高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題三閱讀理解第三節(jié)題組訓(xùn)練2科普知識(shí)

題組2科普知識(shí)專(zhuān)題三閱讀了解第三節(jié)題組訓(xùn)練1/40A(·河?xùn)|區(qū)一模)Doyoueverwishforalittlemoretimetodoeverythingyouneedtodo？Well，onJuly1you’llbegettingit—butonlyonemoresecond.OnJuly1atexactly7：59：59a.m.Beijingtime(oronJune30at23：59：59UTC，CoordinatedUniversalTime)，theworld’satomic(原子)clockswillpauseforasinglesecond，or，moreprecisely，changetotheunusualtimeof7：59：60，accordingtotheverge.com.Theadditionofaleapsecond(閏秒)，announcedbytheParisObservatory，istokeepourclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation(旋轉(zhuǎn))andastronomicaltimeasmeasuredbythesun.2/40Justoneextrasecondcouldcausebigproblemsandaffectthewaycomputersandwebsiteswork，however.Whenthelastleapsecondwasaddedbackin，morethanafewwebsiteshadsometrouble.AsreportedbyPhys.org，popularsiteslikethecommunitywebsiteRedditcrashedwhentheleapsecondwasadded.ForReddit，theproblemwaseventuallyfoundtobewithaLinuxsystemthatgotconfusedwhenitcheckedthenetworktimeandfoundanextrasecond.3/40SpeakingtoWiredabouttheproblembackin，LinuxcreatorLinusTorvaldscommented：“Almosteverytimewehavealeapsecond，wefindsomething.It’sreallyannoying，becauseit’scode(代碼)thatisalmostneverused，andthusnottestedbyusersundertheirnormalconditions.”Companieshavehadtothinkoftheirownsolutions，andGoogle’s“l(fā)eapsmear”maybethebest-knownexample.AscompanyengineerChristopherPascoeexplainsinablogpost，companiesusuallytrytofixtheproblembyturningbacktheclocksbyonesecondattheendofthedaysothattheyplaythatsecondagain.4/40However，Pascoebelievesthiscreatesproblems.Heasked：“Whathappens？Doese-mailthatcomesinduringthatsecondgetstoredcorrectly？”Googlehasasolution：Cuttheextrasecondintomillisecondsandthenputthesetinyamountsoftimeintothesystemthroughouttheday.“Thismeansthatwhenitbecametimetoaddanextrasecondatmidnight，”saysPascoe.“Ourclockshavealreadytakenthisintoaccountoverthecourseoftheday.”5/40FormanycompanieswithoutGoogle’smoney，however，theleapsecondwilllikelystillcausesomecrashes.Don’tworry，though—atleastitwon’tlastlong!語(yǔ)篇解讀本文主要介紹了“閏秒”帶來(lái)影響及其處理方案。6/401.WhydoweneedtoaddaleapsecondA.Theworld’satomicclocksaresettodoso.B.Tokeepintimewiththeworld’scomputers.C.TokeepatomicclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation.D.Torecordthechangestoastronomicaltime.解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)文章第二段中“Theadditionofaleapsecond(閏秒)，announcedbytheParisObservatory，istokeepourclocksintimewiththeslowingofEarth’srotation(旋轉(zhuǎn))andastronomicaltimeasmeasuredbythesun.”可知，閏秒是因?yàn)榈厍蜃赞D(zhuǎn)變慢引發(fā)，為了與由太陽(yáng)測(cè)量天文時(shí)間一致而增加一秒，故選C?！檀鸢附馕?31457/402.WhathappenedtothewebsiteRedditwhentheleapsecondwasaddedinA.Itcrashedbecauseofavirusattack.B.Itsnetworktimeaddedtwoextraseconds.C.AllofthecodeinitsLinuxsystemwentwrong.D.Oneofitssoftwaresystemsgotconfusedandthesitebrokedown.解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第三段最終一句和第四段中“theproblemwaseventuallyfoundtobewithaLinuxsystemthatgotconfusedwhenitcheckedthenetworktimeandfoundanextrasecond”可知，閏秒發(fā)生時(shí)，網(wǎng)站瓦解，運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)混亂，故選D。√答案解析231458/40解析代詞指代題。