納米比亞的可再生能源機(jī)會(huì)（英）

RenewableEnergyOpportunities

forNamibia

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RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaAbstract

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Abstract

Namibia'sabundantworld-classwindandsolarresourcespresentsignificantopportunitiesforthecountry.Backedbyrobustpoliciestohelpharnesstheseresources,renewableenergycouldplayacentralroleinadvancingNamibia’svisionforsustainabledevelopmentandeconomicgrowth–drivinglocalvaluecreationandindustrialisation.

Renewablescanreducethecountry’srelianceonexpensiveelectricityimports,improveenergysecurity,andlowercostsforconsumers,therebyfosteringamoreresilientandsustainablepowersector.RenewablescanalsohelpNamibiaachieveuniversalelectricityaccess,particularlyinremoteareasthroughoff-gridsolutions.

Theminingindustry,whichplaysacentralroleinthecountry’seconomy,canalsobenefitfromrenewables.Byreducingenergycostsandloweringemissions,theycanimproveminingoperationsandenhancetheglobalcompetitivenessof

Namibianmineralproducts,asdemandforsustainablysourcedmineralsissettogrow.

Thankstohigh-qualityrenewableresources,combinedwithampleavailablelandforlarge-scaleprojectdevelopment,Namibiaiswell-positionedtoproducerenewablehydrogenanditsderivativesanddevelopanewindustry.Theseprojectscanhelpattractinvestmentthankstotheirlargesizeandforeignofftake.Careshouldbetakentoensurethatlarge-scaleprojectssupport–ratherthancompetewith–keyprioritiesofthecountry.Ifdesignedandmanagedwell,theycanoffermultipleleversforsustainabledevelopment.

ThisnewIEAreport–thefirstfocusingonNamibia–explorestheseopportunitiesandhowtheycansupportthecountry’sdevelopmentvisionbyintegratingsocio-economicconsiderationstoachievebroaderdevelopmentgoals.

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaAcknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

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Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

ThisstudywaspreparedbytheRenewableEnergyDivision(RED)andtheDivisionforEurope,MiddleEast,AfricaandLatinAmerica(EMAL)oftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).ThestudywasdesignedanddirectedbyPaoloFrankl,HeadofREDandbyRitaMadeira,AfricaProgrammeManager–WestandSouthernAfrica.TheanalysisandproductionofthereportwereledandcoordinatedbyIlkkaHannula,SeniorAnalyst.TheworkbenefittedfromstrategicguidancefromAliAl-Saffar,HeadofEMAL.

MainIEAcontributorswere(inalphabeticalorder)YasminaAbdelilah,ElisaAsmelash,TrevorCriswell,GaiaGuadagnini,ClaireLesieur,MartinaLyons,RitaMadeira,YoungsunOm.ThereportalsobenefittedfromtheinputofZuzanaDobrotkova,asanexternalconsultant.SupportoftheIEAEnergyDataCentre,inparticularRiccardoInverni,wasfundamentaltothereport.OtherIEAcolleagueswhocontributedtothisworkinclude(inalphabeticalorder):AliAl-Saffar,NouhounDiarra,DarlainEdeme,FrancescoPavan,BeatrizPilotoandAmaliaPizzaro.

ThefollowingIEAcolleaguesreviewedthereportand/orprovidedfeedback(inalphabeticalorder):NadimAbillama,JoseMiguelBermudezMenendez,HeribBlanco,JoelCouse,CaroleEtienne,JavierJorquera,Pablo-HeviaKoch,MartinKueppers,ChristopheMcGlade,JacobMessing,UweRemme,GianlucaTonolo.

TheIEAwouldliketothanktheMinistryofMinesandEnergyofNamibia,theNamibiaGreenHydrogenProgrammeandtheNamibiaInvestmentandPromotionDevelopmentBoard(NIPDB)forthesupportandconsultationsthroughoutthepreparationofthework.

ThisstudybenefittedgreatlyfromdiscussionswithexpertsonkeytopicsinNamibia:VentonMalango(NamibiaChambersofMines),JohnRoos(B2Gold),SiegfriedHuegemann(AfricanHydrogenPartnership),JonathanMetcalfe(Enertrag),ShantaBarley,BrownynGrieveandEdwardKalajzic(Fortescue),SebastianSahla,FatmaNyamburaandGilbertMakore(ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiative(EITI)),CarstenMosch,EmmericAngermundandDanielCastelyn(LodestoneNamibia).

