東盟-東盟輕型電動汽車指南-2024-12-市場解讀

ASEANGUIDELINESON

LightElectricVehicles

TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)wasestablishedon8August1967.TheMemberStatesoftheAssociationareBruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,ThailandandVietNam.

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Catalogue-in-PublicationData

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehiclesJakarta,ASEANSecretariat,November2024

388.0959

1.ASEAN–Transportation–LandTransport

2.TransportSystem–ElectricVehicles–LightVehiclesISBN

ASEAN:ACommunityofOpportunitiesforAllWiththesupportof

TheASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicleshavebeenproducedbyWuppertalInstitutewiththesupportoftheGermaninternationaldevelopmentagencyDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)undertheASEAN-GermanTechnicalCooperationProjectonSustainableDesignofUrbanMobilityinMiddle-sizedMetropolitanRegionsinASEAN,fundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandimplementedbyGFAConsultingGroupGmbHonbehalfofGIZandwithcontributionsoftheEuropeanUnionSOLUTIONSplusproject.

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Allrightsreserved.

ASEANGuidelines

onLightElectricVehicles

TheASEANSecretariatJakarta

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles2

ExecutiveSummary

MotorisedlightvehiclesareacrucialcomponentoftransportationandlogisticsinASEANMemberStates(AMS).Theyareaffordable,manoeuvrable,andcanaccommodatevarioususecases,rangingfromindividualpassengertransporttofreightandlogistics.However,theirrelianceonfossilfuelscontributessignificantlytoairandnoisepollution,andgreenhousegasemissions.

Electrifyingmotorisedlightvehiclefleetsisonekeyapproachtoaddressthesenegativeimpacts.ThediffusionofLightElectricVehicles(LEVs)cansignificantlyreduceurbanpollutionandcontributetothedecarbonisationofthetransportsector.Whilethedirectbenefitsperelectrifiedvehiclemaybelowerthanforcars,anambitiousstrategytoelectrifylightmotorisedvehiclefleetscandeliverhighercombinedbenefitscomparedtocars,atlowerinvestmentcostsperunit.Furthermore,LEVsareadaptabletodifferentchargingmodelsandtheiremergencemayfacilitatethecreationofdomesticandregionalvaluechains.

ThetransitiontoLEVsrequiresacomprehensiveapproach.Thisincludesdevelopingnewbusinessmodels,establishingdomesticproductionchains,andcreatingasupportivee-mobilityecosystem.KeystakeholdersmustcollaboratetoachieveasuccessfultransitiontoLEVs,suchasmanufacturers,serviceproviders,andgovernmentbodies.Additionally,theavailabilityofskilledpersonnel,reliableinfrastructureforcharging,andasystemtorecyclebatteriesmustbesetupandensured.

ThisguidelineisdesignedtoassistASEANgovernmentsinpromotingtheadoptionofLEVsbyprovidingaframeworkforpolicydevelopmentandcollaboration.Recognisingthediversestartingpointsandinitiativesofeachmemberstatesencouragesthemtotailorandstrengthenapproachesbasedoneachcountry’sspecificcontext.Therefore,theguidelinesdonotprovideauniversalone-size-fits-allapproachthatappliestoallAMS.Instead,itsuggestsaprocessfordefiningcountry-specificstrategiestosupporttheuptakeofLEVs.

InderivingstrategiestoenhanceLEVadoption,thisdocumentprovidesareferencetocompletethefollowingfivedifferentstages:

Stage1:BuildingaVision

BuildingasustainableecosystemforLEVsrequirescollaborationandasharedvisionamongallstakeholders.Thisincludespublicauthorities,manufacturers,fleetmanagers,civilsociety,andelectricityproviders.Definingasharedvisionthatincorporatesenvironmental,social,andeconomicsustainabilityiscrucialtoensurecommitmenteffectiveimplementation.WhilemostofthememberstatesalreadyhavenationalLEVstrategiesandtargets,theseareoftenlimitedinscope,focusingmainlyonpersonalandlackingspecifictargetsforslowerelectrictwo-wheelers(E2W)andlightelectricfour-wheelers(E4W).Despitetheselimitations,theseinitialeffortsprovideafoundationforfurthercollaborationandthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveLEVecosystem.