依據(jù)文章第五段中“wefindsomething.It’sreallyannoying，becauseit’scode(代碼)thatisalmostneverused，andthusnottestedbyusersundertheirnormalconditions”可知，something指代后文出現(xiàn)一些從沒(méi)使用過(guò)和測(cè)試過(guò)代碼，即代碼不正常地工作，故選A。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“something”refertointhe5thparagraphA.Thecodenotworkingproperly. B.Theextrasecond.C.Theproblem. D.Normalconditions.√答案解析231459/404.HowdocompaniesusuallydealwiththeproblemoftheextrasecondA.Byshuttingdowncomputersattheendoftheday.B.Bystoppingreceivingemailsthatcomeinduringthatsecond.C.Byturningtheclocksbackbyonesecondattheendoftheday.D.Bycuttingtheextrasecondintomillisecondsthroughouttheday.解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)第六段中“companiesusuallytrytofixtheproblembyturningbacktheclocksbyonesecondattheendofthedaysothattheyplaythatsecondagain”可知，處理額外一秒做法是在一天結(jié)束時(shí)將時(shí)鐘往回調(diào)一秒，故選C?！檀鸢附馕?314510/405.What’sChristopherPascoe’sattitudetowardGoogle’ssolutiontotheproblemA.Unfavorable. B.Doubtful.C.Approving. D.Cautious.解析推理判斷題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“‘Thismeansthatwhenitbecametimetoaddanextrasecondatmidnight，’saysPascoe.‘Ourclockshavealreadytakenthisintoaccountoverthecourseoftheday.’”可知，午夜時(shí)分多一秒時(shí)，時(shí)鐘已經(jīng)在白天將這一秒考慮在內(nèi)了，所以Pascoe認(rèn)同這個(gè)方法，故選C?！檀鸢附馕?314511/40B(·和平區(qū)一模)Soapingupyourhandsmaydomorethanjustgetridofgerms.Itmaywashawaytheinnerconfusionyoufeelrightafterbeingforcedtomakeachoicebetweentwoappealingchoices，accordingtoanewstudy.Thestudybuildsonpastresearchintoaphenomenonknownas“theMacbetheffect”.12/40ItturnsoutthatShakespearewasreallyontosomethingwhenheimaginedLadyMacbethtryingtocleanherconscience(良心)byrubbinginvisiblebloodstainsfromherhands.Afewyearsago，scientistsaskedpeopletodescribeapastwrongact.Ifpeoplewerethengivenachancetocleantheirhands，theylaterexpressedlessguiltthanpeoplewhohadn’tcleaned.，aresearcher.“Anythingfromthepast，anykindofnegativeemotionalexperiences，mightbewashedaway，”saysLee.13/40Hedecidedtotesthandwashing’seffectononekindofbadfeeling：thetensionwefeelafterbeingforcedtochoosebetweentwoattractivechoices，becausepickingonechoicemakesusfeelthatwe’velosttheother.Peopleusuallytrytocalmthisinnerconflictbylaterexaggerating(夸大)thepositiveaspectsoftheirchoice.Hehadstudentsrank10differentmusicCDs.ThenheofferedstudentsoneCDasagift.Somestudentsthenusedliquidsoap.Othersonlylookedatthesoaporsniffed(嗅)it.“Actually，youdonotneedwaterandsoap，”saysLee.14/40Later，thestudentsagainhadtorankallthemusic.Peoplewhodidn’twashtheirhandshadthenormalresponse—theyscoredtheirtake-homeCDhigher，suggestingthattheynowsawitasevenmoreattractivethanbefore.Butthiswasn’ttrueforthehandwashers.Theyrankedthemusicaboutthesame.“Theyfeelnoneedatalltojustifythechoice，”saysLee.15/40Buttheimplicationsofitjustaren’tclear.Schwarzsaysit’stoosoontoknowwhetherpeopleshouldheadforasinkaftermakingatoughchoice.Hesayswashingmayhelpdecision-makersbycleaningawaymentaldisorder，butperhapsiftheydon’tgothroughtheusualpost-decisionprocessofjustifyingtheirchoice，theymightfeelmoresorrowinthelongrun.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文主要講述了用香皂洗手會(huì)幫助人們緩解作決定時(shí)擔(dān)心與不安情緒。16/40解析推理判斷題。由第二段內(nèi)容可知，人們?cè)谙词趾髸?huì)感到良心上愧疚感減輕，故選A。6.TheMacbetheffectreferstothefactthat

