考研英語（一）2018年真題

2018年全國碩士研究生招生考試

英語一試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

①Trustisatrickybusiness.②Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1many

worthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.(3)Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2inthe

wrongplaceuflcncarriesaliigh3

?4,whydowetrustatall?②Well,becauseitfeelsgood.?5peopleplacetheir

trustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat_6

pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstinctthatpromptshumansto7withone

another.?Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:In

aSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswere

readytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10who

inhaledsomethingelse.

①IIfbrus,wealsohaveasixthsensefbrdishonestythatmay12us.②A

Canadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acredible

personandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplastic

container.③Thetesterwouldask,"What'sinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,

andexclaiming,"Wow!"?Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.⑤Halfofthemfounda

toy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty—andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

①Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewith

thetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisIcadsrship.?19,only

fiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe"20"testerparticipatedinafbllow-upactivity.

1.[A]from[B]for[C]like[D]on

2.[A]attention[BJconcern[CJfaith[D]interest

3.[Albenefit[B]priceFC]debt[D]hope

4.[A]Again[BJInstead[C]Therefore[D]Then

5.[A]When[B]Unless[C]Although[D]Until

6.[A]selects[B]applies[C]produces[D]maintains

7.[A]connect[B]compete[Clconsult[D]compare

8.[A]by[B]to[C]of[D]at

9.[A]context[B]circle[C]periodID]mood

1O.[A]counterparts[B]colleagues[C]substitutes[D]supporters

11.[A]OddIBjFunny[C]LuckyID]Ironic

I2.(AJprotect[BJdelight[C]surprise[D]monitor

13.[A]over[B]within[C]toward[D]between

14.[A]addedIBJtransferred[CJintroduced[DJenirusied

15.[A]out[B]inside[C]back[D]around

16.[A]proved[B]remembered[C]insisted[D]discovered

17.[Alfooled[Blmocked[C]betrayed[D]wronged

18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled

I9.[A]Onthewhole[B]Asaresult[C]Forinstance[D]Incontrast

20.[A]incapable[B]inflexible[C]unreliable[D]unsuitable

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

?Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygo

unmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheir

jobs?

①Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.②AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighriskofbeing

automated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionately

squeezed.@Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.@Butmany

middle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering-havearousedtheir

interest,orsoonwill.⑤Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

①Thisisn'ttobealarmist.?Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefited

workersinthepast.③TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobswere

displacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs

thanitdestroyed.?Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemand

bydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.@Butinthemediumterm,

middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

?Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,

shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.?Curriculums—fromgrammarschoolto

college—shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex

communication.?Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskills

andhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.?Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditional

kind.@Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.?Professionalstryingtoacquire

newskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

?ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveits

fadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.②Inpreviouserasof

drastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaysto

combinelaborandmachines.③Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeen

inventedyet.@TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.

?Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlabor

income,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.②Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobe

cut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould

boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

?Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthis

willbelittlecomfbrttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.

?Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.③Butpoliciestohelp

workersadaptwillbeindispensable.

21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

[A]Leadingpoliticians.

[B]Low-wagelaborers.

[C]Robotowners.

[D]Middle-classworkers.

22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheauthor'sview?

[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.

[B]Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.

[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.

[DINegativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.

23.Educationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

[A]creativepotential.

[B]job-huntingskills.

IC]individualneeds.

[D]cooperativespirit.

24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat

[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.

[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.

[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.

[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening.

25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith

[A]opposingviewsonit.

[B]possiblesolutionstoit.

[C]itsalarmingimpacts.

[D]itsmajorvariations.

Text2

@AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericans

disapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.(2)TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernews

fromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.

?MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.②Yetasdistrusthasrisen

towardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.③Suchatrendis

badlyneeded.?Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedby

TwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtothe

UniversityofOxford.⑤AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentof

Facebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

①Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfact

fromfictionincyberspace.②AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetween

ages14and24foundtheyuse"distributedtrust”toverifystories.③Theycross-checksourcesand

prefernewsfromdiffereniperspectives—especiallythoseihaiareopenaboutanybias.④“Many

youngpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactively

seekingoutopposingviewpoints,thesurveyconcluded.

?Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.②A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,

Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople's

relianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

?Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediately

whilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.②This

forcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.③AsurveybyBama

researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“reader

error,“moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.?Aboutathirdsaythe

problemoffakenewsliesin^misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews“viasocialmedia.

⑤Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.⑥“This

indicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,saysRoxanneStone,

editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

@Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamental

disciplineinthinkingskills-andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.

26.AccordingtoParagraphs1and2manyyoungAmericanscastdoubton

[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.

