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新概念第四冊Lesson37Theprocessofageing單詞精講likelihoodn.可能性【釋義】名詞,可能性,指某事發(fā)生的概率或趨勢。例如:Thereisahighlikelihoodofraintomorrow.(明天很有可能下雨。)【詞源】由likely(可能的)加上-hood(表示狀態(tài)或性質的名詞后綴)組成?!径陶Z】inalllikelihood(十有八九、極有可能);likelihoodofsuccess(成功的可能性)。【例句】Thelikelihoodofwinningthelotteryisverylow.(中彩票的可能性非常低。)infant【釋義】名詞,嬰兒,指幼兒階段的孩子。例如:Theinfantissleepingsoundly.(嬰兒正在熟睡。)【詞源】源自拉丁語“infans”,其中“in-”表示“不”,“fans”表示“說話”,字面意思為“不會說話的(人)”,即嬰兒?!径陶Z】infantmortality(嬰兒死亡率);infantformula(嬰兒配方奶粉)?!纠洹縄nfantcarerequiresagreatdealofpatience.(嬰兒護理需要很大的耐心。)vulnerable【釋義】形容詞,脆弱的、易受傷害的,強調(diào)容易受到攻擊、損害或影響。例如:Theoldandthesickaremorevulnerabletothecold.(老人和病人更容易受寒。)【詞源】源自拉丁語“vulnerabilis”,來自“vulnus”(傷口)?!径陶Z】vulnerablegroups(弱勢群體);bevulnerableto(易受……的傷害)?!纠洹縏heseplantsarevulnerabletofrost.(這些植物容易受到霜凍的影響。)imperceptible【釋義】形容詞,感覺不到的、難以察覺的,指某物非常微小或細微,以至于無法被感知到。例如:Thechangeintemperaturewasalmostimperceptible.(溫度的變化幾乎難以察覺。)【詞源】由否定前綴“im-”(表示“不”)和“perceptible”(可察覺的)組成,“perceptible”源自拉丁語“perceptibilis”?!径陶Z】imperceptiblemovement(難以察覺的移動);imperceptiblechange(細微的變化)?!纠洹縏herewasanimperceptiblepauseinhisspeech.(他的講話中有一個不易察覺的停頓。)steep【釋義】形容詞,除了表示“急轉直下”,還有“陡峭的、急劇的(上升或下降)、過高的(價格等)”等含義。例如:Themountainhasasteepslope.(這座山有一個陡峭的山坡。);Therehasbeenasteepriseinprices.(價格急劇上漲。)【詞源】源自古英語“stēp”,可能與古諾爾斯語“steypa”(推翻、傾倒)有關?!径陶Z】asteephill(陡峭的山);steepdecline(急劇下降);steepprice(過高的價格)?!纠洹縏hepathbecamesteeperasweclimbedhigher.(我們爬得越高,小路變得越陡峭。)ageing【釋義】名詞,老化、變老的過程,也可作形容詞表示“變老的、老化的”。例如:Ageingisanaturalprocess.(老化是一個自然的過程。);Theageingpopulationisabigissue.(老齡化人口是一個大問題。)【詞源】由age(年齡、變老)加上-ing(表示過程或狀態(tài)的后綴)組成?!径陶Z】ageingprocess(老化過程);ageingpopulation(老齡化人口)。【例句】Scientistsarestudyingwaystoslowdowntheageingprocess.(科學家們正在研究減緩老化過程的方法。)odds【釋義】名詞,可能性、概率,常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),還可表示“差異、不平等”等含義。例如:Theoddsareinourfavor.(形勢對我們有利。);Therearegreatoddsbetweentherichandthepoor.(富人和窮人之間有很大的差距。)【詞源】源自古諾爾斯語“oddi”,原意為“尖端、三角形”,后引申為表示機會、可能性等概念。【短語】againstallodds(盡管困難重重);oddsandends(零碎東西);atodds(不一致、有分歧)。【例句】Theoddsoffindingajobinthiseconomicclimatearenotveryhigh.(在這種經(jīng)濟環(huán)境下找到工作的可能性不是很高。)virtual【釋義】形容詞,實際上的、實質上的、虛擬的。例如:Heisthevirtualleaderofthegroup.(他是這個團體實際上的領導者。);Virtualrealityisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.(虛擬現(xiàn)實變得越來越流行。)【詞源】源自拉丁語“virtus”(力量、優(yōu)點),最初表示具有某種力量或性質的,后引申出實際的、虛擬的等含義。【短語】virtualworld(虛擬世界);virtualreality(虛擬現(xiàn)實);virtualmemory(虛擬內(nèi)存)?!纠洹縏hevirtualabsenceofrainthismonthhascauseddrought.(這個月幾乎沒有降雨,導致了干旱。)robust【釋義】形容詞,強健的、強壯的、穩(wěn)健的,可用于形容人、動物或事物。例如:Arobustmancancarryheavyloadseasily.(一個強壯的男人能輕松扛起重物。);Theeconomyneedsarobustrecovery.(經(jīng)濟需要強勁復蘇。)【詞源】源自拉丁語“robustus”,表示“像橡木一樣堅硬的”,橡木在古代被認為是堅固的象征?!