2024年北京卷英語真題（解析版）

2024年高考真題PAGEPAGE12024年普通高等學(xué)校招生高考真題全國統(tǒng)一考試(北京卷)英語第一部分知識運用(共兩節(jié)，30分)第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。I’djustarrivedatschool,readyforanotherschoolday.Iwasreadingabookintheclassroomwhentherewasan___1___.“Todayat1:10therewillbeauditions(面試)foramusical.”Myfriendsalljumpedupinexcitementandaskedme,“Willyoubegoing,Amy?”“Sure,”Isaid.Ihadno___2___indrama,butI’dtryoutbecausemyfriendsweredoingit.At1:10,therewasa___3___outsidethedramaroom.Everyonelookedenergetic.Ihadn’texpectedI’dbestandingtherethatmorning.ButnowthatIwasdoingit,I___4___feltnervous.WhatifIwasn’tanygood?Ienteredtheroomandtheteachersmademesaysomelinesfromthemusical.Theythen___5___mysingingskillsandaskedwhatroleIwantedtoplay.Theteachersweresmilingandpraisingme.IfeltlikeIhada___6___,soIsaid,“Abigrole.”Theysaidthey’dlookintoit.Istartedgettingreallynervous.WhatifIdidn’tgetamainrole?Soon,thecastlistwas___7___.Myfriendscheckedandcamebackshouting,“Amy,yougotthemainrole!”Sureenough,mynamewasatthetop.Ijuststaredatitandstartedto___8___.Iwassohappy.Aftertwomonthswewereallpreparedandreadytogoonstage.Itwasfun.Andwhenpeoplestarted___9___,thatgavemeaboostofconfidence.Itstayedwithmeandmademefeel___10___.Irealisedthatbytryingsomethingnew,Icanhavefun—evenifitmeanssteppingoutofmycomfortzone.1.A.assignment B.initiative C.announcement D.interview2.A.hesitancy B.interest C.worry D.regret3.A.game B.show C.play D.line4.A.suddenly B.continuously C.originally D.generally5.A.advertised B.tested C.challenged D.polished6.A.demand B.credit C.dream D.chance7.A.traded B.posted C.questioned D.claimed8.A.wellup B.rollin C.standout D.gooff9.A.whispering B.arguing C.clapping D.stretching10.A.funnier B.fairer C.cleverer D.braver〖答案〗1.C2.B3.D4.A5.B6.D7.B8.A9.C10.D〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者抱著試一試的心態(tài)，參加了音樂劇面試卻成功獲得了扮演音樂劇主角的機會，作者在這次經(jīng)歷中體驗到了嘗試新事物帶來的樂趣?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我正在教室里看書，這時有一則公告。A.assignment任務(wù)；B.initiative倡議；C.announcement公告；D.interview面試。根據(jù)下文“Todayat1:10therewillbeauditionsforamusical.”可推知，此處指作者正在教室里看書，這時作者聽到有一則公告。故選C?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我對戲劇沒有興趣，但是因為朋友們都在做，我也決定嘗試一下。A.hesitancy猶豫；B.interest興趣；C.worry擔(dān)心；D.regret懊悔。根據(jù)下文“ButI’dtryoutbecausemyfriendsweredoingit”可推知，此處指作者雖然對戲劇沒有興趣，但因為朋友們都在做，所以作者也決定嘗試一下。故選B?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在1:10的時候，戲劇室外面排起了隊。A.game游戲；B.show展覽；C.play游戲；D.line隊伍。根據(jù)下文“Everyonelookedenergetic.Ihadn’texpectedI’dbestandingtherethatmorning.”可知，此處指戲劇室外面排起了隊。故選D。【4題詳析】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：但是現(xiàn)在我正在排隊的時候，我突然感到緊張。A.suddenly突然；B.continuously連續(xù)不斷地；C.originally起初；D.generally通常。根據(jù)上文“ButnowthatIwasdoingit,”以及下文“WhatifIwasn’tanygood?”可推知，此處指作者在排隊的過程中突然感到緊張。故選A?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：然后他們測試了我的唱歌技巧，問我想要演什么角色。A.advertised為……做廣告；B.tested測驗；C.challenged對……懷疑；D.polished潤色。根據(jù)上文“Ienteredtheroomandtheteachersmademesaysomelinesfromthemusical.”以及下文“Theteachersweresmilingandpraisingme.”可推知，此處指作者進(jìn)入戲劇室后，老師們讓作者說幾句音樂劇中的臺詞，測試作者的唱歌技巧，并對作者的表現(xiàn)很滿意。故選B?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我感覺我有機會，所以我說“一個重要的角色”。A.demand需求；B.credit信用；C.dream夢想；D.chance機會。根據(jù)上文“Theteachersweresmilingandpraisingme.”可知，作者得到老師的表揚，所以此處指作者覺得自己有機會扮演音樂劇主角。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：不久演員表就被張貼了出來。A.traded交易；B.posted張貼；C.questioned詢問；D.claimed宣稱。根據(jù)下文“Myfriendscheckedandcamebackshouting,“Amy,yougotthemainrole!””以及下文“mynamewasatthetop.”可推知，此處指很快演員表就被張貼了出來，作者在名單最上邊。故選B?！?題詳析】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：我只是盯著它，然后情緒開始迸發(fā)。