.A.peoplefeellessashamedafterwashingtheirhandsB.soapingupone’shandmayhelpwashawaytheinnerconfusionandmakeadecisionC.peoplefeellessguiltybygettingridofinvisiblegermsfromtheirhandsD.ShakespearedidscientificresearchbeforewritingMacbeth√答案解析78691017/407.AccordingtoLee，afterpeoplemakethechoice

.A.theywilloverstatethegoodnessoftheirchosenchoiceB.theywillfeelregretfulfornotchoosinganotherC.theywillfeelfreeduetothefeelingoflosingtheotherchoiceD.theywillthinknothingoftheirchosenchoiceanymoretocalmtheirinnerconflict解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。由第四段內(nèi)容可知，在做出兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)選擇后，人們通常會(huì)擔(dān)心不安，以夸大自己所選擇事物優(yōu)點(diǎn)來(lái)使內(nèi)心平靜，故選A。√答案解析78691018/40解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“‘Theyfeelnoneedatalltojustifythechoice，’saysLee.”可知選B。8.AccordingtoLee，thosehandwashersconsiderjustifyingtheirchoice

.A.morescientific B.unnecessaryC.alittleconvincing D.absolutelyuseless√答案解析78691019/409.WhatdoesSchwarzneedtoresearchmoreA.Whetherpeopleneedtojustifytheirchoice.B.Whetherpeoplefeelmoresorrowafterwashinghands.C.Whetherwashinghandshelpoveralongperiodoftime.D.Whetherwashinghandsishelpfultomakeachoice.解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。經(jīng)過(guò)最終一段內(nèi)容可知，洗手從久遠(yuǎn)看是否有作用還需要更多研究，故選C?！檀鸢附馕?8691020/4010.WhatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassageA.IsWashingHandsNecessarytoDefeatTensionB.WashingHandsWashesOurMindC.WashingHandsHelpsMakeaBetterChoiceD.WashingHandsReducestheStressofDecision解析標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容以及整篇文章介紹可知，本文主要講洗手能夠減輕作決定壓力，故選D?！檀鸢附馕?8691021/40C(·南開(kāi)區(qū)三模)Youknowthesaying“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”.Well，theremaybesometruthinthat，accordingtoresearchersatHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.EllenLanger，aHarvardpsychologistwhostudieshowthemindinfluencesthebody，andhercolleaguesreviewedthescientificliteratureforevidencethataperson’sperceptionoftheiragemightinfluencetheirhealth.TheypublishedtheirresultsinthejournalPerspectives

on

Psychological

Science.22/40InonestudythatLangerled,47womenhadtheirhairdone.Thewomenwhothoughttheirnewhairdos(發(fā)型)madethemlookyoungerdidlookyoungertoobjectiveobservers，whowereshownbefore-and-afterpictures.Thewomenwhothoughttheylookedyoungeralsoshowedadropinbloodpressure.Anotherstudyinvolving4,421menfoundthatthosewhobecamebald(禿頂)atarelativelyyoungageweremorelikelytogetcancerandheartdiseasethanmenwhodidnot.Similarly，anotherstudyinvolving2,017menfoundthatthosewholosttheirhairearlyweremorelikelytodevelopheartdisease.“Webelievethatthefeelingsassociatedwithbeingolderthanone’srealageaccountforsomeofthesehealthoutcomes，”theresearcherswrote.23/40Theresearchersalsodescribedstudieswhichfoundthatwomenwhohadchildrenlaterinlifeweremorelikelytobehealthierandlivelongerthanthosewhohadchildrenearly，whichtheyattributedtothefactthatthesemotherstendtospendmoretimewithyoungerwomen.Similarly，peoplewhomarryyoungerpartnerstendtolivelongerthanthosewhomarryolderpartners，accordingtootherstudies.Takentogether，theresearchsupportsthegeneralmind-bodyhypothesis(假說(shuō))thatwhenayoungermindisprepared，ayoungerbodycanaccompanyit.Whilethemechanism(機(jī)制)remainsunclear，24/40theresearchersfiguredthatsuggestionsassociatedwithagingcanmakeoneunconsciouslyorconsciouslyawareofoldageandsetinmotionaseriesofphysiologicalprocessesthatcanhaverealeffectsonshort-termandlong-termhealth.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文為說(shuō)明文，題材為科普知識(shí)類(lèi)。以為自己更年輕人更健康也活得更長(zhǎng)。25/40解析詞義猜測(cè)題。由第一段第一句中“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”及第二段第一句中“howthemindinfluencesthebody”可推測(cè)出答案。11.Theunderlinedword“perception”inParagraph2means“

