北京高考英語真題及答案解析匯編：閱讀理解（2017-2021年）

閱讀理解

（2017年北京真題）

A

ItwasacoldMarchdayinHighPoint,NorthCarolina.ThegirlsontheWesleyanAcademy

softballteamwerewaitingfortheirnextturnsatbatduringpractice,stampingtheirfeettostaywarm.

Eighth-graderTaylorBisbeeshivered（發(fā)抖）alittleasshewatchedherteammateParisWhiteplay.

Thetwodidn'tknoweachotherwell-Taylorhadjustmovedtotownamonthorsobefore.

Suddenly,Parisfelltotheground.“Paris'seyesrolledback,“Taylorsays.“Shestartedshaking.I

knewitwasanemergency.99

Itcertainlywas.Parishadsufferedasuddenheartfailure.Withoutimmediatemedicalcare,Paris

woulddie.Atfirst,noonemoved.Thegirlswereinshock.Thenthesoftballcoachshoutedout,

“DoesanyoneknowCPR?”

CPRisalife-savingtechnique.TodoCPR,youpressonthesickperson'schestsothatblood

movesthroughthebodyandtakesoxygentoorgans.Withoutoxygen,thebrainisdamagedquickly.

Amazingly,TaylorhadjusttakenaCPRcoursethedaybefore.Still,shehesitated.Shedidn't

thinksheknewitwellenough.Butwhennooneelsecameforward,TaylorrantoParisandbegan

doingCPR."Itwasscary.Iknewitwasthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath,“saysTaylor.

Taylor9sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantoget

theschoolnurse,whobroughtadefibrillator,anelectronicdevice（器械）thatcanshocktheheart

backintowork.Luckstayedwiththem:Paris'sheartbeatreturned.

“IknowIwasreallylucky,“Parissaysnow."Mostpeopledon'tsurvivethis.Myteamsavedmy

life.”

ExpertssayParisisright:Forasuddenheartfailure,thesinglebestchanceforsurvivalishaving

someonenearbystepinanddoCPRquickly.

Today,Parisisbackonthesoftballteam.Taylorwillapplytocollegesoon.Shewantstobea

nurse."Ifeelmoreconfidentinmyactionsnow,“Taylorsays."IknowIcanactunderpressureina

scarysituation.99

56.WhathappenedtoParisonaMarchday?

A.Shecaughtabadcold.

B.Shehadasuddenheartproblem.

C.Shewasknockeddownbyaball.

D.Sheshiveredterriblyduringpractice.

57.WhydoesParissayshewaslucky?

A.Shemadeaworthyfriend.

B.Sherecoveredfromshock.

C.ShereceivedimmediateCPR.

D.Shecamebackonthesoftballteam.

58.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeTaylor?

A.Enthusiasticandkind.

B.Courageousandcalm.

C.Cooperativeandgenerous.

D.Ambitiousandprofessional.

B

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c

Measles（麻疹），whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearly

wipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine（疫苗）.Butthe

diseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformationthat

isspreadingquickly.Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,compared

with189foralloflastyear.

Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.When

vaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawhole,everyoneisprotected.This

iscalled"herdimmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan't

bevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthe

vaccinedoesn'twork.

Butherdimmunityworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefuse

vaccinationandseekafreeride,immunitybreaksdownandeveryoneisinevenbiggerdanger.

ThafsexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrange

County,California,where22measlescaseswerereportedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y,wherea

17-year-oldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.

Theresistancetovaccinehascontinuedfordecades,anditisdrivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.

Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherssuffer.

Makingthingsworsearestatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout（決定不參力口）ofwhatare

supposedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildrenenteringkindergarten.Seventeenstatesallow

parentstogetanexemption（豁免），sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobject

toavaccine.

Now,severalstatesaremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsforoptingout.Butno

onedoesenoughtolimitexemptions.

Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonlyforlimitedmedicalorreligiousreasons.Butpersonal

opinions?Notgoodenough.Everyoneenjoysthelife-savingbenefitsvaccinesprovide,butthey'll

existonlyaslongaseveryonesharesintherisks.

63.Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat.

A.asmallnumberofmeaslescasescanstartadangeroustrend

B.theoutbreakofmeaslesattractsthepublicattention

C.anti-vaccinemovementhasitsmedicalreasons

D.informationaboutmeaslesspreadsquickly

64.Herdimmunityworkswellwhen.

A.exemptionsareallowed

B.severalvaccinesareusedtogether

C.thewholeneighborhoodisinvolvedin

D.newregulationsareaddedtothestatelaws

65.Whatisthemainreasonforthecomebackofmeasles?

A.Theoveruseofvaccine.

B.Thelackofmedicalcare.

C.Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.

D.Thevaccineopt-outsofsomepeople.

66.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?

A.Tointroducetheideaofexemption.

B.Todiscussmethodstocuremeasles.

C.Tostresstheimportanceofvaccination.

D.Toappealforequalrightsinmedicaltreatment.

D

Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（牙B惡的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsis

justsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecome

extremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-known

mathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論），putitthisway:"If

weuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectively

interfere（干預），wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurpose

whichwereallydesire.”

Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithliving

things:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-bom,norisit

somethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachine

cannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstruction

offetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchor

evenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfacea

kindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectives

conflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.

Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsof

computerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,

usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.

Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecure

againstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.

SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.

Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Butthe

problemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethat

humansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams-yetthatisnotpossibleunless

machinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff'asifsuperintelligent

machinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwill

neverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,

“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”

However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced（中子誘導）

nuclearchainreaction.

67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay.

A.runoutofhumancontrol

B.satisfyhuman'srealdesires

C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots

D.workfasterthanamathematician

68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymight

beableto.

A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed

B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently

C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders

D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches

69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto.

A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter

B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings

C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed

D.avoidrobots9affectingtheworld

70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?

A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.

B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.

C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.

D.Itwillstayforadecade.

（2018年北京真題）

A

MyFirstMarathon（馬拉松）

Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfor

twoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.

Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorun

lapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn'tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas“notathletic".

TheideathatIwas“notathletic99stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,I

realizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.

Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!

Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn'tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeup

sweatingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.

Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces（鞋帶）becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.

NotthestartIwanted!

Atmile3,1passedasign:"GOFORIT,RUNNERS!"

Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain,I

stayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.

Bymile21,1wasstarving!

AsIapproachedmile23,1couldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenever

mindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.

Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesame

medalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.

Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels（世俗標簽），Ican

nowcallmyselfa“marathonwinner”.

15.Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor.

A.waswelltrained

B.feltscared

C.madeuphismindtorun

D.losthope

16.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?

A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.

B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.

C.Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.

D.Toshareapreciousmemory.

17.Howwastheauthor'sfirstmarathon?

A.Hemadeit.

B.Hequithalfway.

C.Hegotthefirstprize.

D.Hewalkedtotheend.

18.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?

A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.

B.Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.

C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.

B

FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation（航空）Center

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A.Toexperienceadventures.

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D.buildandfiremodelrockets

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C

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.

Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills（垃圾填埋場），andupto12milliontonspollutethe

oceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermayliein

thestomachsofsomehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcan

breakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsona

commercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedown

about92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms9chewingalonewasnot

responsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊狀物）

andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass一apparently

brokendownbyenzymes（酶）fromtheworms9stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrent

Biologyin2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheir

everydayfood-beeswax一alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic."Waxisacomplexmixture,

butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,"sheexplains.uThewax

wormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthe

study,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwith

previousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruyn

says,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselfor

byitsgutmicrobes（腸道微生物）？

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymeto

breakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrial

process-notsimply"millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”

22.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?

A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.

B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.

C.Theycanconsumeplastics.

D.Theywindupinlandfills.

23.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.confirmtheresearchfindings

D.increasethebreakdownspeed

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.