A.wellup(情緒)迸發(fā)；B.rollin(金錢等)大量涌進(jìn)；C.standout脫穎而出；D.gooff爆炸。根據(jù)下文“Iwassohappy”可推知，此處指作者盯著演員表看，然后情緒開始迸發(fā)，感覺很開心。故選A?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：然后人們開始鼓掌，這給了我信心。A.whispering耳語；B.arguing爭吵；C.clapping鼓掌；D.stretching伸展。根據(jù)下文“thatgavemeaboostofconfidence”以及常識可推知，此處指人們的掌聲增強了作者的信心。故選C?！?0題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：它一直伴隨著我，讓我感到更勇敢。A.funnier更有趣的；B.fairer更公平的；C.cleverer更聰明的；D.braver更勇敢的。根據(jù)上文“thatgavemeaboostofconfidence”以及下文“Irealisedthatbytryingsomethingnew,Icanhavefun—evenifitmeanssteppingoutofmycomfortzone.”可推知，人們的掌聲給了作者信心，這使得作者感覺更勇敢，可以走出舒適區(qū)，通過嘗試新事物獲得樂趣。故選D?！尽狐c石成金』】第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Slowingdowncancontributesignificantlytopersonalgrowth.Takingthetime___11___(rest)allowsustodevelopadeepersenseof___12___(self-aware).Whenweslowdown,wecreatespacetoreflectonourthoughtsandemotions,whichhelpsusidentifyimportantareasofourlivesand___13___(give)ustheopportunitytomakerightchoices.Topractisethis,weneedtoestablishclear___14___(boundary)inourpersonalandprofessionallife.〖答案〗11.torest12.self-awareness13.gives14.boundaries〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了慢下來對個人成長的重要意義?！?1題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：花時間休息可以讓我們發(fā)展出更深層次的自我意識。take(the)timetodosth.為固定搭配，表示“花時間做某事”，所以空處應(yīng)用動詞不定式形式。故填torest?！?2題詳析】考查名詞。句意：花時間休息可以讓我們發(fā)展出更深層次的自我意識?？仗幾鹘樵~of的賓語，應(yīng)用名詞self-awareness，senseofself-awareness表示“自我意識”。故填self-awareness?！?3題詳析】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：當(dāng)我們放慢腳步時，我們會創(chuàng)造空間來反思我們想法和情緒，這有助于我們確定生活中的重要領(lǐng)域，并給我們做出正確選擇的機會。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句中，根據(jù)helps可知，從句使用一般現(xiàn)在時，which指代前邊的整個句子，所以從句謂語應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式gives，gives與helps并列，作并列謂語。故填gives?！?4題詳析】考查名詞的數(shù)。句意：為了實踐這一點，我們需要在個人和職業(yè)生活中建立明確的界限。句中boundary是可數(shù)名詞，表示“界限”，根據(jù)空后inourpersonalandprofessionallife可知，此處表示不止一個界限，名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式boundaries。故填boundaries?！尽狐c石成金』】B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。OnApril5,2024,JohnTinniswood___15___(name)theworld’soldestlivingman.Andwhen___16___(ask)abouthisnewtitle,hesharedthesecret:moderation(適度).Tinniswood,___17___doesn’tsmokeandrarelydrinks,creditedmoderationforhelpinghimstayhealthyduringhislonglife.“Ifyoueattoomuchordotoomuchofanything,you’regoingtosuffereventually,”hesaid.〖答案〗15.wasnamed16.asked17.who〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了世界上最長壽的人JohnTinniswood及其長壽秘訣?！?5題詳析】考查時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：2024年4月5日，約翰·廷尼斯伍德被評為世界上在世最長壽的人。根據(jù)時間狀語OnApril5,2024可知，此處描述過去發(fā)生的事，句子應(yīng)用一般過去時；name與主語JohnTinniswood之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，主語JohnTinniswood是單數(shù)，be動詞使用was。故填wasnamed?！?6題詳析】考查狀語從句的省略。句意：當(dāng)被問及他的新頭銜時，他分享了秘訣：適度。結(jié)合語意，when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，主語為he，且ask與he之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)beasked，狀語從句中，從句主語與主句主語一致，且從句中含有be動詞形式，則從句中的“主語+be動詞”可以省略。故填asked。【17題詳析】考查定語從句。句意：Tinniswood不吸煙，也很少喝酒，他認(rèn)為適量飲酒有助于他在長壽期間保持健康?？仗幰龑?dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞Tinniswood，先行詞指人，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)從句。故填who?！尽狐c石成金』】C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Oneday,IsawaboywalkingalongGeorgeStreetwithanarmfulofbooks.Ithought___18___myself,“Whywouldhecarryallhisbooks?”Justthen,somekidsranathim,___19___(knock)hisbooksoutofhisarms.Hisglasseswentflyingandlandedinthegrass.Myheartwentouttohim,andI___20___(jog)overtohim.AsIhandedhimtheglasses,helookedatmeandsaid,“Thanks!”