閱讀理解說明文-2020-2024年高考英語試題分類匯編（新高考專用）（解析版）

專題12閱讀理解說明文

【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語

真題分類匯編（新高考專用）

5年考情?探規(guī)律

主題語境考情分布

文化教育類2023新課標(biāo)II卷一紙質(zhì)書籍和閱讀；

2024浙江1月卷一棉花糖測(cè)試的背后；

2023新課標(biāo)I卷一極簡(jiǎn)生活方式

2023新課標(biāo)I卷一群體智慧效應(yīng)；

社會(huì)生活類

2022新課標(biāo)I卷一飲食影響語言發(fā)展；

2022新課標(biāo)II卷一體育鍛煉有利于心臟；

2020新課標(biāo)卷一影響食物攝入量因素.

2024新課標(biāo)I卷一科學(xué)記錄生物多樣性；

2024新課標(biāo)I卷一巴比倫微農(nóng)場(chǎng)

環(huán)境保護(hù)類2024浙江1月卷一農(nóng)民擔(dān)心冰雹計(jì)劃；

2023浙江1月卷一太陽能農(nóng)場(chǎng)；

2023新課標(biāo)II卷一保護(hù)城市野生生態(tài)；

2024新課標(biāo)II卷一人工智能安全發(fā)展；

科學(xué)技術(shù)類2022新課標(biāo)I卷一改善老年人孤獨(dú)項(xiàng)目；

2022新課標(biāo)II卷一軟件應(yīng)對(duì)司機(jī)分神；

一、命題趨向

說明文是用平實(shí)的語言客觀地解說事物、闡明事理，給人以知識(shí)的文體。題材涉及科技、社會(huì)和文化

生活等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：1、新聞報(bào)道類：總體——細(xì)節(jié)或過程說明。2、科普類：社會(huì)現(xiàn)象

或變化——細(xì)節(jié)（運(yùn)作原理或原因闡述）——社會(huì)效應(yīng)和相關(guān)啟示。3、研究調(diào)查類：引出話題——調(diào)查結(jié)果

——調(diào)查過程（方法、步驟、人員等）——對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的影響和未來的展望。4、說明呈現(xiàn)類：總體呈現(xiàn)——細(xì)節(jié)

描述（中心句一般在段首）一總結(jié)。

二、技巧點(diǎn)撥

1、關(guān)鍵是抓住說明對(duì)象的本質(zhì)特征。閱讀時(shí)也要注意說明的順序，說明的順序有時(shí)間順序（如事物的發(fā)展變

化）、空間順序（如建筑結(jié)構(gòu)）、邏輯順序（因果、現(xiàn)象與本質(zhì)）。

2、掌握說明文的說明方法：舉例子、作比較舉例子、作比較（對(duì)比說明相異、類比說明相似）、列數(shù)字、

作詮釋、下定義、作引用、打比方等。

3、把握文章的脈絡(luò)和長(zhǎng)難句的分析。

5年真題?分點(diǎn)精準(zhǔn)練

考點(diǎn)1文化教育類

2023新課標(biāo)II卷一紙質(zhì)書籍和閱讀

ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject——thebook,representedherein

almostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,

inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists5representationsofbooksand

reading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.

Inthis“bookofbooks,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebook

asafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed（描繪）aloneinmanysettingsandposes

一absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpainted

hundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.

Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect（才智），wealthorfaithof

thesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartin

theirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemasthe

rawmaterialforartworks-transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.

Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpage

outdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveas

anybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepages

parted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasingly

networkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechance

ofawhollyprivate,ttoff-line^^activity.

8.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?

A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.

C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.

9.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?

A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.

C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.

10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"relateto“inparagraph2mean?

A.Understand.B.Paint.

C.Seize.D.Transform.

11.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?

A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.

B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.

C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.

D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.