A.helptoraiseworms

B.helpmakeplasticbags

C.beusedtocleantheoceans

D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture

25.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.

B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.

C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.

D

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofsel^drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturisfsdream,yearsaway

frommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartment

ofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarson

publicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andfor

companiestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingtheway

here.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.Ifshardtopredict

whendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhas

thepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,depending

onhowthetransformationisregulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfully

so）,policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,

cutemissions（力F放）andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalof

driverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyand

moreshared.

Dowewanttocopy——orevenworsen-thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imaginea

futurewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneysto

andfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,

whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheempty

vehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickup

achildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewer

peopletotakepublictransport一anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundin

ride-hailing（叫車）services.

AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-powered

privatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissions

fromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure（基石出設施）andoperations

40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommercially

availabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecost

ofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（責任與維護問題）.But

driverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewith

thetechnology.

Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverless

vehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.

Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodevelop

transportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureis

coming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.

26.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan.

A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems

B.providebetterservicestocustomers

C.causedamagetoourenvironment

D.makesomepeoplelosejobs

27.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?

A.Safety.

B.Sideeffects.

C.Affordability.

D.Management.

28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded“inParagraph4probablymean?

A.Employed.

B.Replaced.

C.Shared.

D.Reduced.

29.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?

A.Doubtful.

B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.

D.Sympathetic.

（2019年北京真題）

A

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Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose,youcouldhelptoincreaseacommunity'saccesstosafe

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Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally,you'llalsolearnnewskills

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GDAensuresthatvolunteersworkwithcommunitymembersandlocalprojectpartnerswhere

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D.Tofosterculturalawareness.

32.TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein.

A.Egypt

B.Algeria

C.Kenya

D.SouthAfrica

33.ThesharedgoalofGDA'sprojectsisto.

A.explorenewcultures

B.protecttheenvironment

C.gaincorporatebenefits

D.helpcommunitiesinneed

B

AliceMooreisateenagerentrepreneur（倉U業(yè)者），whoinMay2015setupherbusiness

AilieCandy.Bythetimeshewas13,hercompanywasworthmillionsofdollarswiththeinventionof

asuper-sweettreatthatcouldsavekids9teeth,insteadofdestroyingthem.

ItallbeganwhenMoorevisitedabankwithherdad.Ontheouting,shewasofferedacandybar.

However,herdadremindedherthatsugarytreatswerebadforherteeth.ButMoorewassickof

missingoutoncandies.Soshedesiredtogetroundthewarning,"Whycan'tImakeahealthycandy

thafsgoodformyteethsothatmyparentscan'tsaynotoit?”Withthatinmind,Mooreaskedher

dadifshecouldstartherowncandycompany.Herecommendedthatshedosomeresearchandtalk

todentistsaboutwhatahealthiercandywouldcontain.

Withherdad'spermission,shespentthenexttwoyearsresearchingonlineandconductingtrials

togetarecipethatwasbothtastyandtooth-friendly.Shealsoapproacheddentiststolearnmore

aboutteethcleaning.Consequently,shesucceededinmakingakindofcandyonlyusingnatural

sweeteners,whichcanreduceoralbacteria.

Moorethenusedhersavingstogetherbusinessofftheground.Afterwards,sheandherfather

securedtheirfirstbusinessmeetingwithasupermarketowner,whofinallyagreedtosellMoore's

product-CanCandy.

AsCanCandy'ssuccessgrows,sodoesMoore9scredibilityasayoungentrepreneur.Mooreis

enthusiasticaboutthecandyshecreated,andshe'salsopositiveaboutwhatthefuturemightbring.

Shehopesthateverykidcanhaveacleanmouthandabroadsmile.

Meanwhile,withherparents9help,Mooreisgenerallyabletoliveanormalteenagelife.

Althoughshefoundedhercompanyearlyoninlife,shewasn'tdrivenprimarilybyprofit.