〖答案〗18.to19.knocking20.jogged〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了作者為一個掉落東西的男孩提供幫助的故事?！?8題詳析】考查介詞。句意：我心想，“他為什么要把所有的書都拿著？”thinktooneself為固定搭配，表示“心想，暗想”，符合語境。故填to?！?9題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：就在這時，一些孩子朝他跑來，把他的書從他懷里撞了出來。句中已有謂語ran，空處作非謂語動詞，knock與邏輯主語somekids之間是主動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞形式knocking作狀語。故填knocking?！?0題詳析】考查時態(tài)。句意：我很同情他，然后朝他慢跑過去。句中and連接并列句，空處作后句謂語，根據(jù)句中went可知，此處描述過去發(fā)生的事，句子使用一般過去時，動詞使用過去式形式j(luò)ogged。故填jogged?！尽狐c石成金』】第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分，共28分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。ATheLanguageExchangeProgrammeallowsstudentsinpairstocommunicateintwodifferentlanguagestheywishtoshareandlearneachweek.Studentsrecordshortentriesaftereachpartnermeetingnotingthelanguageskillspractisedandthetopicsdiscussed.Eachpairofstudentsmeetsthreetimesthroughoutthetermwithateacherwhodecidesiftheexchangeiseffective.Studentswhosuccessfullycompletetheprogrammewillreceiveonecrediteach.Requirementsforcompletion:?OnewelcomingsessiononthesecondFridayoftheterm?18weeklyone-hourpairmeetings?Weeklyprogressreportsforallpairmeetings?Atleastthreepair-teachermeetings?Onefive-minutefinalvideoSignup!Thesign-upandregistrationprocessisasfollows:?Studentssignupandindicatethelanguagestheycanshareandlanguagestheyareinterestedinlearning.?Basedontheinformationenteredbyeachstudent,potentialpairsareidentified.?Proficiency(熟練)levelsareconfirmedthroughcourseworkorplacementtests.?Onceapairhasbeendeterminedtobesuitable,thestudentswillbecontactedindividuallywithaspecialpermissionnumbertoregisterfortheprogramme.Reminders:Signingupfortheprogrammedoesnotautomaticallymeanthatyouwillbeabletoregisterandparticipate.Pairsarematchedbylanguagesofinterestandproficiencylevels.Sincetherearemanyfactorsinvolvedinthepairingprocess,notallstudentswhosignupwillbematchedwithapartnerandbeabletoregisterfortheprogramme.21.Intheprogramme,studentswill_________.A.chairdailymeetings B.evaluatetheexchangeC.meetteacherseachweek D.practisetheirlanguageskills22.Tocompletetheprogramme,studentsarerequiredto_________.A.developmenttests B.participateinpairmeetingsC.welcomenewstudents D.workonweeklyvideos23.Whatdostudentsneedtododuringtheregistration?A.Indicatetheirlanguagesofinterest. B.Selecttheirowncoursework.C.Makeindividualcontact. D.Choosetheirpartners.〖答案〗21.D22.B23.A〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了一項語言交流項目的基本情況以及它的要求、報名和注冊流程以及注意事項的相關(guān)信息?！?1題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“TheLanguageExchangeProgrammeallowsstudentsinpairstocommunicateintwodifferentlanguagestheywishtoshareandlearneachweek.Studentsrecordshortentriesaftereachpartnermeetingnotingthelanguageskillspractisedandthetopicsdiscussed.(語言交流項目讓學(xué)生們兩人一組，每周用他們希望分享和學(xué)習(xí)的兩種不同的語言進(jìn)行交流。學(xué)生們在每次搭檔會議后記錄簡短的條目，指出所練習(xí)的語言技能和討論的主題)”可知，在這個項目中，學(xué)生們將練習(xí)他們的語言技能。故選D?！?2題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Requirementsforcompletion部分第二點“18weeklyone-hourpairmeetings(每周18次一小時的配對會議)”可知，為了完成該項目，學(xué)生們被要求參加配對會議。故選B?！?3題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Signup部分第一點“Studentssignupandindicatethelanguagestheycanshareandlanguagestheyareinterestedinlearning.(學(xué)生們報名參加并表明他們可以分享的語言以及他們有興趣學(xué)習(xí)的語言)”可知，學(xué)生們在注冊期間需要表明他們感興趣的語言。故選A。