TheIEAwouldalsoliketothankthefollowingseniorgovernmentofficialsandexpertswhoreviewedandprovidedfeedbackonthereport:

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaAcknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

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Countries:Belgium(SamWanwijnsberghe,FederalMinistryoftheEconomy),Germany(SophieFrossard,DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)),Japan(MasudaKazuo,JapanOrganizationforMetalsandEnergySecurity(JOGMEC)),Namibia(AbrahamHangula,MinistryofEnergyandMines;JamesMnyupe,NamibiaGreenHydrogenProgramme,OfficeofPresidentofNamibia;HafeniMotsi,NamibiaInvestmentPromotionandDevelopmentBoard),Netherlands(AntonWuis,MinistryofForeignAffairs),SouthAfrica(MarilizeNel,DesireeOttoandDzunaniMakgopa,IPPOffice).

Organisations:CédricPhilibert(InstitutFran?aisdesRelationsInternationales),DanielFrank(ChemischeTechnikundBiotechnologie(DECHEMA)),DavidLecoque(AllianceforRuralElectrification),DolfGielen(WorldBank),JeromeNamaseb(DauresGreenHydrogenVillage),KarlaBarronCervantes(ClimateCompatibleGrowth,UniversityofCambridge),LaurentAntoni(InternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuelCellsintheEconomy(IPHE)),LaurentRoche(TotalEnergies),MarcoRaffinettiandToniBeukes(HyphenHydrogenEnergy),MandyRos(PortofRotterdam),NabeelMancheri(formerRareEarthIndustryAssociation),NicolasLecomteandPierreLaboué(FranceHydrogène),SebastianSahla(ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiative(EITI)),ThierryLepercq(SoladventandFondse5t).

ThanksalsototheIEACommunicationsandDigitalOffice(CDO)fortheirhelpinproducingthepublication,especiallytoAstridDumond,MerveErdil,LivGaunt,GraceGordon,JuliaHorowitz,JethroMullenandClaraVallois.WethankNicolaClarkforthecopyeditingofthemanuscript.

ThestudybenefittedfromtheoutcomesofthediscussionsattheIEAMinisterialHigh-LevelDialogueonRenewableEnergyforSustainableEconomicDevelopmentinAfrica:TurningaVisionintoReality,heldinFebruary2024.

ThisworkwassupportedbytheCleanEnergyTransitionsProgramme,theIEA’sflagshipinitiativetotransformtheworld’senergysystemtoachieveasecureandsustainablefutureforall.

