大學(xué)英語四級寫作專題講解

大學(xué)英語四級寫作專題

2021/6/271菜單概述四級寫作難點分析學(xué)生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析四級寫作得高分技巧四級作文解析四級考試評分標準2021/6/272概述大學(xué)英語四級新題型考試第一部分是寫作，寫作寫得如何會直接影響以后的做題。短文寫得

得心應(yīng)手，對后面的答題可起到事半功倍的作用，否則就有可能功虧一簣。四級寫作的體裁包括說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。寫作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和圖表。寫作字數(shù)在120字以上，寫作的時間為30分鐘，但你應(yīng)留少量時間作最后的檢查。寫作既考查你的思考判斷能力，也考查你的表達能力。因此，你應(yīng)對一些校園、社會新聞和常識有一定的認識和見解，并能夠有層次地、結(jié)構(gòu)完整地在文章中清楚表達你的觀點。2021/6/273四級寫作難點分析

難點一：主觀判分，有所影響

難點二：體裁多樣，難度較大難點三：老題新出，千變?nèi)f化

2021/6/274學(xué)生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析1.理缺詞窮2.偏愛長句3.重復(fù)啰嗦4.單調(diào)無味5.結(jié)構(gòu)混亂6.錯誤連篇7.無話可說2021/6/275學(xué)生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析第一、英語底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第三、缺乏思想，深度不夠。第四、缺乏應(yīng)試技巧。2021/6/276四級寫作高分技巧一、卷面整潔，書寫清楚。二、構(gòu)思簡單，少犯錯誤。三、中心突出，層次分明。四、固定經(jīng)典，名言注目。五、重在變化，寧簡勿濫。2021/6/277一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)二、寫作實例分析四級作文解析2021/6/278文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)概論文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)寫作的三段論模式2021/6/279一、概論文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句和結(jié)尾句所構(gòu)成，它的具體結(jié)構(gòu)可以用以下的圖表加以表示：1/22021/6/2710二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)2/22021/6/2711寫作的三段論模式大學(xué)英語四級寫作通常采用三段論模式，即：開頭段(introduction)主體段(bodyparagraph)結(jié)尾段(conclusion)2021/6/2712(一)開頭段開頭段概論常用的開頭段的表達方法開頭段的常用核心句型2021/6/2713開頭段概論對于大學(xué)英語四級的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個意義清晰、明確的開頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個精彩、新穎的開頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。2021/6/2714常用的開頭段的表達方法使用引語（useaquotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）提出問題（askaquestion）給出具體實例或報道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定義法（givedefinition）主題句法（useoftopicsentence）2021/6/2715常用的開頭段的表達方法●使用引語（useaquotation）

使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。

如：

“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.

分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機會”對于成功的重要性，點明主題。2021/6/2716常用的開頭段的表達方法●引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）

當然對于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點明主題或引出需要論述的問題。

如：

Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.

分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴重性，很有說服力。2021/6/2717常用的開頭段的表達方法●提出問題（askaquestion）

提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。

如：

WhatdoyouwantfromyourworkMoneyPromotionsInterestingchallengesContinuallearningWork-basedfriendshipsTheopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentialsThoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.

分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。2021/6/2718常用的開頭段的表達方法●給出具體實例或報道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）

給出具體生活實例或新聞報道

如：

Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.

分析：文章通過引用新聞報道的一個實例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴重性。2021/6/2719常用的開頭段的表達方法●定義法（givedefinition）

針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。

如：

Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.

分析：文章用Itmeansthat這一句型，說明了practicemakesperfect的含義。2021/6/2720常用的開頭段的表達方法●主題句法（useoftopicsentence）

文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。

如：

NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.

分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴重這一問題，然后再用實例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。2021/6/2721開頭段的常用核心句型●Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,Ibelievethat…

●Thearguermayberightabout…,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat….

●Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat…,itisunlikelytobetruethat….

●Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat….

●Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.

2021/6/2722開頭段的常用核心句型●Onthesurface（Atfirstthought）,it（this）mayseemasound（anattractive）

suggestion（solution/idea）,butcarefulweighingonthemind（oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought）,wefindthat…

●Althoughmanypeoplebelievethat…,Iwonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis

2021/6/2723開頭段的常用核心句型●Thedanger（problem/fact/truth/point）isthat….

●IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat….●Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof….Thosewhoobjectto…

arguethat….Butpeoplewhofavor…,ontheotherhand,arguethat….

2021/6/2724開頭段的常用核心句型●Currently（Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnow）,thereis（has

been）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widelyheld）feelingtowards（concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefin）….

●AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat….

●Nowitiscommonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/

accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that….ButIwonder（doubt）whether…2021/6/2725(二)主題段主體段概述主體段段落擴充方法2021/6/2726主體段概述主體段的寫作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，才能把文章寫好。2021/6/2727主體段段落擴充方法一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法（Classification）四、比較對照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）2021/6/2728列舉法（Listing）定義也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出論點，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間順序等進行。2021/6/2729列舉法作文例子Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.2021/6/2730常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast…..2021/6/2731舉例法（Exemplification）定義作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者的觀點，且事例可多可少。2021/6/2732舉例法作文例子Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.2021/6/2733舉例法中常見的過渡性詞語forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas/such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,etc.2021/6/2734分類法（Classification）定義在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進行分門別類地敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認識。2021/6/2735分類法作文例子Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.2021/6/2736常見的用以分類的詞語動詞：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fallinto,etc.名詞：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.2021/6/2737比較對照法（ComparisonandContrast）定義比較對照法由比較和對照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起用以闡述兩者或者更多事物間的異同，常用于說明文和議論文寫作。比較描述的是所比對象的相同、類似點，而對照則強調(diào)所描述對象之間的不同，甚至相反之處。常用的比較對照的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有兩種，即整塊比較法和逐點比較法。在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、A2、A3……B1、B2、B3……2021/6/2738第一種模塊例子Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.2021/6/2739第二種模塊及例子逐點比較法是A、B雙方同時逐點描述，其模式為：A1B1A2B2A3B3……例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesn’tseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfather’smind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraidofhim.Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.2021/6/2740常見的比較對照的過渡性詞語常用的表示比較的過渡性詞語有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,both…and…,thesameas常用的表示對照的過渡性詞語有：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistrue…but,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto2021/6/2741因果法（CauseandEffect）定義

因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答“為什么”這類問題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果，也多見于說明文和論述文。因果關(guān)系的普遍性決定了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，通常因果關(guān)系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式擴展段落時通?？刹捎孟纫蚝蠊蛳裙笠虻囊灰蚨喙蛞还嘁蚰Ｊ?，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚舉方式列舉。2021/6/2742因果法作文例子Theroleofwomenintoday’ssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen’smovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.2021/6/2743常用的表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞語because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto2021/6/2744（三）結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段概述常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型2021/6/2745結(jié)尾段概述開頭和結(jié)尾往往是讀者注意最多的部分。開頭引起讀者注意，提出主題；結(jié)尾與開頭呼應(yīng)，使讀者感覺全文論述完整，圓滿結(jié)束。從某種意義上來說，結(jié)尾更容易給讀者留下深刻印象。人們常把好的文章結(jié)尾稱作是“畫龍點睛”，可見結(jié)尾部分對整篇文章所起的作用。2021/6/2746常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法總結(jié)歸納重申主題預(yù)測展望提出建議提出問題引用格言

2021/6/2747常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法●總結(jié)歸納

簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。如：

InconclusionIwouldliketosaythatchildrenneedtobeunderstoodbutchildrenalsoneedtounderstandtheirparents.Itisonlywhenparentsandchildrencometounderstandeachotherthatwecansolveproblemseffectivelyandnarrowthegenerationgap.