径陶Z】robusthealth(強健的體魄);robustsystem(穩(wěn)健的系統(tǒng));robusteconomy(強勁的經(jīng)濟)?!纠洹縏heseplantsarerobustenoughtosurviveinharshconditions.(這些植物足夠強健,可以在惡劣的條件下生存。)organism【釋義】名詞,有機體、生物,指有生命的個體或整體。例如:Ahumanbeingisacomplexorganism.(人類是一個復雜的有機體。)【詞源】源自希臘語“organon”(工具、器官)和“-ism”(表示狀態(tài)或性質的后綴),最初表示由器官組成的有生命的東西?!径陶Z】livingorganism(生物體);microscopicorganism(微生物)。【例句】Allorganismsneedwaterandoxygentosurvive.(所有的生物都需要水和氧氣來生存。)thermodynamics【釋義】名詞,熱力學,是研究熱現(xiàn)象中物質的能量轉換規(guī)律的科學。例如:Thermodynamicsisanimportantpartofphysics.(熱力學是物理學的一個重要部分。)【詞源】由“thermo-”(表示熱的前綴,源自希臘語“thermos”)和“dynamics”(動力學,源自希臘語“dynamis”,表示力量)組成?!径陶Z】lawsofthermodynamics(熱力學定律);thermodynamicequilibrium(熱力學平衡)。【例句】Thestudyofthermodynamicshelpsusunderstandhowenergyistransferred.(熱力學的研究幫助我們理解能量是如何轉換的。)moot【釋義】形容詞,爭論未決的、尚無定論的,也可作動詞表示“提出(問題等)供討論”。例如:Theissueisstillmoot.(這個問題仍然懸而未決。)【詞源】源自古英語“mōt”,表示集會、會議,在會議上提出的問題往往是有爭議的、未決定的?!径陶Z】amootpoint(有爭議的問題);mootcourt(模擬法庭)?!纠洹縒hetherweshouldbuildanewfactoryhereisamootquestion.(我們是否應該在這里建一個新工廠是一個有爭議的問題。)run-down【釋義】形容詞,破舊的、破敗的、衰弱的,可形容物體的狀態(tài)或人的身體狀況。例如:Therun-downhouseneedsalotofrepairs.(這所破舊的房子需要大量的修繕。);Helooksrun-downafterworkingovertimeforweeks.(他連續(xù)加班幾周后看起來很疲憊。)【詞源】由“run”(運行、運轉)和“down”(向下、衰退)組成,表示事物處于運轉不良、逐漸衰敗的狀態(tài)?!径陶Z】arun-downarea(破敗的地區(qū));feelrun-down(感覺疲憊)?!纠洹縏heyliveinarun-downapartment.(他們住在一間破舊的公寓里。)friction【釋義】名詞,摩擦、摩擦力,也可引申為矛盾、沖突。例如:Frictionbetweenthetwosurfacescausesheat.(兩個表面之間的摩擦產(chǎn)生熱量。);Thereissomefrictionbetweenthetwodepartments.(這兩個部門之間存在一些矛盾。)【詞源】源自拉丁語“frictio”,由“fricare”(摩擦)演變而來?!径陶Z】reducefriction(減少摩擦);frictioncoefficient(摩擦系數(shù));frictionforce(摩擦力)?!纠洹縏henewlubricantcaneffectivelyreducefriction.(這種新的潤滑劑能有效地減少摩擦。)二、課文精講“Attheageof12years,thehumanbodyisatitsmostvigorous.Ithasyettoreachitsfullsizeandstrength,anditsownerhisorherfullintelligence;butatthisagethelikelihoodofdeathisleast.”句子結構這是一個由并列句和轉折句組成的復合句?!癆ttheageof12years,thehumanbodyisatitsmostvigorous.”是一個簡單的主系表結構句子?!癐thasyettoreachitsfullsizeandstrength,anditsownerhisorherfullintelligence”是一個并列結構,其中“hasyettoreach”表示還未達到,“itsownerhisorherfullintelligence”是一種省略形式,完整形式為“itsownerhasyettoreachhisorherfullintelligence”?!癰utatthisagethelikelihoodofdeathisleast”是轉折句,其中“thelikelihoodofdeath”是主語,“isleast”是系表結構。語言點“vigorous”:精力充沛的,例如:Heisavigorousyoungman.“l(fā)ikelihood”:可能性,例如:Thereisahighlikelihoodofraintoday.“Earlier,wewereinfantsandyoungchildren,andconsequentlymorevulnerable;later,weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandresistancewhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger,howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus.”句子結構這是一個復雜的復合句?!癊arlier,wewereinfantsandyoungchildren,andconsequentlymorevulnerable”是一個簡單的并列結構句子,描述早期的情況?!