BWhenIwasalittlegirl,Ilikeddrawing,freelyandjoyouslymakingmarksonthewallsathome.Inprimaryschool,Ilearnedtowriteusingchalks.Writingseemedtobeanotherformofdrawing.Ishapedindividuallettersintorepeatinglines,whichwereabstractforms,delightfulbutmeaninglesspatterns.Insecondaryschool,artwasmyfavouritesubject.SinceIloveditsomuchIthoughtIwasgoodatit.FortheartO-levelexamIhadtopresentanoilpainting.Ifounditdifficult,butstillhopedtopass.Ifailed,withalowgrade.I’dbeenover-confident.NowI’dbeendeclaredtalentless.Butotherchannelsofcreativitystayedopen:Iwentonwritingpoemsandstories.Still,Iwenttoexhibitionsoften.Icontinuedmyhabitualdrawing,whichInowcharacterisedaschildishdoodling(亂畫).Inmy30s,Imadepainterfriendsandlearnednewwaysoflookingatart.However,Icouldn’tletmyselfhaveagoatactuallydoingit.Thoughthesenewfriendswereabstractpaintersusingoilpaints,orwereprintmakersorsculptors,Itookoilpaintingasthetaboo(禁忌)highformIwasn’tallowedtopractice. Onenight,inmyearly40s,Idreamedthatabigwomaninredapproachedme,handedmeabagofpaints,andtoldmetostartpainting.Thedreamfeltsoauthoritativethatitshookme.Itwasaformofenergy,givingmebacksomethingI’dlost.Accordingly,Istartedbyexperimentingwithwatercolours.Finally,Iboughtsomeoilpaints.AlthoughIhaveenjoyedbreakingmydecades-longtabooaboutworkingwithoilpaints,IhavediscoveredInowpreferchalksandink.IletmylinedrawingsturnintocartoonsIsendtofriends.Itallfeelsfreeandeasy.Un-anxious.Thistimearound,Icanacceptmylimitationsbutkeepgoing.BecomingasuccessfulpaintercallsforbeingresoluteIrealisedIwasalwaysafraidofwantingtoomuch.Thatdreamremindedmethatthosefearsanddesirescouldencouragemetotakerisksandmakeexperiments.24.Howdidtheauthorfeelabouttheresultoftheartexam?A.Scared. B.Worried. C.Discouraged. D.Wronged.25.Inher30s,theauthor_________.A.avoidedoilpaintingpractice B.soughtforapaintingcareerC.fanciedabstractpainting D.exhibitedchildpaintings26.Whichwordwouldbestdescribetheauthor’sdream?A.Confusing. B.Empowering.C.Disturbing. D.Entertaining.27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords. B.Hardworkisthemotherofsuccess.C.Dreamsarethereflectionsofrealities. D.Creativeactivitiesinvolvebeingconfident.〖答案〗24.C25.A26.B27.D〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者一直喜歡繪畫，但中學(xué)時由于油畫測試成績較低，作者對繪畫失去了信心。在40歲出頭時，一個夢讓作者重拾畫油畫的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事?！?4題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Ifounditdifficult,butstillhopedtopass.Ifailed,withalowgrade.I’dbeenover-confident.NowI’dbeendeclaredtalentless.(我覺得很難，但仍希望能通過測試。我沒有通過，而且成績很低。我過于自信了?，F(xiàn)在，我被宣布為毫無(油畫)天賦的人了)”并結(jié)合下文中作者多年不碰油畫的經(jīng)歷可推知，作者對美術(shù)考試的結(jié)果感到氣餒。故選C。【25題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Inmy30s,Imadepainterfriendsandlearnednewwaysoflookingatart.(在我30多歲時，我結(jié)交了畫家朋友們，學(xué)到了看待藝術(shù)的新方法)”和“Thoughthesenewfriendswereabstractpaintersusingoilpaints,orwereprintmakersorsculptors,Itookoilpaintingasthetaboo(禁忌)highformIwasn’tallowedtopractice.(雖然這些新朋友是使用油畫顏料的抽象畫師，或者是版畫家或雕塑家，但我把油畫作為禁忌的高級形式，不允許我練習(xí))”可知，作者在30多歲時回避練習(xí)油畫。故選A。【26題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Thedreamfeltsoauthoritativethatitshookme.Itwasaformofenergy,givingmebacksomethingI’dlost.(這個夢給我的感覺是如此的權(quán)威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一種形式，讓我回我失去了的東西)”可知，作者的夢賦予作者練習(xí)油畫的力量。故選B。【27題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段“Becomingasuccessfulpaintercallsforbeingresolute.IrealisedIwasalwaysafraidofwantingtoomuch.(成為一名成功的畫家需要有決心。我意識到我總是害怕想要得太多)”及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講述了作者一直喜歡繪畫，但中學(xué)時由于油畫測試成績較低，作者對繪畫失去了信心。在40歲出頭時，一個夢讓作者重拾畫油畫的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。由此可推知，我們能從文章中學(xué)到創(chuàng)作活動需要自信，故選D。CThenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation—aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.Modernscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(認(rèn)知的)functionsinthebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(實證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隱喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNewton’sera,weimaginedtheuniverseasaclock.InEinstein’s,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.Nowthatweareintheinformationage,wehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodelsdevelopingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?A.Makeanassumption. B.Illustrateanargument.C.Giveasuggestion. D.Justifyacomparison.29.Whatdoesthephrase“contingenton”underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?A.Acceptedby. B.Determinedby. C.Awakenedby. D.Discoveredby.30.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciative B.doubtful C.unconcerned D.disapproving31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould_________.A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousonesB.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistoryC.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulationD.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.〖答案〗28.C29.B30.A31.C〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學(xué)家對于宇宙的認(rèn)知和信息時代下的作者對于宇宙爭論的看法?！?8題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.(搜索“模擬假說”這一術(shù)語會得到許多關(guān)于宇宙是否是計算機模擬的爭論結(jié)果——一些科學(xué)家實際上認(rèn)真對待這個概念。不幸的是，這不是一個科學(xué)問題。我們可能永遠(yuǎn)都不知道這是不是真的。相反，我們可以利用這個想法來推進(jìn)科學(xué)知識)”可知，作者對于模擬假說提出質(zhì)疑，是為了提出自己的建議，建議使用這一想法來推進(jìn)科學(xué)知識。故選C項。【29題詳析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“Ifempirical(實證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.(如果經(jīng)驗不能揭示現(xiàn)實，推理也不會揭示現(xiàn)實，因為它依賴于contingenton我們的社會、文化和心理歷史的概念和詞語)”可知，句中that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，指代先行詞conceptsandwords，且結(jié)合常識，概念和詞語取決于我們的社會、文化和心理歷史，推測劃線短語表示“取決于”，與determinedby意義相近。故選B項?！?0題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.(18世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家康德認(rèn)為，宇宙最終由不可知的事物本身組成。雖然他認(rèn)為客觀現(xiàn)實是存在的，但他說，我們的大腦在構(gòu)建和塑造我們的感知方面發(fā)揮著必要的作用)”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.(因此，如果我們接受宇宙是不可知的，我們也接受我們永遠(yuǎn)不會知道我們是否生活在計算機模擬中)”可知，作者引用康德的觀點，并在客觀陳述后利用該觀點來構(gòu)建自己的論述，由此可知，作者對康德的論點持欣賞的態(tài)度。故選A項?！?1題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.(爭論宇宙是否是一個時鐘、一組粒子還是計算輸出的產(chǎn)物是沒有意義的。所有這些模型都是處理未知事物和發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的工具。我們擁有的工具越多，我們就能變得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.(可以想象，與之前構(gòu)建科學(xué)模型的過程相比，開發(fā)基于“計算機模擬”隱喻的模型也將是一項非常有益的工作)”可知，作者認(rèn)為爭論宇宙是否是虛擬的，這是沒有意義的，我們應(yīng)該停止?fàn)幷撚钪媸欠駷槟M，而應(yīng)該著手于將其作為一個模型來探索和理解，這樣會更有助于科學(xué)的進(jìn)步。故選C項?！尽狐c石成金』】DFranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroup’shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts(本能)includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboostsproblem-solvingskillsinthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.32.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheformingoftheInuit’smoralcode?A.Livingconditionswerethedrive. B.Unwrittenruleswerethetarget.C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis. D.Honestywasthekey.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies. B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.CLanguagecapacityislimitedbyself-control. D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCultures B.TheValuesofSelf-disciplineC.Brains:WallsAgainstChaos D.TheRootsofMorality〖答案〗32.C33.B34.D〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機制中。【32題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.(在這里，規(guī)范是不成文的，很少明確表達(dá)，但被很好地理解和銘記。不贊成不誠實和暴力行為；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、婚姻以及與其他群體的互動都受到傳統(tǒng)的松散控制。