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaTableofcontents

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Tableofcontents

Executivesummary 7

Chapter1.Namibia’svision:Renewablesforacceleratedstructuraldevelopment 10

Context 10

Namibia’suntappedrenewableenergypotential 11

PolicydriversofNamibia’svision 12

Chapter2.OverviewofNamibia’senergysystem 18

Energysupplyanddemand 18

CO2emissionsfromtheenergysector 21

Namibia’spowersector 21

Chapter3.Opportunitiesforrenewablesinmining 31

Miningsector 31

Energyuseoftheminingsector 33

Fromrawmaterialstovalue-addedcommodities 36

Fourdriversfortheuptakeofrenewablesinminingandprocessing 38

Useofrenewablesinminingandprocessing 39

Electrificationofminingoperations 43

Chapter4.Opportunitiesforrenewablehydrogen 46

Renewables-basedhydrogenandammoniaprojects 46

Preparingforammoniaexports 49

Opportunitiesfordomesticfertiliserproduction 53

Waterneedsforelectrolytichydrogen 55

Chapter5.Socio-economicbenefitsthroughrenewableenergy 59

Incorporatingsocio-economicfactorsintorenewableenergyprojectdesign 59

Socio-economicelementsofemergingrenewablehydrogenprojects 65

Examplesofsocio-economicbenefitsintheminingsector 67

Keyenablers 69

Annex 71

Explanatorynotes 71

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaExecutivesummary

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Executivesummary

Namibia’svastrenewableenergypotentialholdssignificantopportunitiesforsocio-economicdevelopment.LocatedontheSouthwestAtlanticcoastofAfrica,withasmallpopulationof3millionpeople,thecountryisendowedwithworld-classsolarandwindresources.Solarphotovoltaic(PV)systemsinNamibiacangeneratetwiceasmuchelectricityascomparablesystemsincentralEurope.Meanwhileaveragewindspeedsinitssouthernandcoastalregionsexceed7m/sandcapacityfactorscanreach50%.Backedbyrobustpoliciestohelpharnesstheseresources,renewableenergycouldplayacentralroleinadvancingNamibia’svisionforsustainabledevelopmentandeconomicgrowth–drivinglocalvaluecreationandindustrialisation.

Renewablescanlowercosts,reduceimportdependencyandincreaseenergysecurityforNamibia’selectricitysector.Namibiaishighlydependentonimportstomeetitselectricityneeds,withtheshareofimportedelectricitystandingat60%-70%.Meanwhile,Namibia’sspendingonpurchasedpowerjumpedtoUSD5billionin2023,upfromUSD4billionin2019,duetotherisingcostofimportedelectricity.Asaresult,NamibiacurrentlyhasthehighestelectricitypricesinSouthernAfrica.Toincreaseelectricitysecurityanddecreasecoststotheconsumer,thegovernmenthassetatargettogenerate80%ofitselectricitydomesticallyby2028.Currentplansincludedeploying170MWofnewrenewablecapacity,whichwouldaccountformorethanathirdofthatgoal.Giventhecompetitivepricesthatthegovernmenthasbeenabletosecurethroughpublictenders,renewablesarepoisedtobecomeacost-effectivenewsourceofdomesticpower.

ThedeploymentofrenewablescanhelpNamibiareachitsgoalofprovidinguniversalelectricityaccessby2040.Despitesignificantprogressoverthepasttwodecades,nearly45%ofNamibiansstilllackaccesstoelectricity.Mostpeoplewithoutpowerliveinsparselypopulatedruralareasacrossthecountry.Off-gridrenewablesarethereforeparticularlycompellingasanaccesssolution.Closingthegapwilldependonsustainedgovernmentefforts,supportfromdevelopmentpartnersandactiveparticipationfromtheprivatesector.

IntegratingrenewableenergyintotheminingsectorcanenhancethecompetitivenessofNamibianproductsinglobalmarkets,whilereducingemissions.MiningisNamibia’slargestindustrialsector(14%ofGDP)andconsumes21%ofthecountry’selectricity.AsNamibiadevelopsitsdownstreamindustrytocaptureagreatershareofthemineralvaluechain,electricitydemandwillcontinuetoincrease.RecentauctionpricesforsolarPVandwindinNamibiawerenearly80%and65%lower,respectively,thantheretailpriceofUSD135/MWhthatminespay

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todayforelectricity.Thisisastrongindicatorofthepotentialthatrenewablesrepresentforloweringcosts,reducingemissionsandenhancingthecompetitivenessoftheminingindustry,includinginmarketsthatseekformoresustainableproducts.TherearecurrentlyseveralrenewablesprojectsunderdevelopmentinNamibia–totalling40MWofcapacity–thatareassociatedwithmining.

Electrifyingmobileminingequipmentcanloweroverallcosts,enhanceefficiencyandprovideenvironmentalandhealthbenefitsforminersandlocalcommunities.Althoughmostminesareconnectedtotheelectricitygrid,mobileminingequipmentsuchashaultrucks,excavatorsandloadersrelyonfossilfuelsfortheiroperation.Theelectrificationofthesetools–eitherwithlargebatteriesorthroughhigh-voltagetrailingcables–isprogressingrapidlyaroundtheworld,withNamibia’suraniummineemergingasoneoftheworld’spioneers.Despitehigherupfrontinvestmentneeds,overallcostsavingscanbesignificantoverthelifeofamine,especiallywhenaccountingforthelowcostofrenewableelectricity.

High-qualityrenewableresources,combinedwithampleavailablelandforlarge-scaleprojectdevelopmentcanfacilitatecompetitiveproductionofrenewablehydrogen.RecognisingNamibia’srenewablespotential,thecountryhassetambitiousrenewablehydrogenproductiontargetsof1-2Mtperyearby2030,risingto5-7Mtperyearby2040.Currently,however,Namibialacksadomesticmarketforhydrogen–meaningthatallproductionwouldinitiallyneedtobeexported.Deliverytointernationalmarketswouldrequireshippinghydrogenintheformofammonia,whichwouldnecessitatelarge-scaleinvestmentsinportinfrastructureanddevelopmentofammoniahandlingexpertise.Moreover,neighbouringcountriescouldbesuppliedwithneworrepurposeddedicatedhydrogenpipelines.Thecountryhasalreadyestablishedstrategicpartnershipswithprospectiveexportmarketstoenabletechnologytransfer,secureofftakeagreementsandattracttheinvestmentflowsneededtounlockthispotential.

Mitigatingtherisksassociatedwithlarge-scaleprojectsandloweringfinancingcostsareessentialforcompetitiveammoniaproduction.Thecostofcapital–ameasureofhowinvestorsandfinancierspricetherisksassociatedwithaninvestmentprojectinaparticularcountry–canbeuptotwotothreetimeshigherinemergingmarketsanddevelopingcountriesthaninadvancedeconomies,makingitmuchhardertofinancenewprojects.Thisisespeciallyrelevantforrenewablehydrogenandammoniaplants,whichrequireasignificantportionofupfrontinvestmentrelativetothetotalprojectcosts.Effortstolowerthecostofcapitalarenotonlycrucialforattractinginvestorsbutalsofortheoverallcompetitivenessofaproject.Forexample,reductioninthecostofcapitalfrom15%to5%wouldslashthelevelisedcostofammoniaproductioninNamibiafromnearlyUSD1400/tonnetodaytoUSD740/tonne.Anticipatedreductionsinthecostofelectrolysersandrenewableelectricitycouldlowerthelevelisedcostofammoniastillfurther,toaroundUSD560/tonneby2030.

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Renewablehydrogenproductionrequiressignificantamountsofpurifiedwater,whichcanbecost-effectivelyobtainedthroughseawaterdesalinationpoweredbyrenewables.ToachieveNamibia’shydrogenproductiongoals,thecountrywouldneedbetween10-20millioncubicmetres(Mm3)ofpurifiedwaterperyearby2030.Waterdemandwouldcontinuetoincreaseinlinewithrisinghydrogenproductionsothat,by2050,demandwouldexceedcurrentmunicipalwaterneeds.Suchwaterrequirementscanbecost-effectivelysuppliedforhydrogenproductionusingseawaterdesalinationpoweredbyrenewableenergy–whichwouldensurethatathrivinghydrogenindustrydoesnotjeopardisewatersecurityandthatotherassociatedenvironmentalimpactsareminimised.Thecostofdesalinatedwaterhasamarginalimpactonthelevelisedcostofhydrogen,beingintherangeof2%-5%dependingoncostofhydrogenandcoolingmethod.

Allstakeholdersmusttakecloseandcoordinatedactiontoensurethatlargerenewableinvestmentprojectsprovidetangiblesocio-economicbenefitsandsupportbroaderdevelopmentgoals.Incorporatingsocio-economicconsiderationsinrenewableprojectdesigncansupportjobcreationandskillsdevelopment,leadtodirectinvestmentsbenefittingcommunitiesandattractfiscalrevenuesthatcanbedeployedforinfrastructuredevelopmentandpublicservices.ItisimportanttodrawfromsuccessfulexperiencesandtailoractionstotheNamibiancontexttoensurethattheseexpectationsaremetinpractice.

Careshouldbetakentoensurethatlarge-scaleprojectssupport–ratherthancompetewith–keypriorities.Itiscriticaltodesignandcalibratepoliciesthatensureexport-orientedindustrieslikeminingandrenewablehydrogenaredevelopedinawaythatcomplementsnationalelectrificationandwaterneeds.Thescaleoftheseprojectsoffersopportunitiesforleveragetowardslocaleconomicdevelopment,includingbyde-riskinginvestmentandloweringcostsofauxiliaryenergysectors,suchasdistributedrenewables.Thiscouldincludeinitiativestobuildskilledworkforceandaggregatedemandforthepurposeofprocurement,loweringcostsforoff-griddevelopers.