發(fā)ater,weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandresistancewhich,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger,howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus”中,“weshallundergoaprogressivelossofourvigourandresistance”是主句,“which,thoughimperceptibleatfirst,willfinallybecomesosteepthatwecanlivenolonger”是定語從句修飾“l(fā)oss”,其中“thoughimperceptibleatfirst”是讓步狀語,“sosteepthatwecanlivenolonger”是結果狀語從句,“howeverwellwelookafterourselves,andhoweverwellsociety,andourdoctors,lookafterus”是讓步狀語從句。語言點“vulnerable”:脆弱的,例如:Theoldaremorevulnerabletodiseases.“imperceptible”:難以察覺的,例如:Thechangewasalmostimperceptible.“steep”:急劇的,例如:asteepdecline(急劇下降)?!癟hisdeclineinvigourwiththepassingoftimeiscalledageing.”句子結構這是一個簡單的主系表結構句子,“Thisdeclineinvigourwiththepassingoftime”是主語,其中“invigour”是“decline”的后置定語,“withthepassingoftime”是狀語,“iscalledageing”是謂語部分。語言點“ageing”:老化,例如:Theageingprocessisnatural.“Itisoneofthemostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthisway,thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventually'dieofoldage',andthatthishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson,sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesof65and80.”句子結構這是一個復雜的主從復合句?!癐tisoneofthemostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmake”是主句,其中“it”是形式主語,真正的主語是“thatwemustdeclineinthisway,thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventually'dieofoldage',andthatthishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson,sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesof65and80”三個并列的主語從句?!皐hichweallmake”是定語從句修飾“discoveries”。在第三個主語從句中,“thishappensataratewhichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson”是主句,“whichdifferslittlefrompersontoperson”是定語從句修飾“rate”,“sothatthereareheavyoddsinfavourofourdyingbetweentheagesof65and80”是結果狀語從句。語言點“odds”:可能性,例如:Theoddsareagainsthim.“Someofuswilldiesooner,afewwilllivelonger--onintoaninthortenthdecade.Butthechancesareagainstit,andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyandrobustweare.”句子結構這是一個由并列句和轉折句組成的復合句?!癝omeofuswilldiesooner,afewwilllivelonger--onintoaninthortenthdecade”是并列句。“Butthechancesareagainstit,andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyandrobustweare”中,“thechancesareagainstit”是一個簡單句,“andthereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive”是存在句,“howeverluckyandrobustweare”是讓步狀語從句。語言點“robust”:強健的,例如:arobustbody(強健的身體)?!皏irtual”:實際上的,例如:avirtualvictory(實際上的勝利)。“Normalpeopletendtoforgetthisprocessunlessanduntiltheyareremindedofit.”句子結構這是一個條件狀語從句復合句?!癗ormalpeopletendtoforgetthisprocess”是主句,“unlessanduntiltheyareremindedofit”是條件狀語從句。語言點“tendto”:傾向于,例如:Hetendstobelate.