分析：文章通過inconclusion引出對前面所作論述的歸納，使主題更加明確。

2021/6/2748常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法●重申主題

再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。如：

Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman’senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.

分析：文章對前文的觀點進行了重復(fù)，使之更加鮮明。

2021/6/2749常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法●預(yù)測展望

立足當前，放眼未來。如：

Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.

分析：文章通過對未來積極的展望，說明了愛在生活中的重要性。

2021/6/2750常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法●提出建議

提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。如：

Astheissueplayssuchakeyroleinoursociety,sufficientattentionshouldbepaidfromboththegovernmentandthepublic.Thegovernmentshouldmakesurethatthecensusiswellcarriedoutandthepeopleshouldbeactivelyinvolvedinthecensus.

分析：文章在結(jié)尾從政府和公眾兩個角度提出建議，以保證人口普查的順利進行。2021/6/2751常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法●提出問題

提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。如：

Oldpeoplemaychoosetolivealoneforthemselvesandevenembracethislivingpattern.Butinthedeeppartoftheirhearts,theymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtakecareofthem.Whycan’tyoungpeoplethinkofthedayswhentheyaregettingold

分析：文章最有用一個反問句“年輕人為什么不想想自己年老時的情形”來提醒他們將心比心，設(shè)身處地，去關(guān)心父母雙親。

2021/6/2752常用的結(jié)尾段的表達方法●引用格言

用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總括全文中心思想。如：

Manyyeasago,agreatphilosopherFrancisBaconremarkedthat“Knowledge…ispower.”Thiscannowbetranslatedintocontemporaryterms.Inoursocialsetting,“Knowledgeischange”—andacceleratingknowledge-acquisition,fuelingthegreatengineoftechnology,meansacceleratingchange.

分析:文章借用培根“知識就是力量”名言的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出“知識就是變化”以深化主題，給讀者留下深刻的印象。2021/6/2753結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove（Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judging

fromallevidenceoffered）,wemaysafelydraw（reach/cometo/arriveat）theconclusionthat….

●Alltheevidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/pointsto）a

（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusionthat….

●Itishightimethatweplace（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasison

theimprovement（development/increase/promotion）of….

2021/6/2754結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated（unhealthy/undesirable/

deplorable）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of….

●Wemustlook（search/call/cry）foranimmediateaction（method/measure）,becausethepresent（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude）of…,ifpermitted（allowed）tocontinue（proceed）,willsurely（certainly）leadto（resultin）theend（destruction/heavycost）of….

2021/6/2755結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereisnoeasy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）to

theproblemof…,but…mightbeuseful（helpful/beneficial）.

●Noeasymethod（solution/recipe/remedy）canbeathand（found/guaranteed）tosolve（resolve/tackle）theproblemof…,butthecommon（general/public）recognitionof（realizationof/awarenessof/commitmentto）thenecessity（importance/significance）of…mightbethefirststeptowardschange（ontherightway/intherightdirection）.

2021/6/2756結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Followingthesemethods（suggestions）maynotguaranteethesuccessin（solution

to）…,butthepay-offwillbeworththeeffort.

●Obviously（Clearly/Nodoubt）,ifweignore（areblindto）theproblem,thereis

everychancethat….

●Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof（generalcommitmentto）…,itisverylikely

（thechancesaregood）that….

2021/6/2757結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereislittledoubt（nodenying）thatserious（special/adequate/immediate/

further）attentionmustbecalled（paid/devoted）totheproblemof….

●Itisnecessary（essential/fundamental）thateffective（quick/proper）action（steps

/measures/remedies）shouldbetakentoprevent（correct/check/end/fight）thesituation（tendency/phenomenon）.

2021/6/2758結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbedirectedto（expendedon/focusedon）finding

（developing/improving）….

●Itremainstobeseenwhether…,buttheprospect（outlook）isnotquiteencouraging

（thatrosy）.

