentstoaddawordorphrasetoasentence.(述3)Andthethirdtypeisessayexamination,inwhichthestudentsareaskedtowriteacompositiononagiventopic.Allthesekindsofexaminationsaredesignedtorevealwhatastudentmayhavelearnedinanyparticularcourse.

[分類→述123]【它例見書】8)綜合法(Combination

ofMethods)

同時(shí)在段落發(fā)展中應(yīng)用以上介紹的幾種不同手段即為綜合法。事實(shí)上，在多數(shù)情況下，段落寫作都是各種不同方法的綜合應(yīng)用，很少單純采用一種方法來展開段落或文章，常見的為兩三種方法混合使用。例如：

Poetryisbranchofliterature(定義法)whichexploresideas,emotions,andexperiencesinadistinctiveformandstyle.Poetry,sometimescalled“verse”dependsgreatlyonthenaturalrhythmsandsoundsoflanguageforitsspecialeffects.(比較法)

Poetryevenmorethanprose,dependsonpreciseandsuggestivewording.Inotherwords,apoemsaysmuchinlittlespace.(比較法)