”.A.view B.appearanceC.influence D.creation√答案解析121311141526/4012.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3A.Bloodpressureiscloselyrelatedtohairdos.B.Feelingolderthanone’srealagemaybetiedtohealthproblems.C.Gettingcancerorheartdiseaseisthecauseofhairlosing.D.Thewomenwholovehairdoslookyoungerthanthosewhodon’t.解析細(xì)節(jié)了解題。由第三段列舉三項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果及最終一句話總結(jié)可知選B。√答案解析121311141527/40解析推理判斷題。由該段中舉例子可推知選C。13.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that

.A.ayoungermotherismorelikelytolivelongerB.theyoungeroneofacouplelivesmuchlongerC.oftenstayingwithyoungerpeoplecanbenefitpeople’shealthD.peoplewhowanttolivelongerneedtomarryyoung√答案解析121311141528/40解析主旨大意題。由第一段第一句中“You’reasyoungasyoufeel”和最終一段第一句中“theresearchsupportsthegeneralmind-bodyhypothesis(假說(shuō))thatwhenayoungermindisprepared，ayoungerbodycanaccompanyit”可知，人們對(duì)自己年紀(jì)認(rèn)知可能會(huì)影響健康，故選D。14.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat

.A.gettingbaldtooearlyisnotgoodforhealthB.womenhadbettergivebirthlaterintheirlifeC.peoplewhomarryyoungerpartnerstendtolivelongerD.people’sviewoftheiragemayhaveaneffectontheirownhealth√答案解析121311141529/4015.FromwhichpageofanewspaperisthepassagemostprobablytakenfromA.Entertainment. B.Health.C.Economy. D.Politics.解析文章出處題。本文是關(guān)于健康，故最有可能出自報(bào)紙上健康專(zhuān)欄。故選B?！檀鸢附馕?21311141530/40D(·河西區(qū)二模)Whenyouwanttothrowsomethingoutas“junk”，bettertakeasecondthoughtasitmaybeofgreatvalue.Infact，scientistsmadethesamemistakewithDNAyearsago，andnowtheyaretryingtogetitright.WeoftensaythatDNAisakindofacidthatcontainsourgenes.Butthetruthisthatgenesonlymakeup1to2percentofourDNA，whichcausedscientiststobelievethattherestofitisuseless.31/40Nevertheless，insteadofdoingnothing，junkDNA，asitiscalled，turnedouttobeplayinganimportantpartinourbody.Ifgenesarelikelightbulbs，thenjunkDNAactsasswitches.Theycontrolwhichgenesareusedinacellandhowactivetheyare.Forexample，theycandeterminewhetheracellbecomesalungcelloraneuron(神經(jīng)元).Thestudy，publishedinthejournalNatureonSeptember5，startedin，and442scientistsfrom30labsaroundtheworldwereinvolved，accordingtoReuters.Itisconsideredthebiggestbreakthroughingenomics(基因?qū)W)inadecadebecauseitmighthelpscientistsfindthecauseofcertaindiseases.32/40Ithaslongbeenknownthatmanycomplicateddiseases，suchascancer，arecausedbytinychangesinDNA.Butnowscientistsrealizethatmostofthechangesoccurnotinthegenesthemselves，butinthe“junk”partoftheDNA.Theyareabletokeeptrackofhowandwhytheswitcheschangeandthenfigureoutnewtreatmentsanddrugs.“OurformerunderstandingofDNAwaslikegettingapictureofEarthfromspace，”EricLanderfromtheBroadInstitute，US，toldThe

New

York

Times.“Youknowtheplanetisthere，butyoucannotseeexactlywhatit’slikeonthesurface.”33/40Butnowwiththenewstudyresult“youcanfollowtheroadsandseethetrafficcirculation.That’sexactlythesamewaywewillusethisdataincancerresearch，”explainedMarkRubinfromWeillCornellMedicalCollegeinNewYork.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文主要介紹了垃圾DNA其實(shí)在我們身體中也飾演著主要角色。34/40解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要介紹了垃圾DNA其實(shí)在我們身體中也飾演著主要角色，這是醫(yī)學(xué)上一個(gè)新發(fā)覺(jué)，故選C。16.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassageA.DNA—TheCauseofCancerB.WhatIsDNAC.ANewDiscoveryfor“JunkDNA”D.AMisunderstandingofGenes√答案解析171816192035/4017.Whatdoestheunde