“Wearesofamiliarwiththefactthatmanages,thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumedthattheprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget,wassomethingself-evident,likethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes.”句子結構這是一個復雜的主從復合句。“Wearesofamiliarwiththefactthatmanages”是主句,“thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumedthattheprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget,wassomethingself-evident,likethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes”是結果狀語從句,其中“thatpeoplehaveforyearsassumed...”是一個嵌套的賓語從句,在這個賓語從句中,“theprocessoflosingvigourwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget”是主語,“wassomethingself-evident”是系表結構,“l(fā)ikethecoolingofahotkettleorthewearing-outofapairofshoes”是舉例說明。語言點“self-evident”:不言而喻的,例如:Thetruthisself-evident.“Theyhavealsoassumedthatallanimals,andprobablyotherorganismssuchastrees,oreventheuniverseitself,mustinthenatureofthings'wearout'.”句子結構這是一個賓語從句復合句?!癟heyhavealsoassumed”是主句,“thatallanimals,andprobablyotherorganismssuchastrees,oreventheuniverseitself,mustinthenatureofthings'wearout'”是賓語從句。語言點“inthenatureofthings”:理所當然地,例如:Inthenatureofthings,everythinghasanend.“Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough;andmechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun,doinfactrunoutofenergyinaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent).”句子結構這是一個由并列句和條件狀語從句組成的復合句?!癕ostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough”中,“Mostanimalswecommonlyobserve”是主語,“doinfactage”是謂語,“aswedo”是比較狀語從句,“ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough”是條件狀語從句(省略了“theyare”)?!癮ndmechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun,doinfactrunoutofenergyinaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent)”是并列句,其中“mechanicalsystemslikeawoundwatch,orthesun”是主語,“doinfactrunoutofenergy”是謂語,“inaccordancewiththesecondlawofthermodynamics”是狀語,“(whetherthewholeuniversedoessoisamootpointatpresent)”是補充說明。語言點“mootpoint”:有爭議的問題,例如:Whetherweshouldbuildanewfactoryhereisamootpoint.“Butthesearenotanalogoustowhathappenswhenmanages.”句子結構這是一個主從復合句?!癇utthesearenotanalogousto”是主句,“whathappenswhenmanages”是賓語從句,其中“whenmanages”是時間狀語從句。語言點“analogous”:類似的,例如:Thissituationisnotanalogoustothepreviousone.“Arun-downwatchisstillawatchandcanberewound.Anoldwatch,bycontrast,becomessowornandunreliablethatiteventuallyisnotworthmending.Butawatchcouldneverrepairitself--itdoesnotconsistoflivingparts,onlyofmetal,whichwearsawaybyfriction.”句子結構這是由三個句子組成的段落。“Arun-downwatchisstillawatchandcanberewound”是一個簡單的并列句?!癆noldwatch,bycontrast,becomessowornandunreliablethatiteventuallyisnotworthmending”是一個結果狀語從句復合句,“Anoldwatch”是主語,“becomessowornandunreliable”是謂語,“thatiteventuallyisnotworthmending”是結果狀語從句。“Butawatchcouldneverrepairitself--it

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