構詞法課件(共69張)

高考英語復習一構詞法在英語中構詞法主要分為派生法、轉化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟練運用構詞法知識，不僅有助于提高考生對閱讀中生詞進行辨識的能力，更能夠靈活運用到語法填空和短文改錯對于詞性轉化的考查當中一、派生法在一個詞的詞根之間或之后加上某個詞綴來生成一個新詞的構詞法，即稱作派生法。加在詞根之間的詞綴叫做前綴，加在詞根之后的為后綴。1.形容詞變名詞的后綴

后綴

例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyfluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→reedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-enceabsent→absence缺席silent→silence沉默

后綴

例詞-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意dark→darkness黑暗lonely→loneliness孤獨happy→happiness高興ill→illness疾病sad→sadness傷心aware→awareness意識后綴例詞-thstrong→strength力氣；強項warm→warmth溫暖；熱情true→truth真實wide→width寬度-ydifficult→difficulty困難-tycruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety安全-itydisable→disability無能；殘疾responsible→responsibility責任

后綴

例詞-ceadsent→absence缺席present→presence出席confident→confidence自信心convenient→convenience方便different→difference不同important→importance重要patient→patience耐心evident→evidence明顯2.動詞變名詞的后綴

后綴

例詞-alapprove→approval贊成；批準arrive→arrival到來；到達survice→survival幸存propose→proposal提議；建議-anceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導perform→performance表演；節(jié)目accept→acceptance接受insure→insurance保險tolerate→tolerance

后綴

例詞-enceexist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛refer→reference參考；查閱-ionattract→attraction吸引construct→construction建設educate→education教育evaluate→evaluation評估graduate→graduation畢業(yè)introduce→introduction介紹describe→description描寫interrupt→interruption打斷adopt→adoption采納；收養(yǎng)

后綴

例詞-ationexpect→expectation期待；期望explain→explanation解釋consider→consideration考慮imagine→imagination想象力starve→starvation挨餓invite→invitation邀請；請柬relax→relaxation放松communicate→communication交流combine→combination結合hesitate→hesitation猶豫

后綴

例詞-(s)siondiscuss→discussion討論；辯論decide→decision決定admit→admission接納；準許入學permit→permission允許possess→possession財產conclude→conclusion結論-inghear→hearing聽力；聽覺begin→beginning開始end→ending結束

后綴

例詞-mentachieve→achievement功績；成就argue→argument辯論；論據treat→treatment對待；治療equip→equipment設備agree→agreement同意announce→announcement通告arrange→arrangement安排encourage→encouragement鼓勵-urefail→failure失??；沒做到press→pressure壓力please→pleasure快樂

后綴

例詞-turemix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure離開；出發(fā)-yrecover→recovery恢復；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他grow→growth成長；發(fā)展choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢3.動名詞變形容詞的后綴后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的forget→forgettable忘記的；遺忘的believe→believable可信的change→changeable多變的value→valuable有價值的

后綴

例詞-almusic→musical音樂的origin→original最初的person→personal個人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的form→formal正式的nation→national全國的globe→global全球的culture→cultural文化的environment→environmental環(huán)境的practice→practical實際的politics→political政治的后綴例詞-fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的thank→thankful感激的beauty→beautiful美麗的succes→successful成功的peace→peaceful和平的care→careful細心的use→useful有用的help→helpful有幫助的

后綴

例詞-edscare→scared感到恐懼的confuse→confused感到困惑的puzzle→puzzled感到迷惑的worry→worried感到擔心的bore→bored感到厭倦的excite→excited感到激動的；感到興奮的underline→underlined加下劃線的后綴例詞-ingsurprise→surprising令人驚訝的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人擔心的worry→worrying令人擔心的bore→boring令人厭煩的-ibleaccess→accessible容易到達的；容易取到的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的后綴例詞-iveact箭頭active積極的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻的印象instruct→instructive有教育意義的expense→expensive昂貴的create→creative有創(chuàng)造力的protect→protective保護的