【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.A

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了印刷書籍和閱讀對(duì)人類的重要意義。

8.推理判斷題。通讀全文，再根據(jù)文章第一段“Read加gArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneveryday

object-thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.{Reading

Art:ArtforBookLovers這一活動(dòng)是為書籍這一日常物品辦的典禮，這里有來自世界各地博物館的近三百件

藝術(shù)品）''以及倒數(shù)第二段"Befbrethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbe

worksofartintheirownright.（在印刷機(jī)廣泛使用之前，書籍是珍貴的物品，它們本身就可以成為藝術(shù)品）”

可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇關(guān)于著作藝術(shù)的文章。故選B。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過文章第二段“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebook

asafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.（藝術(shù)品的選擇和排歹（J方式強(qiáng)調(diào)了不同時(shí)代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。

我們看到孩子們?cè)诩依锘驅(qū)W校學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的場(chǎng)景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點(diǎn)）”可知，選定的藝術(shù)品是關(guān)

于書籍和閱讀的。故選C。

10.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebook

asafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.（藝術(shù)品的選擇和排歹U方式強(qiáng)調(diào)了不同時(shí)代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。

我們看到孩子們?cè)诩依锘驅(qū)W校學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的場(chǎng)景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點(diǎn)）”以及“Thesescenesmay

havebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmoments（這些場(chǎng)景可能是數(shù)百年前繪制的，但它們記

錄了一些時(shí)刻）”可推知，此處指書籍是人類之間相互聯(lián)系和理解的紐帶，故與畫線短語“relateto”意思最相近

的為A項(xiàng)“理解、認(rèn)識(shí)到"。故選A。

11.推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“itremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader（它仍然像任何電池

供電的電子閱讀器一樣具有互動(dòng)性）”以及"printedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,44ofF-line^^

activity卸刷書籍仍然提供了完全私人的“離線”活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)）”可推知，本文作者提到電子閱讀器想表達(dá)的是

印刷書籍并沒有完全過時(shí)。故選A。

考點(diǎn)2社會(huì)生活類

1.2024浙江1月卷一棉花糖測(cè)試的背后；

TheStanfordmarshmallow（棉花糖）testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate

1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythe

child,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbe

givenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowed

aconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.

Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We'renottempted（誘惑）bysugarytreats,but

byourcomputers,phones,andtablets-allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarious

typesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.

Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdeveloped

aresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue-afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe've

reshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhave

thesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggleto

resisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn'teat.

Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswas

information-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhas

greatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded（轟炸）withnewinformation.

Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemore

thoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental"junkfood^^inorderto

manageourtimemosteffectively.

32.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischeFstest?

A.Takeanexaminationalone.

B.Showrespectfortheresearchers.

C.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.

D.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.

33.Accordingtoparagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween.

A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetites

B.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneeds

C.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrains

D.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit

34.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?

A.Absorbnewinformationreadily.

B.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.

C.Usediverseinformationsources.

D.Protecttheinformationenvironment.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.EatLess,ReadMore

B.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumans

C.TheLater,theBetter

D.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups

【答案】32.D33.C34.B35.D

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。在信息化時(shí)代我們作為成年人每天都在面對(duì)棉花糖測(cè)試，信息轟炸讓我們

攝入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章對(duì)此進(jìn)行了介紹。

32.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第四句"Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,they

wouldbegivenasecondtreat.（每個(gè)孩子都被告知，如果他們?cè)诔灾暗却?5分鐘，他們將得到第二次獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

可知，在米歇爾的測(cè)試中，孩子們需要在吃之前等待15分鐘才能得到第二次獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。故選D。

33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后——句"Butaswe，vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecost

andeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthis

mismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn'teat.（但

是，當(dāng)我們重塑了我們周圍的世界，大大減少了獲取卡路里的成本和努力時(shí)，我們的大腦仍然和幾千年前

一樣，這種不匹配是我們這么多人努力抵抗我們知道不應(yīng)該吃的誘人食物的核心原因。）”可知，根據(jù)第三段

可知，豐富的食物供應(yīng)和我們不曾改變的大腦之間存在不匹配。故選C。

34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句"Therefbre,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloric

consumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationof

thementalt4junkfbod^^inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.（因止匕，就像我們需要更仔細(xì)地考慮我們的熱

量消耗一樣，我們也需要更仔細(xì)地考慮我們的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的誘惑，以便最有效地管理我

們的時(shí)間。廣可知，作者建議讀者做有選擇性的信息消費(fèi)者。故選B。

35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We'renottempted

（誘惑）bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets-allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobal

deliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.（作為成年人，

我們每天都要面對(duì)棉花糖測(cè)試。誘惑我們的不是甜食，而是我們的電腦、手機(jī)和平板電腦——所有這些將

我們與全球信息傳遞系統(tǒng)連接起來的設(shè)備，它們對(duì)我們的作用就像棉花糖對(duì)學(xué)齡前兒童的作用一樣。）”可知，

文章主要是講在信息化時(shí)代我們作為成年人每天都在面對(duì)棉花糖測(cè)試，信息轟炸讓我們攝入了太多精神“垃

圾食品故選D。

2.2023新課標(biāo)I卷一極簡(jiǎn)生活方式

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatit

asksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideifsrightforyou.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigital

minimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasingly

intolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.

Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,

youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassive

benefitstothethingsyouvalue.

Inthefinalchapterofpartone,rilguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'll

drawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You,llhear

theseparticipants?storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyou

shouldavoid.

Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate（培養(yǎng)）asustainable

digitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude（獨(dú)處）andthe

necessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Each

chapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.

Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsfor

yourparticularcircumstances.

8.Whatisthebookaimedat?

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter“inparagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

10.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.

11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.

【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.A

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了數(shù)字極簡(jiǎn)主義生活方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，倡導(dǎo)簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字生活方

式。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includinga

detailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyou

decidersrightforyou.（這本書的目標(biāo)是為數(shù)字極簡(jiǎn)主義辯護(hù)，包括詳細(xì)探索它的要求和為什么有效，然后

如果你認(rèn)為它適合你，教你如何采用這種哲學(xué)）”可知，這本書的目的是倡導(dǎo)簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字生活方式。故選B。

9.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirty

days.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthat

youbelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.（這個(gè)過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離可選的在線活

動(dòng)。在30天結(jié)束的時(shí)候，你再加上一些你認(rèn)為會(huì)給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心挑選的在線活動(dòng)）”

可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對(duì)在線活動(dòng)進(jìn)行清理和挑選。故選A。

10.推理判斷題。通過文章第四段“Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I'llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourown

digitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperform

adigitaldeclutter.（在第一部分的最后一章中，我將指導(dǎo)您進(jìn)行自己的數(shù)字清理。在這樣做的過程中，我將借

鑒我在2018年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，在該實(shí)驗(yàn)中，1600多人同意進(jìn)行數(shù)字清理）”可推知，第一部分的最后一章

介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)與數(shù)字清理的實(shí)際例子。故選C。

11.推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuilda

minimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.（你可以將這些實(shí)踐視為一個(gè)工具箱，旨在幫助

你建立一種適合自己特定情況的極簡(jiǎn)主義生活方式）”可推知，作者建議讀者根據(jù)需要與實(shí)際情況使用第二部

分中提及的實(shí)踐。故選A。

3.2023新課標(biāo)I卷一群體智慧效應(yīng)

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascome

tobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds^^effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsome

cases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Some

peoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,

theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesame

errors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,the

accuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist（轉(zhuǎn)折）onthisclassicphenomenon.The

keyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohavea

discussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewas

significantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroup

membersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Did

theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.^^Somehow,

theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingare

enormous.

12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

13.Navajas9studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

15.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas9studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.D

【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在某些情況下大

量獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均值可能是相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的。

12.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrors

aren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughofthese

errorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilar

andtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,the

wisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecome

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.（這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即當(dāng)人們犯

錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，這些錯(cuò)誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會(huì)高估，或者低估。當(dāng)這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均

在一起時(shí)，它們會(huì)相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤，那么他們的錯(cuò)

誤不會(huì)相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。如果由于任何原因，人們

的錯(cuò)誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性就會(huì)下降。）”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯(cuò)誤不總是相同的，各不

相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會(huì)產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)，討論了獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均如何由于誤差的消除而

導(dǎo)致更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的"Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbe

independent.（從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。）”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingof

thestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,

theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.

Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymore

accuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.（這項(xiàng)研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當(dāng)人群被進(jìn)一步劃

分為允許進(jìn)行討論的小組時(shí)，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個(gè)體的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。例如，從四個(gè)五

人討論組的估計(jì)中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個(gè)獨(dú)立個(gè)體獲得的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。廠可知，人們?cè)跊]有獨(dú)立的

情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準(zhǔn)確的，說明即使在估計(jì)數(shù)字并非完全獨(dú)立的情況下，準(zhǔn)確率提高也

是可以做到的。故選D。

14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogeta

bettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemost

confidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在——項(xiàng)針對(duì)100名大

學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實(shí)際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對(duì)

自己的估計(jì)最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎？）”可知，在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖

更好地了解小組成員在討論中實(shí)際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個(gè)問題，因此可知后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)是小組內(nèi)的討論過

程。故選C。

15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestions

remain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.（盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研

究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對(duì)小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的。戶可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navajas

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對(duì)小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對(duì)于Navajas的

研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。

4.2022新課標(biāo)I卷一飲食影響語言發(fā)展

Theelderlyresidents（居民）incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeeling

lonely.

Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善組織）toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople's

wellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomes

havereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.

Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:"IusedtokeephenswhenIwas

youngerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.9,

“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthere

againatnighttoseethey'vegonetobed.^^

"It'sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidents

comeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I'menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomething

useful.9,

Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhas

beengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.

WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:

""Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefits

andfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.^^

LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:"Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwill

reallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.^^

28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?

A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.

B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.

C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.

D.Topromotetheelderlypeople'swelfare.

29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?

A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.

B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.

C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.

D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"embarkon^^meaninparagraph7?

A.Improve.B.Oppose.

C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Itiswellreceived.B.Itneedstobemorecreative.

C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.

【答案】28D29.B30.C31.A

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨(dú)，改善老年人的健康狀況的項(xiàng)目。

28.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善組織）toreduceloneliness

andimproveelderlypeople'swellbeing（該項(xiàng)目由當(dāng)?shù)匾患掖壬茩C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨在減少孤獨(dú)，改善老年人的健康

狀況）”可知，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的是為了提高老年人的幸福。故選D。

29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段”"It飛goodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenin

toseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I'menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeels

greattohavedonesomethinguseful."（有不同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)很好。人們把自己的孩子帶進(jìn)來看母雞，居民們也來外

面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)，做一些有用的事情的感覺很好）”可推知，RuthXavier通過該項(xiàng)目獲

得了一種成就感。故選B。

30.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.

Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.（居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想

法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣）”以及劃線處前的“oneofthefirst（第一批

人之一廣可知WendyWilson是著手這項(xiàng)工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項(xiàng)：“Begin（開始）”含義相近。故

選C。

31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.

Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.（居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想

法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣）”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorof

NottingHillPathways,said:t4Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidents

throughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”（"諾丁山路徑”的負(fù)責(zé)人林恩?劉易斯說:我們很高興能參與這

個(gè)項(xiàng)目。它將通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來）”可知，該項(xiàng)目的反響很好。故選

Ao

5.2022新課標(biāo)II卷一體育鍛煉有利于心臟

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksof

somesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,

five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalf

theworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f'

and"v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.Nowateamofresearchersledby

DamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（對(duì)齊），makingit

hardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjaws

changedtoanoverbitestructure（結(jié)構(gòu)），makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.

TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithic

period.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrow

tobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworld

languagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof'f'and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand

years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopular