《英語(yǔ)演講》課件-Task 1 Debate Techniques of English Speech and Debate

實(shí)用英語(yǔ)PracticalEnglish

英語(yǔ)演講與辯論EnglishSpeechandDebateModuleVIIEnglishDebateTask1DebateTechniquesTask2Directions:

Workingroups.Haveadiscussionaboutthefollowingsituationandmakeaspeechaccordingtoit.YoumayimitatetheSamplespeech.Oneoutofeachgroupwillbeinvitedtodeliverhis/herspeechinfrontofthewholeclass.Situation:美國(guó)知名自行車(chē)集團(tuán)Trek（TrekBicycleCorporation）與你所在的自行車(chē)公司達(dá)成合作。在合作儀式上，Trek集團(tuán)總裁（Mr.JohnBurke）以及中國(guó)區(qū)總經(jīng)理（Mr.ZhaoDayong）出席了儀式，你作為公司代表在儀式上發(fā)表講話。

AssignmentofInternationalCooperationSpeechEnglishSpeechandDebateSpeechAssessmentItemSelf-assessment(30%)Peer-assessment(30%)Teacher-assessment(40%)GlobalGradesPronunciation(10%)Intonation(10%)Vocabulary(10%)Accuracy(10%)Fluency(10%)Appropriateness(10%)Facialexpression(10%)Eyecontact(10%)Bodylanguage(10%)Meaningfulness(10%)EnglishSpeechandDebateWhatisDebateEnglishSpeechandDebateDebateisknownasadiscourseinformofadiscussionoranargument

betweentwosides

onaparticulartopic,whereopposingsidespresentdifferentviewpointsorarguments.Itisastructuredwayofdiscussinganissue,oftenwiththegoalofpersuadinganaudience,reachingadecision,orexaminingthevalidityofvariousperspectives.VarietiesofDebateEnglishSpeechandDebatePoliticaldebatesbetweencandidatesduringelectionsAcademicdebatesinschooloruniversitysettingsPublicdebatesdiscussionsonsocialissues010302FlowofDebateEnglishSpeechandDebateEachsidehasachancetochallengetheargumentsoftheopposingsideRebuttalsEachside(proandcon)presentstheirmainargumentsOpeningStatementsEachsidesumsuptheirargumentsandgivestheirfinalpositionClosingStatementsParticipantsmayaskquestionstoeachothertotestthestrengthofthearguments.Cross-examination01020304FormalDebateTechniquesEnglishSpeechandDebateTechniques