后綴

例詞-ouscontinue→continuous不斷地；持續(xù)的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious十分小心的；謹慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的poison→poisonous有毒的ambition→ambitious有抱負的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome令人麻煩的后綴例詞-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的dirt→dirty有灰塵的；臟的rain→rainy有雨的sun→sunny陽光明媚的cloud→cloudy陰天的snow→snowy被雪覆蓋的smell→smelly臭的salt→salty咸的dust→dusty布滿灰塵的后綴例詞-erneast→eastern東方的；向東的west→western西方的；向西的-ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-icscience→scientific科學的economy→economic經濟的history→historic歷史上著名的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的4.形容詞變副詞的后綴規(guī)則示例一般情況加-lyslow→slowly（adv.)緩慢地common→commonly(adv.)普通地immediate→immediately(adv.)立刻地以“輔音字母+y”結尾，將y改為i再加-lyhappy→happily（adv.)高興地steady→steadily(adv.)穩(wěn)定地busy→busily（adv.)繁忙地規(guī)則示例以-le結尾去掉e再加-ysimple→simply(adv.)簡單地gentle→gently(adv.)溫柔地terrible→terribly(adv.)可怕地possible→possibly(adv.)可能地以-ic結尾的加-allyeconomic→economically(adv.)經濟地scientific→scientifically科學地常考且易拼錯的副詞rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily5.表示“人”的名詞后綴在某些形容詞、名詞或動詞后面加后綴變成具有某種職業(yè)或動作的人。常見的表示“人”的后綴有：后綴例詞-erclean→cleaner清潔工report→reporter記者strange→stranger陌生人-orinvent→inventor發(fā)明者visit→visitor游客direct→director導演后綴例詞-arlie→liar說謊者beg→beggar乞討者；乞丐-eeemploy→employee雇員interview→interviewee參加面試者train→trainee受訓者；學員-esshost→hostess女主人act→actress女演員-ianmusic→musician音樂家politics→politician政治家history→historian歷史學家后綴例詞-istart→artist藝術家science→scientist科學家piano→pianist鋼琴家-antserve→servant仆人participate→participant參加者assist→assistant助手；圖書管理員6.表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴前/后綴