●Anyhow,wider（more）education（publicity）shouldbegiventothepossible

（potential/grave/serious/pernicious）consequences（effects）of….

2021/6/2759結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Toreverse（check/control）thetrend（tendency）isnotalighttask（aneasyjob）,

anditrequires（demands/involves/entails）adifferentstateofmindtowards（attitudetowards/outlookon）….

●Forthesereasons,Istronglyrecommendthat….

●Forthereasonsgivenabove,Ifeelthat….

2021/6/2760二、寫作實例分析議論文說明文應(yīng)用文2021/6/2761議論文概論議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)議論文案例（1）議論文案例（2）2021/6/2762概論議論文的第一種形式是要求考生針對某一有爭議性的兩種觀點，來闡述自己的立場，或?qū)@一問題反映出的某一觀點進行駁斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以論證。它的基本形式是：一些人認為……；另一些人認為……；我的看法……。這種文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：2021/6/2763議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)Paragraph1Introduction(啟)Paragraph2Analysis(承)Paragraph3Conclusion(轉(zhuǎn)合)2021/6/2764議論文案例(1)例如：1.一些人認為數(shù)據(jù)庫威脅個人隱私2.另一些人認為數(shù)據(jù)庫有利于提高工作效率3.我的看法MyviewonDataCollection2021/6/2765MyviewonDataCollectionDatacollectionisafactofmodernlife.Somearguethatdatacollectionisendangeringtherightsofindividuals,thoughothersseeitasausefultoolwhichincreasesefficiency.(啟)Tobefrank,Ibelievedatacollectiondoesmoregoodthanharm.(作者觀點)2021/6/2766MyviewonDataCollectionForonething,databasesprovideaveryusefultool.Largedatabaseswhichcontaininformationonmanyindividualscanenablemoreeffectivedecisionstobemade.Institutionssuchasgovernmentdepartmentsandpolicerelyon

datacollectioninordertooperateefficiently,andhospitalsusecomputerizedrecordstohelpintheirfightagainstdisease.(承1)2021/6/2767MyviewonDataCollectionForanother,databasesstoredoncomputercanalsobeveryefficient.Datawhichhasbeencollectedinoneareacanbesentanywhereintheworldalmostinstantly.Thismeansthatthosewhohavelegitimateaccesstothisdatacanworkveryefficiently.(承2)2021/6/2768MyviewonDataCollectionInsummary,datacollectiononindividualscanbejustified,althoughallpossiblemeasuresshouldbetakentominimizetherisks.(轉(zhuǎn)合)2021/6/2769議論文案例(2)議論文的第二種形式是要求考生針對某一有爭議性的觀點，表明自己的觀點(同意或是不同意)，并提出相應(yīng)的論證。如：Direction:

Itisveryimportantthatchildrenshouldstudyhardatschool.Timespentplayingsportistimewasted.Doyouagreeordisagree?Giveyour

reasons.2021/6/2770議論文案例(2)Wecouldarguethatchildrengotoschooltostudysothattheymaybecomefullyproductiveadultsandgoodcitizens.Weshouldaskwhetherplayingsporthelpschildrentobecomebetter

people.Ifso,sportisnotawasteoftime.(啟)2021/6/2771議論文案例(2)Itisgenerally

believedthatstudentsneedmorethantheknowledgeofasubject.Theyneedtoknowhowtoworkingroupstoachieveamutualgoal,howtoworkasateam.Wherebettertolearnthoseskillsthanonthesportsfield?Anyoftheteamsportsinvolvecoordinationwithotherplayers,

understandingandadoptingateammentality.Theseskillsaretoousefultobeignored.(承1)2021/6/2772議論文案例(2)Moreover,itisimportantthatpeoplebe

healthy,andgoodhealthisnotsoeasilyachievedinasedentarysociety.Sportgetsstudentsoutsideandgivesthemgoodreasontorunabout,thuscounteringhoursspentsittingstill.(承2)2021/6/2773議論文案例(2)SoAlthoughschoolstudiesareundeniablyimportant,weshouldregardtimespent

playingsportastimewellspent.(轉(zhuǎn)合).2021/6/2774說明文概論說明文段落結(jié)構(gòu)說明文案例（1）說明文案例（2）說明文案例（3）說明文常用句型2021/6/2775概述說明文一般用于解釋和分析社會現(xiàn)象或社會問題。要求考生對某種社會現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因及其可能造成的種種影響或應(yīng)采取的措施進行分析和說明。2021/6/2776說明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)此類文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Paragraph1phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)Paragraph2reasons(effects)(原因或危害)Paragraph3suggestionsorsolutions(措施)2021/6/2777說明文案例(1)Drugabuseamongyoungpeoplehasbecomemoreandmoreprevalentoverrecentyears.(主題句)Statisticsshowthatthenumberofyouthdrugusersalmostdoublesinthepastthreeyears.(數(shù)據(jù)支撐)Itisvitaltoanalyzewhydrugs

aresoattractivetoyoungpeopleandwhatcanbedonetocombatit.(結(jié)論)2021/6/2778說明文案例(1)Firstly,teenagersareunderincreasingpressure-thismaybepeerpressureorpressuretosucceedforexample.Drugusemayhelpthemescapereality,forgettheirproblems,orsimplyfeelmoreacceptedbytheirfriends.(原因1)Inaddition,throughthemediaweareexposedtoinformationthatglamorizesdruguseandmakesitlookattractive,particularlytoyoungpeople.(原因2)Furthermore,teenagersareusually

naturallycuriousaboutdrugs,anddrugdealerscantakeadvantageofthiscuriosityfortheirownprofit.(原因3)2021/6/2779說明文案例(1)Highfinesandprisonsentencesshouldalsobeimposedondrugdealersandusers.(措施1)

However,itismyownpersonalviewthatpreventionisbetterthancureandsoagoodeducationprogrammedaboutthedangersofdrugabuseisoneofthemostimportantstepsanygovernmentshouldtake.(措施2)2021/6/2780HarmfulnessofVideoGames1．許多年輕人沉溺于電子游戲中。

2．電子游戲的危害。

3．解決的辦法。

2021/6/2781寫作導(dǎo)航:第一段可陳述許多年輕人陷入電子游戲不能自拔的現(xiàn)象；第二段羅列電子游戲的危害，如對身體的危害、對學(xué)習(xí)和工作的影響，以及不良電子游戲?qū)δ贻p人道德會產(chǎn)生不良影響等；第三段可從充分認識電子游戲的危害、取締非法網(wǎng)吧和鼓勵開發(fā)健康游戲等方面提出解決問題的辦法。2021/6/2782說明文案例(2)比較性說明文用于比較兩種或幾種類似的事物，要求考生通過比較它們各自的優(yōu)點或缺點，說明自己的看法，并加以論證。這種文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Paragraph1phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)Paragraph2advantages(優(yōu)點)Paragraph3disadvantages(缺點)Paragraph4comments(結(jié)論)2021/6/2783說明文案例(2)Amobilephoneisgettingincreasinglypopular.(主題句)Statisticsshowthat

eightoutoftencollegestudentshavegotone.(數(shù)據(jù)支撐)However,asisthecasewithmanyissues,amobilephonehasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects.(承上啟下)2021/6/2784說明文案例(2)Onthepositiveside,amobilephoneallowscallstobemadeinstantlyfromalmostanylocation.Thiscanbevitalwhereemergencyservicesneedtobecalledtothesceneofacrime,accidentorfire,wherenopublictelephoneisnearby.(優(yōu)點1)Meanwhile,amobilephonecanserveasaconnectiontotheInternet,whichcanbeextremelyconvenientforobtaininginformationwhereveryoumaybe.(優(yōu)點2)2021/6/2785說明文案例(2)Thefactthatamobilephoneallowsaperson