UseLogicalReasoningandEvidenceRefuteEffectivelyMaintainProfessionalismManageTimeandSpeakingPaceStructureYourArgumentClearlyEnglishSpeechandDebateOpeningStatement:Startstrongbyclearlyoutliningyourpositionandkeypoints.RebuttalListencarefullytoyouropponent’sargumentsandcounterthemwithlogical,well-supportedrefutations.ConclusionSummarizeyourkeypoints,reinforceyourthesis,andleavealastingimpression.Don'tintroducenewinformationhere—thisisyouropportunitytosolidifyyourstance.010302FormalDebateTechniques----StructureYourArgumentClearly-Aclearthesis(yourcentralargument).-Anoverviewofthemainarguments(orcontentions).-Theimportanceoftheissueathand.-Identifyinglogicalfallaciesintheirreasoning.-Providingstrongerevidenceforyourclaims.-Exposingcontradictionsorweaknessesintheirarguments.EnglishSpeechandDebateFormalDebateTechniques----UseLogicalReasoningandEvidenceAvoidOvergeneralizationAppealtoLogic(Logos)EvidenceSupportyourargumentswithfacts,data,statistics,andexamples.Well-researchedpointsarehardtorefute.Bringincrediblesources—whetheracademicstudies,expertopinions,orhistoricalfacts—tobackupyourclaims.Citesourceswhenpossible.Don’trelyonanecdotalevidenceorbroadgeneralizations.Theyweakenyourargument.EnglishSpeechandDebateFormalDebateTechniques----RefuteEffectivelyRecognizeandcalloutlogicalfallaciessuchasadhominemattacks,falsedilemmas,strawmanarguments,etc.AddressFallaciesInsteadofjuststatingthatyouropponentiswrong,breakdowntheirargumentstepbystepandexplainwhyeachpartisflawed.Point-by-PointRefutationIftheyuseweakoroutdateddata,showwhyyourevidenceismorecurrentorrelevant.DisprovewithEvidence0201RefuteEffectively03EnglishSpeechandDebateFormalDebateTechniques----ManageTimeandSpeakingPaceSticktothetimelimitsforeachsegmentofthedebate.Awell-timeddeliveryshowspreparednessandrespectforthestructureTimeManagementSpeakingtoofastcanmakeyouseemnervousordifficulttofollow,whilespeakingtooslowlymayloseyouraudience'sattention.PaceYourSpeakingEnglishSpeechandDebateFormalDebateTechniques----MaintainProfessionalism0102Nomatterhowheatedthedebatebecomes,alwaysremainrespectful.Avoidinterruptingandattackingtheperson,notjusttheargument.StayCalmandRespectfulInformaldebates,avoidslangoroverlycasuallanguage.Aprofessionaltonewillgiveyourargumentmoreauthority.UseFormalLanguageEnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniquesResearch&PreparationFocusontheJudgeCaseConstructionStayCalmUnderPressureRebuttalTechniquesLinkingandExtensionsFrameworkandFlowingCross-ExaminationTechniquesClashandEngagementEffectiveSpeakingandPersuasion12345109876EnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----Research&PreparationUnderstandeveryaspectofthetopic,includingbothsides.Researchfacts,statistics,expertopinions,historicalexamples,andrelevantcasestudies.KnowtheResolution/TopicContentions(mainarguments):Atleast2-3solid,independentcontentions.Evidence:Haveamixofstatistics,quotes,studies,andexpertopinionstobackyourclaims.Examples&Analogy:Real-worldexamplesoranalogieshelpmakeyourargumentmorerelatable.PrepareCaseStructureAnticipateOpponent'sCase:Researchcommonargumentsontheoppositeside.Havecounterexamplesorreasoningready.Framework:Somedebateswillrequireaspecificphilosophicalorethicalframework.Bepreparedtodefendthemethodologyofhowyouevaluatetheissue(e.g.,cost-benefitanalysis,humanrightsperspective).PrepareCounterargumentsResearch&PreparationEnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----CaseConstructionLogicalFlowYourcontentionsshouldfollowalogicalstructureandbuilduponeachother.Avoidjumpingbetweenunrelatedpoints.SupportwithEvidenceBackeachcontentionwithsolid,well-sourcedevidence.Makesureyourevidenceisrecentandcredible.ClarityOverComplexityIt’sbettertopresentfewer,strongerargumentsthatareclearlyarticulatedratherthanoverloadingwithnumerouscomplexarguments.ClearThesisStatementMakeyourstanceonthetopicclearrightfromthestart.CaseConstructionEnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----RebuttalTechniquesRebuttalTechniquesPoint-by-PointRefutationLogicalFallacies:Identifyifyouropponentisusingfallacies(e.g.,strawman,slipperyslope,adhominem),andcallthemout.Contradictions:Exposecontradictionsintheircase.Iftheirpointsdon'talignwiththeirthesis,pointthisout.EvidenceComparison:Usestrongerormorerecentevidencetoshowyouropponent’sevidenceisoutdatedorirrelevant.ImpactComparisonShowthattheimpactofyourargumentoutweighstheirs.Demonstratethateveniftheirpointsarevalid,yourcasepresentsamoresignificantorurgentissue.PreemptiveRebuttalAnticipateandaddresstheopponent’sargumentsbeforetheypresentthem(especiallyinopeningspeeches).030102EnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----FrameworkandFlowingFrameworkImpact:Definethescaleofyourimpacts(e.g.,globalvs.local,short-termvs.long-term).Significance:Demonstratewhytheissueisofutmostimportance.0102FlowingUseasystemoforganizednotestotrackarguments,responses,andcounterresponses.Thishelpsinmakingstrategicdecisionsonwhattoaddressnext,ortoemphasizelaterintheround.EnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----ClashandEngagementClashRespondwithEvidence:Ifyouropponentmakesaclaimthatisn’tsubstantiated,youcanchallengethemwithevidenceorlogic.WeakenTheirImpact:Iftheymakeastrongimpactargument,youcanweakenitbypointingoutitssmallscopeorlimitedduration.0102DirectEngagementMakesuretoengagedirectlywithyouropponent’sarguments,andnotjusttalkpastthem.Iftheyarguethatyourpointisweakoroutdated,showhowitisstillrelevantorstronger.EnglishSpeechandDebateSpeakwithconviction.Don’thedgeyourpointsbysaying“Ithink”or“Maybe”unlessit’sappropriate.Confidencewillhelppersuadethejudgeandyouropponents.ConfidenceSpeakclearlyandatasteadypace.Avoidrushingthroughyourarguments,butalsoavoidspeakingtooslowly,asthiscancauseyouraudiencetoloseinterest.ClarityInface-to-facedebates,useyourbodylanguagetoemphasizeyourpoints.Eyecontact,posture,andhandgesturescanaddimpacttoyourargument.BodyLanguageMakesureyourmostimportantpointsaretheloudest,clearest,andmostforceful.Thiswillmakesurethattheyresonatewithboththejudgeandyouropponent.EmphasizeKeyPoints01020304CompetitiveDebateTechniques----EffectiveSpeakingandPersuasionEnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----Cross-ExaminationTechniquesControltheNarrativeAskStrategicQuestionsBeDirectDon’taskquestionsjusttomakeyouropponentlookbad—askquestionsthatcanexposecontradictionsorleadthemtoconcedeapoint.Makesureyourquestionsarestraightforward,anddon’tletyouropponentdodgethem.Iftheydo,pointthatout.Usecross-examinationtocontrolthedirectionofthedebate,pushingyouropponentintoacornerwheretheyhavetoeitheragreewithyourpointsoradmituncertainty.EnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitiveDebateTechniques----LinkingandExtensionsExtensionsInyourfinalrebuttals,“extend”yourargument—meaning,taketheargumentyou’vebeenmakingandshowhowitholdsupagainsttheopponent’scase,particularlyaddressinganynewargumentsthey’vebroughtup.0102LinkingLinkeachofyourcontentionsbacktoyouroverarchingframework.Forinstance,ifyou'redebatingapolicyproposal,linkitbacktothelong-termbenefitsforsociety,showingthelong-termimpactandsustainability.EnglishSpeechandDebateCompetitive