例詞前綴dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺點appear→disappear消失comfort→discomfort不舒適的honest→dishonest不誠實的courage→discourage不鼓勵obey→disobey不服從-illegal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合邏輯的前綴例詞前綴im-polite→impolite無禮的patient→impatient不耐煩的moral→immoral不道德的possible→impossible不可能的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的direct→indirect間接引起的experienced→inexperienced沒有經驗的ir-regular→irregular不規(guī)則的responsible→irresponsible不負責任的前/后綴例詞前綴mis-lead→mislead誤導understand→misunderstand誤解un-usual→unusual不尋常的willing→unwilling不愿意的happy→unhappy不高興的known→unknown不出名的后綴-lesshope→hopeless絕望的end→endless沒完沒了的care→careless粗心的help→helpless無助的use→useless無用的7.變動詞的前綴和后綴前后綴例詞前綴en-able→enable使能夠large→enlarge擴大rich→enrich使充實；使豐富danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓勵前/后綴例詞后綴-enbroad→broaden使變寬ripe→ripen使成熟sharp→sharpen使尖銳wide→widen加寬short→shorten變短deep→deepen加深dark→darken使變暗hard→harden使變硬quick→quicken加快bright→brighten使更明亮black→blacken變黑loose→loosen松開1.合成名詞構成例詞名詞+副詞get-together聯(lián)歡會breakdown崩潰breakthrough突破副詞+動詞outbreak爆發(fā)output產量downfall垮臺outcome結果前/后綴例詞后綴-ifyclass→classify把......分類just→justify證明......正確simple→simplify簡化beauty→beautify美化-izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize強調memory→memorize記住real→realize認識到；實現(xiàn)二.轉化法是由一種詞類轉換為一種或幾種詞類的構詞法。這種構詞法詞形沒有改變，轉化后的單詞在意義上通常與原單詞有密切關系。轉化規(guī)則例詞名詞→動詞face(n.臉→v.面對)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩負)water(n.水→v.澆水）back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名)動詞→名詞look（v./n.）看try（v./n.）嘗試dream（v./n.）夢想chat（v./n.）聊天轉化規(guī)則例詞形容詞→動詞empty(adj.空的→v.倒空）slow（adj.慢的→v.減慢）dirty（adj.臟的→v.弄臟）warm（adj.暖的→v.使變暖）形容詞→副詞hard（adj.難的→adv.努力）high（adj.高的→adv.高）deep（adj.深得→adv.深）wide（adj.寬的→adv.寬）構成例詞名詞+名詞newspaper報紙babysitter保姆airport機場schoolmate校友形容詞+名詞greenhouse溫室highway高速公路mainland大陸shorthand速記構成例詞其他構成well-being健康grown-up成年人passer-by路人go-between媒人bride-to-be準新娘parents-to-be準父母son-in-law女婿by-product副產品2.合成形容詞構成例詞形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞+-edwarm-hearted熱心的blue-eyed藍眼睛adsent-minded心不在焉的middle-aged中年的nine-storeyed九層樓的three-legged三條腿的one-sided片面的構成例詞名詞/副詞+分詞peace-loving熱愛和平的English-speaking講英語的meat-eating食肉的man-made人造的snow-covered白雪覆蓋的handmade手工的state-owned國有的well-dresswd穿著體面的newly-built新建的widespread廣泛流傳的構成例詞名詞+形容詞world-famous世界著名的ice-cool冰冷的snow-white雪白的grass-green草綠的tax-free免稅的fat-free無脂肪的trouble-free無憂無慮的形容詞+分詞good-looking好看的easy-going隨和的slow-moving移動緩慢的構成例詞形容詞+名詞full-time全職的part-time兼職的second-hand二手的upper-class上層階級的；上流社會的high-grade品質優(yōu)良的large-scale大規(guī)模的數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞200-mater-long200米長的1,000-word-long1000詞長的18-year-old18歲大的20-meter-wide20米寬的3.合成其他詞構成例詞合成動詞upset使心煩意亂的overcome克服overjoy使狂喜overthrow推翻oversleep睡過頭undergo經歷overcharge超額收費overbook超額預定構成例詞合成副詞afterward以后；后來inwards向內地upwards向上地downward向下地forward向前；前進upstairs在樓上anywhere任何地方anyhow無論如何forever永遠構成例詞合成介詞outside在......外面without沒有within在......之內into進入onto到......之上