tobecontactedatanytimecaninitselfbeadisadvantage.Forinstance,anemployeemay,viathemobilephone,beconstantlyavailabletohisemployerandfeelsthatheneverleaveswork.Thismaycausedistress.(缺點1)Anotherdisadvantageistheperceivedhealthrisksassociatedwithitsuse.Somepeoplebelievethatusingmobilephonesforlongperiodscandamagethebrain.(缺點2)2021/6/2786說明文案例(2)Thereisnodenyingthatamobilephonehasbothbenefitsanddrawbacksbutonbalanceperhapstheadvantagesofamobilephoneoutweighitsdisadvantagessinceamobilehasbecomeanintegralpartofmodernlife.(結(jié)論)2021/6/2787說明文案例(3)圖表寫作也屬于說明文的類型，這種文章通常結(jié)構(gòu)是：Paragraph1change(變化)Paragraph2reasonsorimplication(原因或意義)Paragraph3conclusion(effects;implication)(結(jié)論)2021/6/2788說明文案例(3)2021/6/2789說明文案例(3)Theperiod1995~2005witnessedarapidincreaseinthenumberofpeopleinCityXtravelingabroad.Ascanbeseen,in1995,onlyabout10,000peopleinthiscitywentoverseaswhilein1995thisnumberquicklyroseto40,000.In2005,howeverthenumberofoverseastravelersurgedtoover120,000,whichismorethan10timesasmanyasthatof1995.(變化)2021/6/2790說明文案例(3)Thischangecanbeaccountedforbyacoupleoffactors.First,alongwithsocialandeconomyprogress,thelivingstandardoftheChinesepeoplehasbeengreatlyenhanced,sotheyhaveenoughmoneyandtimetotravelabroad.Meanwhile,moreandmorepeoplewanttoenjoythemselvesandbroadentheirvisionbyvisitingoverseashistoricalplacesandexperiencingexoticcultures.(原因)2021/6/2791說明文案例(3)Overseastravelhasaprofoundeffectonbothindividualsandthesociety.Itcanwidenourpeople’shorizons,promotefriendshipandenhanceculturalinteraction.Inthemeantime,itcanalsoboostoursocialeconomyandmakeoursocietymoreprosperousanddynamic.It’sgoodforournation’sprogress.(結(jié)論)2021/6/2792說明文常用句型1.Asisshownbythegraph/inthetable。（概述圖表）

正如曲線所示，最近54年來該國人口飛速增長。

Asisshownbythegraph,therehasbeenarapidincreaseinthepopulationofthecountryinthepastfiveyears.

2021/6/2793說明文常用句型2.Itcanbeseenfromthetablethat…（得出結(jié)論）

showngraph

concludedfigures

estimatedstatistics

A.從表中所給的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字可以看出，從1985年到1990年中國的人均收入迅速提高。

FromthestatisticsgiveninthetableitcanbeseenthattheaveragepersonalincomeoftheChinesepeopleincreased(grew、rose)rapidlyfrom1985to1990.

B.從曲線圖可以得出結(jié)論，最近5年來中國人口的出生率已經(jīng)大大下降。

ItcanbeconcludedfromthegraphthattherehasbeenagreatdeclineinbirthratesinChinainthepastfiveyears.

2021/6/2794說明文常用句型3.…amountto…（數(shù)量總計）

addupto

cometo

sumupto

全部費用合計200美元。

Alltheexpenses(costs)amountto(=addupto)$200.

2021/6/2795說明文常用句型4.…increasefrom…to…（數(shù)量增減）

decrease/rise/fall/drop

A.這個工廠生產(chǎn)的彩電已由1986年的5000臺增加到1990年的21000臺。

ThenumberofcolorTVsetsproducedbythefactoryincreased(rose,grew,climbed)from5000in