IB]people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.

[C]theadministration'sabilitytohandleinformation.

[D]socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews.

27.Thephrase"beefup”(Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]boast.

[B]define.

[C]sharpen.

[D]share.

28.AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople

[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.

[Blverifynewsbyreferringtodiversesources.

[C]haveastrongsenseofsocialresponsibility.

[D]liketoexchangeviewson'distributedcrust".

29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis

[A]readers1misinterpretation.

[B]journalists'biasedreporting.

[C]readers1outdatedvalues.

[D]journalistsmade-upstories.

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend

[B]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline

[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia

[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests

Text3

?Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealth

Service(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledging(hatbothsidesmeanwell.

②DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.③The

potentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther

concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.?Itisagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformation

commissioner,ElizabethDenham,liasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospital

trustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin2015

onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheir

expectationsofprivacy.

①DeepMindhasalmostapologised.@TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.?Further

arrangements-andtheremaybemany—betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefully

scrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandall

unnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.?Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.

⑤Buiprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.?MsDenham

chosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled“thedata

andDeepMindmerely“processed”it.?Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing

andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

?Thegreatquestioniswhosliouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlives

nowgenerate.②Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiable

knowledgeaboutthem.③Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.@Thedataofan

individualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

?Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.

②Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.?Itisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithms

DeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.④Whalmattersisthattheywillbelongto

aprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.⑤Ifsoftwarepromisestosave

livesonthescalethatdrugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasbigpharmahasdone.

@Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnov/mayturnouttohave

giganticconsequenceslater.@Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigital

feudalism.?MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.

31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?

[A]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.

[B]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

[C]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatients'rights.

[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith

[A]emptypromises.

[B]toughresistance.

[C]sincereapologies.

[D]necessaryadjustments.

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

[B]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.

ID]leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis

[A]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

[B]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

[D]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B]appreciative.

[C]cautious.

[D]contemptuous.

Text4

?TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.②Itreportedanetlossof$5.6

billionforfiscal2016,the10lhstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.③Meanwhile,it

hasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.

④Therearemanyreasonsthisformerlystablefederalinstitutionfindsitselfonthevergeof

bankruptcy.?Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchange

thathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,anda

regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenew

reality.

①Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexert

self-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimateoverseer~~Congress一insistingthatwhateverelse

happenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongelprotected.②Thisis

whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalService

unabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.

?Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,

theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.

?LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28,6billionover

fiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.③Mostofthe

moneywouldcomefromapenny-per-Ietterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostal

retireesintoMedicare.@Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannually

pre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSandits

unions.

①IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate—where

someoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthe

PostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensivereform.②There'snochangetocollectivebargainingat

theUSPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfbr80percentoftheagency's

costs.③AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.?That

common-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.

@Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse.?Theemerging

consensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapolitically

embarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.?Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regetting

seriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21"century.

36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby

[A]itsunbalancedbudget.

[Blitsrigidmanagement.

[CJthecostfortechnicalupgrading.

[D]thewithdrawalofbanksupport.

37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto

[A]theinterferencefrominterestgroups.

[B]theinadequatefundingfromCongress.

[C]theshrinkingdemandfbrpostalservice.

[D]theincompetenceofpostalunions.

38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby

[A]removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.

[BJmakingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.

[Cladoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.

[D]attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.

39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith

[A]respect.

[BJtolerance.

[C]discontent.

[D]gratitude.

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays

[B]ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese

[C]TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure

[D]ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youarerequiredto

reorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthem

intothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswerson

theANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansand

costestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsider

possiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewho

expectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideofthe

WhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,

andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.

B.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withits

elegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary's

officedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy

Departmentmovedinto(heeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingand

marquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.

C.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutive

BranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation's

foreignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentieth

century—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuilding

hashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthe

sceneofmanyhistoricevents.

D.Manyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathave

takenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,William

HowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.

BushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingPresident.Ithashoused16Secretariesof

theNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalked

itscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe

bombingofPearlHarbor.

E.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsaunicuepositioninboththe

nationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervising

ArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethe

growingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebest

examplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.

F.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlylosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwas

finished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackand

whitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood

wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover

4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarccappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostained

glassrotundas.

G.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutive

officeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbythe

Britishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury

Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitated

thedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.

41._C_42._43._F->44._45.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Write

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityand

achievementinthedrama.(46)By【hedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthe

religiousdrama、andthecreationofnewfbimsundertheincentiveo：classicaltragedyand

comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,but

inEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswas

threateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,

literaryorfarcical.Court,school,or