Namibiahastheopportunitytoleverageitsrenewableenergypotentialasafoundationforbroadersocio-economicdevelopmentandindustrialisation.Bylinkingthecountry’sworld-leadingrenewableresources,vastareasofopenlandandstrongandstabledemocraticinstitutions,Namibiaispositioningitselfattheforefrontofcatalyticchange.Aholisticapproachthatintegratesrenewableenergy,industrialisationanddevelopmenttargets–informedbybestpracticesinpolicyandgovernance–providesasolidfoundationforadvancingsocio-economicprogress.Establishingstronggovernanceandfiscalframeworkstomanagerevenueinflowsisequallycritical,asitenhancestransparencyandaccountability.Thiscanenablethegovernmenttousethesefundstomitigaterisksforprojectsthatcannotsolelyrelyoncommercialcapital,suchasoff-gridaccess.

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaChapter1.Namibia’svision:Renewablesfor

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Chapter1.Namibia’svision:Renewablesforacceleratedstructuraldevelopment

Context

Namibia’ssubstantiallandareaincludesa1572-kilometrecoastlinestretchingalongtheSouthAtlanticOcean.ItisborderedtothenorthbyAngolaandZambia,byBotswanatotheeastandtothesouthbySouthAfrica.Namibiaranksamongthedriestcountriesinsub-SaharanAfrica,dominatedbytheNamibDesertalongitswesterncoastandtheKalahariDesertinthesoutheast.

Namibiahasasmallpopulationofabout3millionpeople(2023),mostlyconcentratedinthenorth.Ruralcommunitiesrepresenthalfofthepopulation.ThemidlandsregionofKhomas,whichincludesthecapitalWindhoek,ishometomorethan15%ofthecountry’sinhabitants,followedbythenorthernregionsofOhangwena,Omusati,andOshikoto.

Sincegainingindependencethreedecadesago,NamibiahasemergedasoneofthemoststableandpeacefulnationsinAfrica,achievingthestatusofanupper-middle-incomecountry.In2023,thecountry’sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)increasedbymorethan3%,totallingUSD12.3billion,spearheadedbyarecoveryintheminingsectorthathasbroughttheeconomybacktopre-pandemiclevels.RecoveryofothersectorsthatweremoredirectlyimpactedbytheCovid-19crisis,suchastourism,hasbeenslower.

Namibiaisrichinmineralresources–notablydiamondsanduranium,butalsocopper,zinc,lithiumandrareearthelements.Theminingsectorrepresents10%ofGDPandthecountryreliesheavilyoninternationaltrade,exportingalmostallitsprimaryresources,oftenintheirrawandunprocessedform.ItisalsohighlydependentonSouthAfrica,fromwhereitsources45%ofitsimports.Importdependencyaffectsnearlyallconsumergoodsandasignificantshareoftotalfinalenergyconsumption.Althoughthecountryhasnotexperiencedlarge-scalepowershortages,itreliesheavilyonimportedelectricityfromSouthAfrica,ZambiaandZimbabwe.

RelianceoninternationaltradeandvulnerabilitytofluctuationsincommoditypriceshaveinfluencedNamibia’smacroeconomicoutlook.PrudentgovernmentspendingpolicieshaveenabledNamibiatosharplyreduceitsfiscaldeficitfromalmost9%ofGDPin2021/22tojustover5%in2022/23.However,publicdebt

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaChapter1.Namibia’svision:Renewablesfor

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hascontinuedtorise,reachingcloseto70%ofGDPin2023.AccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),interestpaymentsonthatdebtrepresented4.5%ofGDPthatsameyear.

Despiteitsupper-middle-incomestatus,Namibiacontinuestorankamongthemostunequalcountriesglobally.Socio-economicinequality–alegacyoftheapartheidsystemduringSouthAfricanrule–remainssignificantandwasexacerbatedbytheCovid-19pandemic.Vastregionaldisparitiespersist:largepartsofthepopulationstilllackaccesstoeconomicopportunitiesandbasicservices.In2023,only56%ofNamibianshadaccesstoelectricitywhile48%hadaccesstocleancookingsolutions.(Bothfiguresarestillhigherthanthesub-SaharanAfricanaveragesof49%and19%,respectively,excludingSouthAfrica).Meanwhile,mostcommunities–about99%ofurbanhouseholdsand87%oftheruralpopulation–dohaveaccesstopotablewater.Althoughpovertyhasdeclinedrapidlysincethe1990s,itremainshighforNamibia’slevelofeconomicdevelopment.

Unemploymentisbothafactorandacontributortoinequalityandremainsamajorconcern.In2023,theunemploymentratestoodcloseto20%,accordingtotheWorldBank.Accuratefiguresarehardtocomeby,though,aslargesegmentsoftheworkforceoperateoutsidetheformaleconomyanddependonopportunitiesintheinformalsector,whicharenotcapturedinofficialstatistics.UnemploymentisespeciallypronouncedamongNamibia’syouth(definedasthoseaged15to34).ThemostrecentLabourForceSurveyfrom2018reportedayouthunemploymentrateof46%.Thisisagrowingconcern,particularlyasyouthnowaccountfor71%ofNamibia’spopulation,accordingtothepreliminaryresultsofthe2023census.

Namibia’suntappedrenewableenergypotential

Namibia’sclimateispredominantlyhotanddry,withirregularrainfall:92%ofitslandisdefinedaseitherveryarid,aridorsemi-arid.Thesecharacteristics,whileadverselyaffectinglivingconditionsinsomeareas,alsoplaceNamibiaamongthecountrieswiththebestsolarandwindresourcesintheworld.

Namibiareceivesapproximately10hoursofsunlightperdaythroughouttheyear,andanaverageannualsolarirradiationof2700kWh/m2.Solarphotovoltaic(PV)systemsinNamibiacangeneratedoubletheannualelectricityofcomparablesystemsinGermany.Furthermore,limitedseasonalvariabilitymakesitpossibleforNamibiatoachieveover75%ofitsmaximumsolaroutputduringitslowestsolarproductionmonths,incontrasttomanycountriesinEuropeandelsewhere.Thecountryalsohappenstobeoneoftheworld’swindiestplaces,withpotentialconcentratedinthesoutherncoastaroundLüderitz,aswellasalongtheborder

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaChapter1.Namibia’svision:Renewablesfor

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withAngola(Figure1.1).Intheseareas,averagewindspeedsexceed7metrespersecondandcapacityfactorsreach50%.Withavastterritoryandextremelylowpopulationdensity–roughlythreepeoplepersquarekilometre–Namibiaalsooffersvastpotentialforthedevelopmentoflarge-scalerenewableenergyprojects.

Figure1.1Windpowerdensity(left)andtotalyearlysolarhorizontalirradiation(right)

inNamibia

Source:IEA,basedondatafromGlobalWindAtlasandGlobalSolarAtlas.

PolicydriversofNamibia’svision

Namibiahasdevelopedaseriesofpolicydocumentstoguideitsvisionforsustainabledevelopment,anchoredbyitsseminalinitiative,NamibiaVision2030.Thisprogrammechartsapathwaytodevelopmentthat“meetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutlimitingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.”O(jiān)verthepasttwodecades,Namibianpolicymakershavefocusedonbalancingsocio-economicprogressandindustrialisationwithsustainabledevelopment.Theirpoliciessetlong-termgoalsalongsideshort-andmedium-termtargets,withtheaimofenhancingthewellbeingofallNamibians.

Vision2030

Publishedin2004bytheOfficeofNamibia’sfirstPresident,SamNujoma,NamibiaVision2030(Vision2030)wasthecountry’sfirstpolicydocumenttosetoutlong-termgoalsandobjectives,aiming“toimprovethequalityoflifeofthepeopleofNamibiatotheleveloftheircounterpartsinthedevelopedworldby2030.”

Intendedasaframeworkorroadmapforachievingasetoflong-termgoalsovera30-yeartimeframe,Vision2030articulatestheobjectiveof“aprosperousandindustrialisedNamibia,developedbyherhumanresources,enjoyingpeace,

RenewableEnergyOpportunitiesforNamibiaChapter1.Namibia’svision:Renewablesfor

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harmonyandpoliticalstability.”Thislong-termgoaltheref