沖突往往通過音樂斗爭來解決。因為憤怒的爭論會導(dǎo)致混亂，所以強烈反對。在無情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因紐特人對待道德的務(wù)實態(tài)度很有道理)”可知，因紐特人的生活中，規(guī)范是不成文的，因紐特人的道德準(zhǔn)則是以社會傳統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。故選C項?！?3題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.(這些普遍規(guī)范遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它們植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機制)”可知，普遍的道德規(guī)范植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機制，即人類的基本需求導(dǎo)致普遍的道德規(guī)范形成。故選B項?！?4題詳析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.(弗朗茲·博厄斯對19世紀(jì)因紐特人生活的描述說明了早期人類可能的道德準(zhǔn)則)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，主要介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機制中，所以“道德的起源”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D項?！尽狐c石成金』】第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，共10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Ifyouwanttodevelopmaximumcredibility(可信性),isitbettertobeahedgehog(刺猬)orafox?AccordingtoIsaiahBerlin,thehedgehogknowsonethingverywell,andthefoxknowsalotofthings.Isthereaclearadvantageofonestyleovertheother?Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.___35___Andtheyareusuallyverycredibleindoingso.AccordingtoJimHart,the“hedgehogconcept”isoneofthefactorsthatleadcompaniestogreatness.Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.___36___Thehedgehogconceptmakesperfectsenseforcompanies.___37___PhilipTatehasstudiedthetrackrecordsofthosefolksontheSundaytalkshowswhomakepredictionsaboutwhatwillhappen.Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.___38___Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.Theyalsohaveaclearerestimationofwhattheyknowanddon’tknow.So,whichisbetter?Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.___39___Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.Themosteffectivewaytogothroughlifeistotrytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog.A.Inotherwords,thereareclearadvantagesforeach.B.Theyaremorelikelytorememberpeople’smistakes.C.Hence,theyhavetheadvantageofclarityandconfidence.D.Buttherecanbeadownsidetoconcentrationononebigthing.E.However,hedgehogsremainopentoothers’reactionsandinputs.F.Whensomethingiscontradictorytotheirview,theydon’ttreatitasexceptional.G.Theycomedownsquarelyononesideortheotherandfullysupporttheirposition.〖答案〗35.G36.C37.D38.F39.A〖解析〗【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了擁有“刺猬”型思維方式和“狐貍”型思維方式的兩類人對于個人和企業(yè)建立信譽度的優(yōu)劣勢?！?5題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.(擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人傾向于給出肯定的〖答案〗)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人傾向于給出肯定的〖答案〗，G項中They指代上文中的Hedgehog，G項“他們明確地站在一邊或另一邊，并全力支持自己的立場”說明擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人往往有明確的立場，承接上文，符合語境。故選G?！?6題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.(他們專注于一件事并把它做得很好。他們知道自己擅長什么)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人具備優(yōu)點，他們可以專注于一件事并知道自己擅長什么。C項“因此，他們的優(yōu)勢是（頭腦）清楚和自信”進(jìn)一步說明擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人的優(yōu)點，承接上文，符合語境。故選C?！?7題詳析】根據(jù)下文“Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.(他發(fā)現(xiàn)，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人不僅比擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人更容易出錯，而且當(dāng)事情與他們的預(yù)測不相符時他們不太可能意識到，也不太可能承認(rèn)自己錯了)”可知，此處介紹擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人的缺點。D項“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能會有不利的一面”引出下文，介紹擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人具備缺點，符合語境。故選D?！?8題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremo