《土木工程專業(yè)英語 第2版》 課件 Unit11 New Development Trend of Construction Industry；Unit12 Project Management and Administration

Unit11NewDevelopmentTrendofConstructionIndustryEnglishforCivilEngineering——Teacher：Prof.ZhengLu（SchoolofCivilEngineering,TONGJIUNIVERSITY）Unit11NewDevelopmentTrendofConstructionIndustry11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.1Background11.1.2Design11.1.3Construction11.1.4OperationandMaintenance11.1.5Conclusion11.2PrefabricatedBuilding11.2.1Introduction

11.2.2Modularization11.3GreenBuilding11.3.1Introduction11.3.2TheTrendofGreenBuildingsinChina11.3.3GreenBuildingAssessmentSysteminChina11.4ResilientUrbanandRuralAreas11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.1BackgroundNationalCybersecurityCenterforEducationandInnovationProject(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“NCC”)isamajorprojectapprovedbyGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingandsupportedbytheofficeoftheCentralCyberSecurityandInformatizationCommissiontopromotetheimplementationofChina’scybersecuritystrategy.Itisthefirstunique“CyberSecurityAcademy+InnovationIndustryValley”baseinChina.Thetotalconstructionareaoftheprojectis22000squaremeters.Themainstructureofthebuildingadoptssteelstructureandreinforcedconcreteframestructure,with2floorsabovegroundand1floorunderground,withatotalheightof17.55meters.Thetotalcostisabout500millionyuan.Aftercompletion,itwillprovideanimportantcommunicationplatformfortheNCCforbusinessinvitationnegotiations,conferenceservices,summitexhibitions,andplanningexhibitions,andbecomeanimportantlandmarkbuildinginthecityofcybersecurityindustry.背景11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystemThisprojectusesInternet+BIMtechnology.Bydigital,onlineandintelligentservicestotheconstructionpartyandgeneralcontractoroftheproject,itensuresthesmoothdevelopmentoftheprojectconstructionmodeandassiststheteamofexecutivearchitectstocarryoutrefinedprojectmanagement.TheBIMapplicationoftheprojectadoptedthe“114”strategy,thatis,withthehelpof“1”CITICIntelligentConstructionPlatform,a“1”setofengineeringprojectdatawithintelligentcomponentsasthecorewasestablishedtoservethedesign,procurement,construction,operationandmaintenance“4”Stages.ThroughthecombinationofBIMtechnologyandInternettechnology,thegoalof“designvisible,sitecontrollable,anddeliveryavailable”isachieved.digital數字化；procurement采購11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.2Design1.SchemeDesignInthedesignstageofthescheme,parameterizationandvisualizationmethodsareusedtooptimizethedesign.ThecurvedsurfacereticulatedshelladoptstheparametricmodelingmethodofRhino+Grasshoppertoperformfinemodelingunderthepremiseofsatisfyingthestructuralforceandarchitecturalmodeling.Atthesametime,weuseBIMtechnologyand3Dprintingtechnologytoassistdesignersinthedesignofthebuilding.UsingVRtechnologytosimulatetheinteriorappearanceofthebuilding,assistthedesignertograspthearchitecturalspaceandcarryoutrefineddesign.方案設計parameterization參數化；visualization可視化11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystemOnthesteelreticulatedshellrooftruss,afull-glassrooflightingcurtainwallisadopted.Theentireglasstopcurtainwallhasatotalof2804piecesofcurvedglass.Usingparametricmethods,thealgorithmforthesizeofthecurtainwallpanelsisdesignedsothatthesizeofeachpanelcanbecalculatedandadjustedbydata.Throughvisualmeans,viewpointverificationiscarriedout.Afteroptimization,theareaofhyperboloidglasswasreducedby1300squaremeters,saving2.45millionyuanininvestment.Intermsofbuildingperformanceanalysis,buildingperformanceanalysiswascarriedoutbasedonBIMdata.BIMdataisimportedintoPhoenics,Ecotect,PKPMandothersoftware,andindoorventilationsimulation,lightenvironmentsimulation,andacousticenvironmentsimulationarecarriedout.Basedonthesimulationresults,thedesignplanwasadjustedtoachievethethree-stargreenbuildingtarget.algorithm算法；hyperboloid雙曲面