Stage2:UnderstandingtheLEVEcosystem

TheLEVecosystemcomprisesarangeofactorsandstakeholderswhoinfluencetheadoptionofe-vehicles,theprovisionofvehicles,componentsandrelatedservices,andplaycrucialrolesininfrastructuredevelopmentandtheproductionandend-of-lifestageofvehicles.Thelistofstakeholdersiscomprehensiveandmayvaryfromoneusecasetoanother.TherelevantactorsintheLEVecosystemareinterconnected,includingnationalandlocalgovernments,manufacturers,andLEVusers.Atthegovernmentallevel,themajorityofAMShaveyettoestablishadedicatedinstitutionwiththemandateofcoordinatingthenationwideuptakeofEVs.

Stage3:IdentifyingChallengesandOpportunities

AdiverserangeofmotorisedlightvehiclesareavailableinAMS,butauniformcategorisationsystemhasyettobeestablished.SomecountriesutilisetheUNECELcategorywithadjustments,whileothersconsidertheEU'ssub-categorisation.ThisguidelinefocusesonUNECEL-categoryvehicles,with

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles3

additionofpoweredbicycles/e-bikesandelectrickick-scooters.AlthoughnotalltypesofLEVsareregulatedineverycountry,low-speedoptionssuchase-bikesande-scootersaregainingpopularity.Thislackofclearregulationscancreatechallengesforlawenforcement,roadsafety,andcertaintyforusers.

ThecurrentgrowinginterestincleanertransportationsolutionscouldleadtoinnovativeusecasesforLEVs,especiallytocaterdiversemarketneeds.Thisguidelineexploresstrengths,weaknesses,opportunities,andthreatsaswellasbestpracticesforfourdifferentuse-cases:personalpassengertransport,ride-hailingandparatransitservice,shared-vehicleservice,andurbanlogistics.ThesameapproachisalsoappliedtoanalysethreedifferentbusinessesandservicesrelatedtoLEV,notablydomesticmanufacturingofvehiclesandcomponents,operationofcharginginfrastructureandBattery-as-a-Service(BaaS),andvehicleandbatteryrecycling.

StandardsarecrucialforthesuccessoftheLEVmarketinAMS,particularlysinceitcurrentlyisstillinitsinitialphase.Itensuresthatdifferentcomponentsproducedbyvariouscompaniescanbeintegratedeffectively.WhilesomeAMSshareinternationalstandards,thereisanecessityforfurtherharmonisationtomaximisethebenefits.AsurveytargetingbusinessesandservicesrelatedtoLEVinAMSshowsthatmostbusinessplayersagreesthattheestablishmentofregionalstandardsashighlyimportant.

Tosummarise,thisguidelineidentifiesthemaingapswhichhindertheLEVuptakeinAMS.ComparedtotheICEcounterparts,theupfrontcostofLEVsissignificantlyhigher.TheexistinggovernmentsupportforLEVsislacking,particularlyforcommercialuse-cases.Inaddition,theavailabilityofaffordableandhigh-qualityLEVsinthemarketislacking,particularlyforslow-speedE2/3Ws.Charginginfrastructureandbatteryswappingservicesarestilllimited,creatingdifficultiesforhigh-mileageuse-casesandlong-distancetrips.

