高級英語第二冊Lesson8The-worker-as-Creator-or-Machine

Lesson8TheworkerasCreatororMachine---byFromm,Erich(1900-1980)AimsToknowtheauthor,ErichFrommTolearnthewritingtechniqueofcausationToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesTeachingContents1.ErichFromm2.Causationandthethesis2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Organizationalpattern4.Languagefeatures5.ExercisesTimeallocation1.Theintroductionoftheauthor(10min.)2.Causationandthethesis(10min.)3.Detailedstudyofthetext(115min.)4.Structureanalysis(15min.)5.Languageappreciation(15min.)6.Exercises(15min)Fromm,ErichGerman-AmericanpsychoanalystandauthorBorninFrankfurt,GermanyPh.D.UniversityofHeidelbery海德堡大學In1934,hecametotheUS,practicedpsychoanalysisandlecturedatvariousinstitutions.

Fromm,ErichAsapsychoanalyst,heappliedpsychoanalysistosocial,political,religious,moralactivities.Hewasparticularlyinterestedinthestudyofindividualandsociety.Hepaidmuchattentiontoselfhumanrealization.Fromm,ErichHetookviewsofFreudandheattemptedasynthesis(combination)andreformulation(systematicalexpression)ofFreudandMarx.Fromm,ErichHeisalsoaself-styledMarxist,buthisideaisagainstthetheoryofMarxism,forheusedtoviewthingsfrompsychoanalysis,notfromclassstruggle.HispointofviewHeheldthatmanisaproductofhisculture.Socialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinct(biologicaldrive)butrathershapedbyculturaltraining.個體旳人格是文化旳產物，而不是生物學旳產物。HisworksEscapefromFreedom《逃離自由》ThesameSociety《健全旳社會》TheArtofLoving《愛旳藝術》PsychoanalysisandReligion《精神分析學與宗教》HisworksMayManPrevail《愿人類成功》TheRevolutionofHope《希望革命》TheanatomyofHumanDestructiveness《人類消滅之分析》BeyondtheChainsofIllusions《越過幻想之鏈》HisworksThispieceisanexcerptfrom“TheSaneSociety”1955.Inthisbook,FrommismainlyconcernedwiththeeffectofasociologicalenvironmentonAmericanswhichexalts(praise)successthroughCompetitionhumanalienationhumanalienationthataccompaniestechnologicaldevelopmentwhichisolatestheworkmanfromthefinishedproduct.alienate–estrange,turnaway,setagainst,disunite,separate,divideAnt.---unite,reconcileThethemeofthetextThistextisdiscussingtheworkers’positioninthesociety.Theworkersarenolongercreatorbutbecomingmoreandmorelikemachine.Itisaboutmen’sattitudetowardswork.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.ThetextThechangeofthemeaningofworkInancienttimes,work----satisfactory,apleasurablethingInmoderntomes,work---aduty,forcedlabor,ThetextdealswiththereasonandresultofthisalienationliterarystyleexpositionThemainthesisisbetterexpressedinthefirstsentenceofthedeletedparagraph“themeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety”.Thethesis---

“Heispartofthemachine,ratherthanitsmasterasanactiveagent.”(para.6)ThemethodThemethodthewriterusesintheexpositorywritingiscausalanalysis/causation因果分析Causation

Itmeanssomethinghappenedis1)becauseofsthelse2)asaresultofsth.elseInthislesson,thewriterexplainedthereasonwhymanchangestheattitudetowardworkanditseffect.DetailedstudyofthetextPara.1---thespecificpositivevaluesofworkPara.1Whatarethespecificpositivevaluesofwork?1.Workenableshumanbeingstorisefromtheanimalkingdom.2.Workliberatesmenfromnatureandmakesthemintosocialbeingsandworktogetherinacooperativeway.positivevalues:3.Workmoldsandchangesnatureandhimself.4.Workdevelopsman’sdifferentpowers,skills,capacities,personalityandcreativity.Para.1Manisfirstofallananimal,andhecanbedifferentiatedfromotheranimalsinthat,amongotherthingsheproduces,hemakestools,andothernewthingsoutoftherawmaterialshefindsaroundhim.kingdom---allnaturalobjectshavebeenclassifiedintothreegreatdivisionsanimalkingdomvegetablekingdommineralkingdomHeseparates….

Bybecomingnature’smaster,bystationinghimselfabovenature,manseparateshimselffromnature.Butatthesametimeheconnectshimselfonceagaintonaturetofurtherconquerheranddevelophisunderstandingofher.Inmoldingnature…Man’sabilitiesandpowersasaspecies,andman’eindividualabilitiesandpowers(ofcooperation,reasonandsenseofbeauty)increaseanddeepenasaresultofcontrollingnatureandremakinghertofulfillhisneeds.allareexpressions…Alltheabove–mentionedworkshowshowmanhastransformednaturethoughthisreasonandskillcreatively.Para.2detaileddescriptionofthemeaningofworktoman.Workwas…satisfactionTheparagraphdealswiththesubjectofcraftsmanship.AccordingtoMillsandFrommcraftsmanshipinvolvesthecontroloftheworkprocessbytheindividualworker.AtitsheightinthelateMiddleAges,itenhancedman’sproductivepowersandwasasourceofgreatsatisfactiontothecraftsman.C.Wright.MillsAnAmericansociologist,knownasoneoftheveryfewoutstandingsocialcriticsduringtheMcCarthyperiod.hisbestknownworkisWhiteCollar(1951),fromwhichhisquotationistaken,andThePowerandElite.Hediedin1962.McCarthyAmericanpolitician.AU.S.senatorfromWisconsin(1947-1957),hepresidedoverthepermanentsubcommitteeoninvestigationsandheldpublichearingsinwhichheaccusedarmyofficials,membersofthemedia,andpublicfiguresofbeingCommunists.Hischargeswereneverproved,andhewascensuredbytheSenatein1954.

McCarthy麥卡錫，約瑟夫·雷芒德1908-1957美國政治家，來自威斯康星州旳美國參議員(1947-1957年）。他指責許多軍隊官員、新聞媒介內部工作人員和公眾人物為共產黨，并指揮一種永久委員會分會對他們進行調查和公開審判。他旳指控從未成立，1954年他受到議會旳訓斥Whyworkwasapleasuretoman?Becausetheworkerisfreetocontrolhisownworkingaction.Heisresponsibleforthewholeproductionprocess.Whydoesthewriteruseaquotation?toprovehisideainamoredirectwaytogiveakindofauthoritytowhathesays----Aparaphrasewouldnotprovidethatdirectnessandauthority.Whatdoes“Thereisnosplitofwork…”mean?Thereisacloserelationshipbetweenworkandpleasure.Theygohandinhand.Whiletheworkerisworking,heenjoyshimself.Whenheismakingsth,helearnssth.Para.3Backgroundknowledge–whyworkisaduty?What’sprotestant’sideaaboutwork?Theyheldthatallmenarebornsinful.Theymustworkhardtopurifytheirsouls.Godthenwilltakethemtoparadiseaftertheydie.newlywonfreedomFreedomfromfeudalrestrictions.Thecraftsmanfeltsafeandsecureinhisguildandprofession,butbecameafraidnowthathewasentirelyonhisowninahighlycompetitivesociety.Theoutcome…EarlyProtestantismmaintainedthatmostsoulsarepredestinedbybirthbyGodtoeternaldamnationandafewtobesavedafterdeath.Butthere’snowaythatanyonecanknowwhichiswhich.obviouslypeoplelivedinfear.AllonecouldhopeforwasasignfromGodthathemightbeamongtheelect,eventhoughasignwasnoguarantee.Itwasbelievedthatanyformofsinfulnesswaslikelyindicationofdamnation,whereasceaselesswork,especiallyifitresultedinwealth,couldbesignofsalvation.Clearly,worklostalltheintrinsicpositiveaspectsitformerlyhad,andinsteadbecamepurelyandsimplyamethodtoachievewealthandsuccess.asceticism

---aspecialterminreligionself-denyingmodeoflivingasimple,strictwayoflifewithnoluxuriesorphysicalpleasures,whichpeopleusuallyleadbecauseoftheirreligiousbeliefs.Para.4Workasduty,asameansforsavingone’ssoulexistsonlyfortheupperandmiddleclasses.Workasforcedlaborisforthelaboringpeople.Para.5Incapitalistsocietytheworkerfeelsestrangedfromtheworkheisdoing.modernman…Withworkstrippedbothofitscraftsmanshipqualityandmeaningandofitssenseofreligiousobligation,itnolongerholdsanydeepattraction.Therefore,peoplefeelthemselvesatloss,withnopurposeordirection.Lifeisempty.Workbecomesmerelyatime-fillertoescapetheemptinessandmeaninglessofone’slife.ThisisanotherpsychoanalyticanalysisofFromm.Weknowthebourgeoisieamassedwealththroughtheexploitationofworkerandtheworkerwereforcedtoselltheirlaborinordertosurvive.somethingnew…Anewideologicaldrivingforceforworkhasreplacedthelostones.Thedriveisnowformorebigger,andbetterproducts.Frommagainmissestherealpointhere.Profitistherealdrivingforceofcapitalism.Para.6Whatroletheworkerplaysinthemanufacturingofproducts?Apassiverole,theworkerplaysasmallisolatedpartintheprocessofproduction.Heisnotconcernedwiththewholeproduct,becausehemakesonlyapartofit.Hisworkcanbeexplainedasperformingactionswhichcannotbeperformedbymachines.Heisconcernedneitherwith…Hedoesn’tcareabouttheendproductitselforthepartitplaysintheoveralleconomyorthewayinwhichitservestheneedsofsociety.PeterDrucher

ReknownedmanagementconsultantThisquotationistakenfromConceptoftheCorporation(1946)p.179Workappearsassomethingunnatural….Totheworker,workseemslikeanintrusion,somethingwhichshouldnothappen.Itisanempty,unpleasant,deadening,degradingandpointlessmeanstoanend---thepaycheck.devoidof----lackingofIfsomeoneorsth.isdevoidofaqualityofthing,theyhaveabsolutelynoneofit.---Hewasdevoidofanytalentwhatsoever.---Suchplanshavebeenalmostentirelydevoidofsocialcontent.place/putapremiumon---注重；鼓勵；助長Iputapremiumonpunctuality.Workpaidaccordingtotheamountputsapremiumonspeedandnotonquality.按件付酬是造成重速度、輕質量旳原因。putapremiumon

Givingmoneytobeggarsmayputapremiumonidleness.Doeshightaxationputapremiumonbusinessdishonesty?高稅收是否助長了商業(yè)欺詐行為？Nowonderthatthisputsapremium..It’snotsurprisingthattheworker’sobjectiveatworkistodoaslittleaspossibletogethispay.slowdown

---deliberatedecreaseinthespeedofproductionslovenly

---untidy,asindressorappearance,sloppy,

Someonewhoisslovenly

iscareless,untidyandinefficientintheirappearanceandbehavior懶散旳；草率旳para.7workisameansofgettingmoney;workertriestoworklesstogetthesamepaypara.8Whatistherootcauseofthis?Howdoyouknow?para.8Therootcauseofthisalienationisthecapitalistsystem.Fromthestatement:“Thewholesocialorganizationofwhichheisapart”(para.8)

Theworkerisnotactive.Hehasnoresponsibilityfortheworkheisdoing.Heisnotinterestedinthewholeproduct.capital-----Thecapitalistorthemoneyofthecapitaliststhatcanhireworkerandpurchasealltheotherequipmentnecessaryforproduction.humanproblemofindustryIndustryisthemainthingandthehumanworkerispartofit.Inthecapitalists’eye,theworkersarethetroublemakers.Iftheworker’sproblemissolvedindustrywouldgomoreefficiently.industrialproblemofhumanbeingsFrommhereattackstheattitudeofthecapitalistsandsocietytowardstheworkers.Hethinkshumanbeingisthebiggerthingandindustryistheonlyactivityofit.Manshouldbegiventhepriority.Frommissayingthepsychologicalresearchshouldbeginfromthestudyofindustrialproblemamonghumanbeingsinsteadofhumanprobleminindustry.formulation

formulate–toexpressinshortclearformunderlying---presentbutnotobvious;implicitThereareunderlyingsimilaritiesbetweenallhumanbeings.Theunderlyingthemeofthenovelisveryserious.Para.9IndustrialpsychologistsaretryingtomanageandcontrolthemindoftheworkersWhatproblemaretheindustrialpsychologistsmainlyconcernedwith?HowtomaketheworkerworkmoresmoothlyandefficientlyTaylor,FrederickWinslow(1856-1915)Americanengineer,inventorandefficiencyexpertwhopioneeredtheprinciplesof“scientificmanagement”inindustryandbusiness.“inthenameof….”

Undertheguiseofimprovingrelationsbetweenpeople,everypossibletrick/meansisemployedontheworker,whichisonlyfitfortheworkerwhoiscompletelydisinterestedinhiswork.“Happiness”“humanvalues”arealsoformulatedinordertomanipulatetheworker.“inthenameof….”

在人際關系旳名義下，他們用適合于對一切完全冷漠旳人手段來對付工人就是幸福和人旳價值觀也是從與公眾建立更加好旳關系這個角度提出來旳。Itisgoingto…Betterrelationswiththepublicwillyieldlargerprofitstomanagement.Themanagementwillearnlargerprofitsifithasbetterrelationswiththepublic.payoff:toyieldfullrecompenseorreturn,foreithergoodorevilcolddollarsandcentsColdcash;hardcash;nothingbutmoneyattitude---What’sFromm’sattitudetoward“humanrelations”and“happiness”?dehumanizing/robotizingrelations---inhumanrelationsmechanicalrepetitiveactionwhichiswithoutdoubtcompulsoryspontaneityspontaneous---done,happeningfromnaturalimpulse,notcausedorsuggestedbysthorsb.outside.Shemadeaspontaneousofferofhelp.Thealienatedandprofoundly…Thetworesultsofalienationandunsatisfactorycharacterofworkare:one,thedesireasagoalinlife,nottowork;Theotheradeep-seatedoftenunconscioushatredofworkandeverythingandeverybodyconnectedwithit.Ouradvertising…Frommthinksadvertisingnowadaysappealsmoretolazinessandpassivitythantothesexualappealofwomeninordertoselltheirgoods.Butthisusefulness….Butsuchpracticaluseonlyplaystherolewhichrationalizestheappealtoextremeidlenessandwillingnesstoacceptthings.但這種實用性往往只起著使追求十足旳悲觀散漫和坐享其成成為合理化旳作用。Manyabusinessman…AccordingtoFrommmanybusinessmenfelltrappedbythesystemwhichforcesthemtosellwhatevertheycanregardlessofthequalityorusefulnesstheproduct.Hehasafeeling…Thebusinessmanknowsthequalityofusefulnessofhisproductisnotwhatitshouldbe.Hedespisesthegoodsheproduces,consciousofthedeceptioninvolved.fraudulency:deceit,trickery,cheatingOnlyoccasionallycomesup…Allthesefeelings,accordingtoFromm,generallyliedormantintheunconscious.Onlyoccasionallyhebecomesawareofthem,andhefeelsupsetforamomentandthenimmediatelyforgetthem.SumupFromm’spsychoanalyticalapproachbecomesquiteclearhere.Thereisnotraceofclassanalysisatall.Infact,Frommsympathizesequallywiththeworkerandthecapitalist.Profitandexploitationoftheworkersasthemaindrivingforceofthecapitalistsarenotmentionedatall.Organizationalpattern5sectionsSect.Ipara1-2ThewriterdealswithgeneralpositivevaluesofworkPara.1.thegeneralideaofthemeaningofworktomaninancienttimes.OrganizationalpatternPara.2.morespecificallystateswhatworkmeanstocraftsmanin13-14thcentury.WorkwassatisfactorypleasurableinstructivemeaningfulHecitesexamplesofcraftsmanin13-14thcenturytoillustratework.OrganizationalpatternSect.IIpara3-4Hedealswiththechangeinthemeaningofworktoman,especiallyatthebeginningofmodernsociety(capitalism)Whatdoesworkmeantomanthen?adutyandobsession---uppermiddleclassforcedlabor---poorlaboringpeopleOrganizationalpatternSect.IIIpara5-7Hedealswiththechangeinthemeaningofworktomannow.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.Workalienatestheworkersfromothers,andworkerhasbecomepartofthemachine.Heisnotamaster,butslaveofmachine.OrganizationalpatternSect.IVpara8-9ThecauseofthechangesThewritermakesageneralsurveyintheresearchofthecausesofthechangesfromtheindustrialpsychologicalpointofview.OrganizationalpatternTherelationshipbetweentheworkerandworkisdeterminedbythewholesocialorganization.Theworkerknowsverylittleaboutotherthings.Theworkerispassive.Heisisolated(alienated)fromothers.OrganizationalpatternSect.Vpara10-13Theeffects(results)ofthisalienation.Theworkershavetworeactionsresultingfromalienation.laziness(para11-12)hostility(para13)Languagefeatures:longinvolvedsentencespassivevoiceabstractnounsLanguagefeaturesproduction;attention;formulation;organization;management;isolation;laziness;passivity;receptivity;hostility;rationalization;routinization;spontaneity;manipulation;fraudulency;satisfaction;intoxication--ship加在