；acoustic聲學的

11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem2.ConstructionDrawingDesignTheprojectteamusedRevitsoftwaretocompletetheBIMconstructiondrawingdesignofthearchitecture,structureandelectromechanicalprofessions,andcarriedoutthefinedecorationdesign,andsimultaneouslycarriedoutthepartialadjustmentoftheelectromechanicalprofessiontoensurethequalityoftherefineddesign.Atthesametime,virtualconstructionwascarriedoutthroughBIMtechnology,andpotentialproblemswerediscoveredandresolved,avoidingthedelayandcostincreasecausedbylaterconstructionchanges.施工圖設計electromechanical機電的11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystemInthecurtainwalldesign,duetothedesignofthecurvedmeshshell,thesizeandcurvatureofeachpieceofglassinthedaylightingcurtainwallareunique.Accordingtotheparameterizedalgorithmintheearlystage,thecurtainwallnodedesignisfurtherdeepened,andthedigitalmodelofallcurtainwallpanelsisformed.Inthelaterstage,thedigitalmodelisdirectlyconnectedtothecurtainwallproductionfactorytoassistinproductionandprocessingandprecisepositioning.Inthesteelstructuredesign,thesteelstructureisallexposedwithoutsecondarydecoration.Thespecial-shapedcurvedreticulatedshellmakesdifferentareasofthesamesteelmemberhavedifferentcross-sectionaldimensions.Therefore,thesteelstructureoftheprojectadoptstheprefabricatedmode,andthedesignerusestheparametrictechnologytocompletetheBIMmodelofthesteelcomponent,whicheffectivelyimprovestheconstructionaccuracyandefficiencyinthelaterconstruction.curtainwall幕墻

；node節(jié)點

；prefabricatedmode預制模型

；accuracy精度

11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystemIntheelectromechanicalpipelinedesign,theprojectteamusedRevitandNavisworksoftwaretointegratevariousprofessionaldatamodelstoformacollisiondetectionreport.Accordingtothereport,designerscarriedoutcomprehensiveoptimizationofpipelinesonimportantfloorsandareas.Itnotonlyoptimizestheaestheticsofthepipeline,butalsoimprovestheclearheightspace,andrealizeszerodisassemblyandmodificationofthepipelinedesign.Thewholedesignprocessrealizesmulti-disciplinecollaborativedesign.Firstly,designersrelyontheintelligentcomponentlibrarytocarryoutthedesignandusetheself-developedproblemreportrecordingsystemforverification.Secondly,thedesignteamcarriedoutafull-professionalcollaborativedesignbasedontheCITICIntelligentConstructionPlatform.Themodelisuploadedtotheplatform,andthedesignerintegratesvariousprofessionalmodels.Projectdrawings,modelsandrelatedcomponentinformationcanbeviewedonline.pipeline管道

；collision碰撞

；aesthetics美觀性

；disassembly拆卸

11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem3.DeliveryofStandardizedResultsTheBIMdeliverablesinthedesignphasearemainlydividedintotwoparts,namelythedrawingsandtheBIMdatabase.Asthetraditionaldeliverablesofthedesignresultsofthedesigninstitute,constructiondrawingsaredirectlygeneratedbythedesignBIMmodel.ThedrawingrateofeachmajorofthisprojectbasedonBIMmodelexceeds70%,including98%forconstruction,80%forstructure,and70%forelectromechanical.Atthesametime,withthehelpofBIMfeatures,alargenumberof3Ddrawingsarecompleted.提供標準化結果deliverable

交付成果

11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.3ConstructionDuringtheconstructionphase,theexecutivearchitectteamcontinuedtocooperatewiththeconstructionunittocarryoutBIM-basedconstructiondeepeningdesign,three-dimensionaldisclosure,Internetanddigitaltechnology,andassisttheEPCpartytocarryoutrefinedprojectmanagement.Accordingtotheconstructionplan,theBIMmodelisfurtherdeepenedthroughmodelsplitting,nodedeepening,structuraldetaildrawing,etc.,andtheconstructionorganizationandconstructiondetailsaresolvedtomeettheneedsoftheconstructionprocess.建設executivearchitectteam執(zhí)行建筑師團隊；three-dimensionaldisclosure立體交底11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.3ConstructionDuringtheconstructionphase,theexecutivearchitectteamcontinuedtocooperatewiththeconstructionunittocarryoutBIM-basedconstructiondeepeningdesign,three-dimensionaldisclosure,Internetanddigitaltechnology,andassisttheEPCpartytocarryoutrefinedprojectmanagement.Accordingtotheconstructionplan,theBIMmodelisfurtherdeepenedthroughmodelsplitting,nodedeepening,structuraldetaildrawing,etc.,andtheconstructionorganizationandconstructiondetailsaresolvedtomeettheneedsoftheconstructionprocess.建設executivearchitectteam執(zhí)行建筑師團隊；three-dimensionaldisclosure立體交底11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystemThesteelstructureroofadoptsprefabricatedassemblyconstructionmethods.ThestructuralBIMmodelwasimportedintoTeklaandMidas,themainnodeswereanalyzedandin-depthdesign,andtheconstructionphasecombinationwasaddedtoguidetheon-siteconstruction.Thecurtainwallundergoesanin-depthreviewbeforetheformalconstruction.ThedesignBIMmodelisimportedintothefiniteelementcalculationsoftware,andthestressanddeformationofthewallglassandroofglassarereviewed.Aimingatthedenseareasofon-sitepipelines,combinedwithconstructionandinstallationspaceandprocedures,aseconddeepeningofBIM-basedelectromechanicalpipelineswascarriedout.UsingRevitandrelatedpluginsforelectromechanicaldeepening,deepeningworksuchaspipelinesegmentation,optimizationofreservedholes,casingdesign,andcomprehensivesupportandhangerlayoutwerecompleted.Theclearheightanalysisreport,reservedholesandconstructiondrawingsofsupportsandhangerswereformedtoassistthecompletionoftheon-siteconstruction.installation安裝11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.4OperationandMaintenanceBasedonthedataassetsontheCITICIntelligentConstructionPlatform,combinedBIMtechnologywithBASandInternettechnologytobuildtheoperationandmaintenancemanagementsystemoftheexhibitioncenter,andbuildadigitaltwinmodelthatcombinesthephysicalmodeloftheexhibitioncenterwiththevirtualdigitalmodel.TheoperationandmaintenancemanagementsystemoftheexhibitioncenterwasconstructedbyDongfengDesignandResearchInstitutebasedontheself-developedDGPdigitalplatform.Onthepremiseofconsideringtheoperationandmaintenancerequirementsintheearlystageoftheproject,thedesignBIMmodelincludesdetailedelectromechanicalequipmentinformation,weakcurrentpointinformation,etc.ThedeepeningoftheBIMmodelduringtheconstructionphaseupdatestheagreementinformationofeachelectromechanicalequipmentandsensors.運營和維護sensors傳感器11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystemThroughtheapplicationmodeofBIM+BAS,thein-depthapplicationofvirtualvisualizationtechnologyinthefieldofbuildingautomationisformed.TheprojectusesInternettechnologiessuchascloudcomputingandtheInternetofThingstorealizedatainterconnection,connectdigitalmodelswithcontrolstrategies,andrealizereal-timeinteractionsbetweenmodelsanddata,dataandprocesses,processesandstrategies,andplatformsandusers.Throughvirtualrealityvisualization,thedatamonitoringandfacilitymaintenanceof12subsystemssuchasvideosurveillance,airconditioningandlighting,andparkingspacecontrolaredisplayedinrealtime.automationm自動化

；facility設備維護

；surveillance監(jiān)測；airconditioning空調11.1IntelligentConstructionandDigitalIndustrialSystem11.1.5ConclusionTheprojectexecutivearchitectteamusedInternet+BIMtechnicalservicestocarryoutrefinedmanagementofthewholeprocessoftheproject.Underthepremiseofmeetingtheneedsofoperationandmaintenance,withintelligentcomponentsasthecore,collaborativedesigniscarriedouttoadvanceproblems,reduceconstructionlosses,andshortentheconstructionperiod.TheCITICIntelligentConstructionPlatformisusedtocarryoutEPCprojectmanagementbasedonBIM,anddigitallyassistallpartiesinvolvedintheconstructionofthewholeprocessmanagement.Itcouldplayagoodroleinpromotingthedesignand

creativity-ledgeneralcontractingconstructionmodelandtheapplicationofBIMtechnologyinthewholelifecycleoftheprojectthroughoutthecountry.結論executivearchitectteam執(zhí)行建筑師團隊；premise前提11.2PrefabricatedBuilding11.2.1IntroductionAprefabricatedbuilding,bydefinition,iswhereanentirebuildingoranassemblyofitscomponentsismanufacturedatanoffsitefacilityandassembledonsitefromself-sustainedvolumetricmodulesorseparatepanels.Prefabricationhasexistedinconstructionformanydecadesinvariousformssuchasdrywallsystems,structuralinsulatedpanels(SIP),prestressedbeams,prefabricatedrooftrusses,prefabricatedreinforcementcages,etc.ModemMethodsofConstruction(MMC)withOffsiteManufacturing(OSM)havearisentointegratethesevarioustechnologiesintoamoreholisticandsystematicsolution,andmostmodernprefabmanufacturerswillcaterforvariousarchitecturaldesignswithprefabunits(modulesorpanels)ofcreativegeometriesandinnovativeconnectionsystems.預制建筑的定義assembly裝配；manufacture

制造

；offsite場外的；onsite場內的；volumetric

體積

；11.2PrefabricatedBuildingSuchprefabunitsaremassproducedinfactorieswithupskilledspecialistworkmanship,andattimeswithautomationandroboticsinanoffsitemanufacturingfacility,transformingthetraditionalsite-basedandlabour-intensiveapproachtoconstruction.Prefabbuildingunitshavebeenwidelyusedforresidential,commercialandpublicinfrastructure,post-disasterstructuresandmanyotherapplicationsaroundtheworld.ParticularlyinAustralia,theuseofmodularconstructioninpublicinfrastructureisahighlightinapplicationssuchasrailwaystations,schools,hospitals,policestations,childcarefacilities,etc.workmanship工藝；labour-intensive勞動密集型的

11.2PrefabricatedBuildingOffsite-manufacturedprefabricatedbuildingsystemsarebuiltinthreemaintypesofconstruction,aslistedbelow:1.Modular(volumetric)construction:manufacturingoffullyself-containedunitsinanoffsitefacilitytobetransportedtositetobeassembledtoformacompletestructure.2.Panelisedconstruction:manufacturingofflatpanelunitsinanoffsitefacilitytobetransportedtositetobeassembledtoformacompletestructure.3.Hybridprefabconstruction(semi-volumetric):combiningbothpanelisedandmodularmethods.Compactmodularunits(pods)areusedforthehighlyservicedandmorerepeatableareassuchaskitchensandbathrooms,withtheremainderofthebuildingconstructedusingpanelsormodules.modular模塊化；panel面板

11.2PrefabricatedBuilding11.2.2ModularizationOnceanarchitecturalconceptoradevelopeddesignreachesaprefabbuilder’soffice,thefirstdesignactivitythatoccursisthemodularizationofthegivenfloorplans.Forarectangularorasimilarlysimplesfloorplan,itcouldbeasstraightforwardasdividingupagivenplanintosegments,ofwhichthesizesrepresenttheviablemodularorpaneldimensions.However;everymodularizationactivityrequiresthebuildertoconsideranumberofkeyparameterspriortoarrivingathisviablemodularorpaneldimensionsandtheirarrangement.Someofthesekeyparametersarelistedbelow:預制建筑模塊化modularization模塊化；rectangular

矩形

；viable可行的

11.2PrefabricatedBuildingArchitecturalconstraints—Thearchitecturalspacearrangementswilldictatewherepossiblemodularsplitscanbedrawnforamodularorflatpackdesign.Similarly,thelocationsanddimensionsofarchitecturalfeaturessuchaswindows,openings,facades,etc.willdictatewherethepanelboundariescanbelocatedforapaneliseddesign.A‘TypeA’design,asdiscussedpreviously;willresultinafairlystraightforwardmodularizationprocess,sinceanarchitectwhohasexperienceinprefabdesignswillhavepreparedarchitecturalgeneralarrangements(GAs)toallowformoreefficientmodularorpanelsplits.關鍵因素constraint限制11.2PrefabricatedBuildingTransportationlimitations—Thecapabilityofthefleetoftrucksthataparticularprefabbuilderhasaccesstowilldictatethemaximumlengthofamoduleorpanel.While,forexample,inAustralia,themaximumallowablelengthfortransportationis30m(seeTable11-1),mosttruckscancarrymodulesandpanelsuptoabout16minlength.Thelanewidthsoftherelevantarterial

roadnetworkwillreflectupontheallowedmaximumwidthfortransportation.Thismaynotbeagreatconcernforpanels,sincetheyareusuallytransportedvertically.關鍵因素transportation運輸

；arterialroad公路干線

11.2PrefabricatedBuildingLiftingandhandlinglimitations—Prefabunitsneedtobedesignedtodimensionsandweightsthatarepracticallyfeasiblewhenitcomestoliftingandhandlingbothwithinthemanufacturingfacilityaswellasattheonsiteinstallation.Ifmodulesaretobeshipped,theliftingandhandlinglimitationsatportswillalsoapply.Dependingonthefleetofliftingvehiclessuchasmobilecranesthatareaccessibletotheprefabbuilder;andthesiteaccessconditionsoftheparticularprojectsite(whichdictatestheliftinganglesanddistances),theweightofeachmoduleandpanelwillneedtobelimited.Atleastapreliminaryunderstandingoftheliftingandhandlingstrategyofaparticularprojectneedstobedevelopedforanefficientmodularization.關鍵因素liftingvehicle起重車

；preliminary初步

11.2PrefabricatedBuildingOnsiteinstallation—Thesequenceofinstallationandlocationsandaccesstostructuralconnectionsareimportantparameterstobeconsideredwhendividingupastructureintomodulesorpanels.Oneofthemainintentionsofaprefabstructureistoreducethenecessityforskilledtradestobeonsite.Therefore,theonsiteinstallationneedstoreduceskilledactivitiessuchasweldingtoaminimum.Theconnectionsalsoneedtobesafelyandconvenientlyaccessible.Thearrangementofprefabunitsneedstobecarriedoutwiththeseinmind.關鍵因素intentions目的；welding焊接

11.3GreenBuilding11.3.1IntroductionGreenconstructionisanothertermforgreenbuilding.Itreferstoastructureaswellastheuseofenvironmentallyresponsibleandresource-efficientprocessesthroughoutthelifecycleofabuilding:fromplanningtodesign,construction,operation,maintenance,renovation,anddemolition.Atallstagesoftheproject,thecontractor,thearchitects,theengineers,andtheclientmustworktogetherclosely.Greenarchitectureexpandsandcomplementstraditionalbuildingdesignfactorssuchascost,utility,longevity,andcomfort.綠色建筑的定義renovation改造；demolition

拆遷

；utility效用11.3GreenBuildingAsustainableorhigh-performancebuildingisoftenknownasagreenbuilding.Fromsiteselectiontodesign,construction,operation,maintenance,renovation,anddeconstruction,greenbuildingisthedisciplineofdesigningbuildingsandemployingproceduresthatareecologicallyresponsibleandresource-efficient.Thetraditionalarchitecturaldesignobjectivesofeconomy,usability,durability,andcomfortareexpandedandsupplementedbythismethod.Greenbuildingsareintendedtolessenthebuiltenvironment’stotalimpactonhumanhealthandtheenvironmentby:1.Receivingthemostofenergy,water,andotherresources.2.Increasingstaffproductivitywhileprotectingoccupanthealth.3.Waste,pollution,andenvironmentaldeteriorationareallbeingreduced.sustainable可持續(xù)發(fā)展的；ecologically生態(tài)；usability

可用性

；deterioration惡化11.3GreenBuilding11.3.2TheTrendofGreenBuildingsinChinaComparedwithdevelopedcountries,thedevelopmentofgreenbuildingsinChinawasrelativelylate.In1986,“Energy-SavingDesignStandardsforCivilBuildings”waspublishedbyMOHURD(MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentofChina).Withthis,theconceptofenergyconservationwasformallyintroducedintheChineseAECindustry.In1996,the“NewUrbanBuildingEnergyEfficientStandardSystem”wasissued,whicheffectivelyimprovedthestandardizationofenergy-efficientmethodsinChina.In2003,TsinghuaUniversitydraftedthe“GreenBuildingAssessmentSystem”,and“greenbuilding”wasformallydevelopedasanindustryterminthisreport.Thiswasfollowedbytheestablishmentofthe“EvaluationStandardsforGreenBuilding”,markingthebeginningoftheofficialpromotionofgreenbuildingsinChina.中國綠色建筑發(fā)展趨勢

11.3GreenBuilding11.3.3GreenBuildingAssessmentSysteminChinaFromthegreenbuildingassessmentsystemsperspective,thereareapproximately70assessmentstandardsinChina.Themostpopularandessentialassessmentsystemisthe“EvaluationStandardforGreenBuildings(ESGB)”,whichwasdevelopedbytheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CCCPC).ThecertificationofESGBisnecessaryforgreenbuildingsinChina.InESGB,evaluationitemsarecategorizedasprerequisiteitemsandoptionalitems.Theprerequisiteitemsaretherequirementsthatmustbeachieved,andtheoptionalitemsareintheformofscoresthatareusedtocalculatethetotalscoreofthegreenproject.TheconceptofextracreditwasintroducedinESGB2019.Thismeasureencouragesthecontractortofurtherenhancetheproject’ssustainableperformancebasedonmeetingthebasicstandardsandadoptinginnovativetools(e.g.,BIM).中國綠色建筑評價體系

assessment評估；certification認證；prerequisite先決條件11.3GreenBuildingTherearesevenaspectsofgreenbuildingsthatareconsideredduringtheassessment:basicrequirements;safetyanddurability(8prerequisiteitemsand9optionalitems);healthandcomfort(9prerequisiteitemsand11optionalitems);occupantconvenience(6prerequisiteitemsand13optionalitems);materialconservationandrecyclablematerialsadoption(10prerequisiteitemsand18optionalitems);environmentlivability(7prerequisiteitemsand9optionalitems);promotionandinnovation(10extracredititems).七方面考慮occupant居民

；environmentlivability環(huán)境宜居性

11.4ResilientUrbanandRuralAreas“Localresiliencywithregardtodisastersmeansthatalocaleisabletowithstandanextremenaturaleventwithoutsufferingdevastatinglosses,damage,diminishedproductivity,orqualityoflifeandwithoutalargeamountofassistancefromoutsidethecommunity”.Aresilientcityisasustainablenetworkofphysicalsystemsandhumancommunities.Physicalsystemsaretheconstructedandnaturalenvironmentalcomponentsofthecity.Theyincludeitsbuiltroads,buildings,infrastructure,communications,andenergyfacilities,aswellasitswaterways,soils,topography,geology,andothernaturalsystems.Insum,thephysicalsystemsactasthebodyofthecity,itsbones,arteries,andmuscles.韌性城市resiliency韌性；topography

地形學

；geology地質學11.4ResilientUrbanandRuralAreasDuringadisaster,thephysicalsystemsmustbeabletosurviveandfunctionunderextremestresses.Ifenoughofthemsufferbreakdownsthatcannotberepaired,lossesescalateandrecoveryslows.Acitywithoutresilientphysicalsystemswillbeextremelyvulnerabletodisastersescalate逐步增強；vulnerable

易受傷害的

Unit12ProjectManagementandAdministrationEnglishforCivilEngineering——Teacher：Prof.ZhengLu（SchoolofCivilEngineering,TONGJIUNIVERSITY）Unit12ProjectManagementandAdministration

12.1TheNeedforProjectManagement12.2ProjectOrganization12.3TheProjectManager12.4TheProjectSuperintendent12.5FieldProductivity12.6ProjectAdministration12.7ProjectMeetings12.8ScheduleofOwnerPayments12.9ShopDrawings12.10ApprovaloftheShopDrawings12.11QualityControl12.12Expediting12.13Deliveries12.14Receiving12.1TheNeedforProjectManagement

Theessentialfocusofaconstructioncompanyisitsfieldprojects.Theseare,afterall,theheartandsoulofanysuchbusinessenterprise.Ifaprojectistomeetitsestablishedtimeschedule,costbudget,andqualityrequirements,closemanagementcontroloffieldoperationsisanecessity.Projectconditionsuchastechnicalcomplexity,importanceoftimelycompletion,resourcelimitations,andsubstantialcostsputgreatemphasisontheplanning,scheduling,andcontrolofconstructionoperations.Unfortunately,theconstructionprocess,onceitissetintomotion,isnotaself-regulatingmechanismandrequiresexpertguidanceifeventsareconformedtoplans.項目管理的必要性timeschedule施工進度；costbudget

成本預算；qualityrequirements質量要求；technicalcomplexity

技術復雜度；self-regulating

自我調節(jié)；12.1TheNeedforProjectManagement

Itmustberememberedthatprojectsareone-timeandlargelyuniqueeffortsoflimitedtimedurationwhichinvolveworkofanon-standardizedandvariablenature.Fieldconstructionworkcanbeprofoundlyaffectedbyeventsthataredifficult,ifnotpossible,toanticipate.Undersuchuncertainandshiftingconditions,fieldconstructioncostsandtimerequirementsareconstantlychangingandcanseriouslydeterioratewithlittleornoadvancewarning.Skilledandunremittingmanagementeffortisnotonlydesirable,butisabsolutelyimperativeforasatisfactoryresult.項目管理的必要性non-standardized非標準化的；profoundly深刻地；shifting不斷變化；deterioratewith惡化；unremitting

不間斷的；imperative必要的。12.2ProjectOrganization

Themanagementoffieldconstructioniscustomarilyrunonaprojectbasis,withaprojectmanagerbeingmaderesponsibleforallaspectsofthework.Project