跟蹤檢測單句語法填空1.【2019武漢市武昌區(qū)調研】Infact,itmusthaveahardstruggletogetits____(free)fromthecocoon.答案與解析：freedom考查名詞。空處前面是形容詞性物主代詞its，形容詞性物主代詞后面要接名詞，所以填名詞freedom。2.【2019合肥市教學質量檢測】SeniorexpertsfromUNESCOwereamazedatitsuniquenaturalscenery,nearperfectbiologicalsystem,andcreative____(combine)ofnatureandhumanism.答案與解析:combination考查名詞。由前面地形容詞creative和后面的of可知，此處應用combine的名詞形式3.【2019江西五校聯(lián)考】TheunitedNationsagencyreportedthisweekthe12superbugsareathreattohuman_____(healthy).答案與解析：health考查名詞。介詞后跟名詞、代詞或動詞-ing形式作賓語。humanhealth意為“人類健康”，作介詞to的賓語。4.【2019鄭州質量檢測】OnNewYear'sDay,wevisitedeveryneighborinthevillageandweregreeted____(warm)ateachhouse.答案與解析：warmly考查副詞。根據空前的weregreeted可知，空處修飾動詞，故用副詞形式。5.【2019太原模擬】Lifeisaboutgivingandtaking,andit's____(general)truethatifyougive,youwillreceive,答案與解析：generally考查副詞。修飾形容詞應用副詞，故填generally6.【2019湖北華大聯(lián)盟高三質檢】Theboylookedatfather____(hope)becausehethoughthisfatherhadbroughthimapresent.答案與解析：hopefully修飾動詞短語lookedat應用副詞形式。故填hopefully。7.【2018浙江卷6月】Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein____(weigh)problems。答案與解析：weight考查名詞。根據語境可知，此處表示“體重問題”，故空號處需要填名詞weight。8.【2017浙江卷11月】Oneofthe____(effect)waystobuildvocabularyistoreadgoodbooks.答案與解析：effective考查形容詞。根據空號后的ways可知，此處需要用形容詞，意為“有效的方法之一”，故填effective。9.【2019湖北七市聯(lián)考】FloweringinMay.peonies'largepetalsandstrongcolorsarelinkedtoprosperityand____(rich)intraditionalChineseculture.答案與解析：richness考查名詞。空前and一詞決定其前后單詞詞性相同，and前prosperity(繁榮)是名詞，所以空號處應該也是名詞，形容詞rich的名詞是richness。10.【2018河南信陽高中大考】Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbacamevery____(anger)aboutit.答案與解析：angry句意：起初，許多人不喜歡這種繪畫風格，并對此感到很生氣。系動詞became后面應用形容詞作表語，故填angry。beangryaboutsth.意為“對謀士感到生氣”，為固定短語。11.【2019成都診斷】Whenyoudogoforhotpot,youwilloftenbaaskedtomakea____(choose)ofbrothinwhichyoucookyourrawingredients(食材).答案與解析：choice考查詞形轉換。根據空號前的a和空號后的of可知空號處應填名詞的單數(shù)形式。12.【2019福建六校聯(lián)考】Staying____(health)whiletravellingcanhelptoensureyourtripisahappyandenjoyableone.答案與解析：healthy句意：在旅行的過程中保持健康有助于確保你的旅途開心、愉快。stay為系動詞，意為“保持”，其后常接形容詞作表語。故填healthy。13.【2018浙江卷】Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe____(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.答案與解析：affordable考查形容詞。根據語境可知，一周在外就餐一到兩次可能是可以負擔得起的，故填形容詞affordable。14.【2019河南省豫北名校質量評估】Lanzhoubeefnoodlehasahistoryof102yearsandisknownforits____(taste)beef,soupandnoodles.答案與解析：tasty考查形容詞。分析句子結構可知，空號處在句中作定語，修飾名詞beef,故應填形容詞tasty“美味的，可口的”。15.【2019贛州十四縣市聯(lián)考】Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld:aworldofsmiles,loveand____(warm).答案與解析：warmth考查詞性轉換。根據空號前的內容可知，空號處與smiles和love構成并列關系，故此處用名詞形式，故填warmth。語法填空【2019湖北八市聯(lián)考】I'verecentlystartedworkinginaunitforpeoplewithseveredementia(癡呆).Manyhavedifferentphysicalneedsaswellascomplexbehavioralproblems___1___acnsequenceoftheirdementia.Veryfewofthesepatientsareabletocommunicateinany___2__(meaning)way,andmostnolongerrecognizetheirfamily.It's__3__(possible)nottobetouchedbythis.Afewweeksago,IsatinameetingwithMr.Radley.Hiswife___4__(become)apatientforthepastfouryears.Sheadvanceddementiaandcouldbeviolent,andshefrequentlyscreamed,__5___shewasunabletospeak.Shewasinhersixtiesandusedtobeacostumedesigner.Herhusbandsatcalmlywhilewereviewedhiswife'scase.Wethoughtshewasgetting__6___(bad)andstillneededcontinuingcare.Hespokeabout___7__she'dbeenlikebeforeshebacameill,butsuddenlyhisvoiceshookandIrealizedhewasabouttocry.Afterawhile,hecalmeddownexplained,“It'ssohardsee