Stage4:SettingTargetsandPolicyMeasures

AsuccessfulLEVstrategyforAMSrequirestheimplementationofadaptablepolicymixestailoredtothespecificneedsandcontextofeachcountry.Thesemixesshouldcompriseacombinationofincentives,regulationsandfossil-fuelledvehiclephase-outplansdesignedtofacilitatetheadoptionofLEVsthroughouttheentireinnovationcycle.Thisguidelinepresentsarangeofmeasureswithinthefollowingcategories:

?Financialandnon-financialincentives,suchassubsidiesortaxbreaksthataddresstheupfrontcostofvehicles,equipmentandinfrastructure;

?TaxationandpricingoffossilfuelsandCO2emissions;

?Planningadensenetworkofcharginginfrastructureandleveragingpublicandprivateinvestmentstosupportthedevelopmentofpubliclyaccessiblechargingstations;

?Regulatorymeasurestocreatealong-termmarketshifttowardselectricmobility,suchaszero-emissionzonesorsalesbansforICEvehicles;

?ThepromotionofharmonisedvehicleandbatterystandardstoeasemarketaccessacrossAMS,toensurethesafetyandqualityofvehicles,components,andchargingequipment,andtoenhanceusertrust;

?Theintroductionofextendedproducerresponsibilityschemestoensurethecollectionandtreatmentofend-of-lifevehicles;and

?Theeducationofexpertstafftosupportthelocalcapacitydevelopmentandawareness-raising

Stage5:MonitoringandEvaluation

TheeffectiveandefficientimplementationofpoliciestosupporttheuptakeofLEVsrequiresclearobjectivesandcontinuousmonitoring.Despiteitsimportance,however,monitoringandevaluationisanoften-neglectedstep.Monitoringfacilitatestheidentificationofissuesatanearlystage,therebyenablingtimelyadjustmentsinresponsetoinnovations,changinguserbehaviour,andmarkettrends.Althoughoftenoverlooked,monitoringiscrucialforaccountabilityandtransparency.Toeffectivelymonitorprogress,itisnecessarytohaveasetofclearandmeasurableindicators.Theseindicatorsshouldbedesignedtotrackaspects,includingfunding,thedeploymentofchargingstations,andtheimpactoftheseinitiativesontheadoptionofLEVs.

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles4

Thisguidelineprovidesindicatorsforseveralcategories,includingcostofe-mobility,diffusionofEV,infrastructuredevelopmentandsafety,regionalanddomesticproductionchainsandaddedvalue,aswellascirculareconomy.

Allinall,despitetheconsiderableexistingdemandformotorisedlightvehiclesinAMSandthenumerousadvantagesthatareofferedbyLEV,themarketpenetrationwillnotoccurspontaneously.ThegovernmentneedstotakeactiontoacceleratetheuptakeofLEVsintheregion.Inaddressingthechallenges,implementationofseveralstrategiesiscrucial,suchasprovisionofsupporttoLEVindustry,purchaseprogrammesestablishment,strategicpublicprocurementintegration,andextensionofcharging/swappingnetworks.Additionally,theemergenceofLEVcouldpotentiallygeneratenewdomesticvalueandsupplychainintheregion.RegionalcooperationamongAMSisessentialtoincreasethemarketsizeandallowforeconomiesofscale.Lastly,standardharmonisationiscrucialincreatingmarkets,particularlyinensuringsafetyandsecurity,productquality,interoperability,circularity,andprocurementprocedure.

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles5

TableofContents

ExecutiveSummary2

ListofTables7

ListofFigures8

ListofAbbreviations9

01.Introduction10

ObjectiveandOutcome12

02.DerivinganLEVStrategyforAMS13

03.VisionandTargetsforLEVUptakeinAMS15

BuildingaVisionfortheLEVUptakeinAMS15

TargetsfortheUptakeofLEV16

04.UnderstandingtheLocalandRegionalLEVEcosystem18

StakeholdersintheLEVEcosystem18

GovernanceFrameworkforLEVAdoption18

05.IdentifyingChallengesandOpportunities21

LEVCategoriesinAMS21

Use-CasesofLEVsinAMS23

BusinessesandServicesRelatedtoLEVinAMS33

StandardsRelatedtoLEVinAMS42

ExistingPoliciesRelatedtoLEV50

Summary:ChallengesandOpportunitiesonLEVUptakeinAMS53

06.SettingTargetsandPolicyMeasures57

07.MonitoringandEvaluation67

Costofe-mobility68

Diffusionofelectricvehicles68

Infrastructuredevelopment,chargingsafety,andavailability68

Regionalanddomesticproductionchainsandaddedvalue69

Circulareconomy69

08.ConclusionandRecommendations70

Annexes72

Annexe1LEV-relatedTargetsinAMS72

Annexe2LightVehicleClassificationaccordingtoUNECELCategory73

Annexe3Two-andThree-WheelersRegistrationperCapitainAMS76

Annexe4AveragePerformanceandRetailPriceforVariousModelsE-Mopeds,E-Three

WheelMopeds,E-Motorcycle,andE-PoweredTricycleinAMS76

Annexe5UpfrontCostsComparisonbetweenE2WandICE2WinVietNam76

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles6

Annexe6GoodPracticesofLEVs77Annexe7CurrentAvailableLEV-RelatedStandardinAMS80Annexe8PerceivedEffectivenessofPolicyMeasuresaccordingtoAMSRepresentatives85

ListofReferences87

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles7

ListofTables

Table1AvailabilityofLEV-RelatedNationalTargetsinAMS17

Table2AvailabilityandRegulationStatusforDifferentLEVCategoriesinAMS23

Table3SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforPersonalPassengerTransportUseCases25

Table4SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforRide-HailingandParatransitUseCass28

Table5SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforSharedVehicleServiceUseCase30

Table6SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforUrbanLogisticsUseCase33

Table7SWOTAnalysisoftheOEMandComponentManufacturers'Business36

Table8ChargingTypes,UseCases,andMainCharacteristics38

Table9Indonesia’sBatterySwappingStationRoadmap40

Table10SWOTAnalysisofChargingInfrastructureandBatterySwappingServices40

Table11SWOTAnalysisofBatteryandVehicleRecyclingBusinesses42

Table12SummaryofAvailableLEV-RelatedStandardsinAMS43

Table13VehicleCategoryandApprovalStandardsinAMS45

Table14InteroperabilityStandardsinAMS45

Table15SafetyandSecurityStandardsinAMS47

Table16ProductQualityandRepairabilityStandardsinAMS48

Table17National-ScalePoliciesforLEVintheAMS51

Table18SummaryofChallengesandOpportunitiesonLEVUptakeinAMS55

Table19PolicyMeasures66

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles8

ListofFigures

Figure1StagesinDerivingLEVStrategiesforAMS13

Figure2ElementsofacomprehensivevisiononthediffusionofLEV16

Figure3LEVEcosystemandRelatedStakeholders19

Figure4ShareofLEVsinthetotalnumberofregisteredmotorisedlightvehiclesinseveralAMS22

Figure5DifferentTypesofLEVsinAMS22

Figure6LocalelectricitydistributiongridsinBangkok25

Figure7ShareofImportedandLocally-ProducedE-Mopeds,E-ThreeWheelMopeds,E-

Motorcycle,andE-PoweredTricycleinAMS34

Figure8ShareofAvailableE-Mopeds,E-ThreeWheelMopeds,E-Motorcycle,andE-Powered

TricycleinAMS34

Figure9MainBarriersforLEVProductioninSoutheastAsia35

Figure10ImportanceofRegionalStandardHarmonisationAccordingtoLEV-RelatedCompanies42

Figure11E-MotorcycleWaterproofTestsExhibition46

Figure12PerceivedCurrentGovernmentSupportonLEVUptakeaccordingtoLEV-related

BusinessCategories52

Figure13PerceivedEffectivenessRegardingSpecificMeasurestoSupportLEVUptake,Domestic

LEVProduction,andCharging/SwappingInfrastructure53

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles9

ListofAbbreviations

ACAlternateCurrent

AMSASEANMemberStates

ASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

BaaSBattery-as-a-Service

BRTBusRapidTransit

DCDirectCurrent

E2WElectricTwo-Wheelers

E3WElectricThree-Wheelers

E4WElectricFour-Wheelers

EPRExtendedProducerResponsibilityEUEuropeanUnion

EVElectricVehicle

GHGGreenhouseGases

ICEInternalCombustionEngine

IECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission

ISOInternationalStandardOrganisationISOInternationalStandardOrganisationLEVLightElectricVehicle

OEMOriginalEquipmentManufacturers

SDGSustainableDevelopmentGoals

R&DResearchandDevelopment

SUMPSustainableUrbanMobilityPlans

TCOTotalCostofOwnership

UNECEUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles10

Introduction

Imagesource:Pexels

01.Introduction

Almost250millionmotorisedtwo-andthree-wheelersareontheroadsinASEANmemberstates(AMS),representingaround80%ofthetotalvehiclestockintheregion1.Motorisedlightvehicles,suchastwoandthree-wheelers,areessentialnotonlyfordailymobility,butalsocontributetocitylogistics,paratransitservices,andsupportingthefirst-andlast-mileofpublictransportationnetworkintheregion.

MotorisedlightvehiclesoffervariousadvantagesfornavigatingurbanandruralareasinAMS.Itprovidesanaffordableandwidelyavailablemodeoftransportationwithhighlevelsofmanoeuvrabilityonnarrowroads.Formanyuse-cases,motorisedlightvehiclescanservesimilarpurposesastheirheaviercounterparts,notablycars,albeitataslowerpaceandwithlessspacecapacity.Inareaswithlowtomediumpublictransportdemand,motorisedlightvehiclesoperateasparatransitservices,transportingsmallergroupsofpeopleorgoodsatatime.

Comparedtocarsandminivans,motorisedlightvehiclesarearesource-efficientintermsofenergyuseandurbanspaceconsumption.ThevastmajorityofthelightvehiclefleetinAMS,however,isfuelledbypetrolanddiesel.Duetotheirimmensenumbers,twoandthree-wheelerscontributesignificantlytonegativeimpacts:combustionenginesemithighlevelsofairpollutantsandgreenhousegases(GHG),exacerbatingurbansmogandnegativelyaffectingpublichealthandtheenvironment.Motorisedlightvehiclesmostlyalsohavepoorenginesounddampening,contributingtonoisepollutionindenselypopulatedurbanareas.

OneofthesolutionstoreapthebenefitsofmotorisedlightvehicleswithoutincreasingtheirnegativeimpactsistopromotetheuseofLightElectricVehicles(LEVs).TheelectrificationofmotorisedlightvehiclefleetscanpotentiallyalleviatelocalairpollutionissuesandcontributetooveralltransportdecarbonisationeffortsinSoutheastAsia.DespitetheadvantagesofLEVcomparedtoICE(InternalCombustionEngine)lightvehicles,theirmarketdiffusioninAMSisstillinanearlystage.

Whiletheelectrificationofcarfleetsisontheagendainmanycountries,twoandthree-wheelvehiclesarestilllargelyoutofthescope.Electrifyingbothprivateandcommerciallightvehiclefleetscanprovidequickwinsinreducingurbanpollutionanddecarbonisingthetransportsector.Unlikecars,motorisedlightvehiclesareadaptabletodifferentchargingmodels,particularlyduetothesmaller

ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles11

Introduction

batterysizeanditsabilitiestoutilisebatteryswappingsystems,andpotentiallyofferhigherbenefitsperunitofinvestment.

Box1

ASEANTransportStrategicPlan2016-2025andthe2023ASEANLeader’sDeclarationonDevelopingaRegionalElectricVehicleEcosystem

TheKualaLumpurTransportStrategicPlan(ASEANTransportStrategicPlan)2016-20252affirmstheim