五年（2020-2024）高考英語真題分類匯編 專題11 閱讀理解說明文和議論文解析版

2020-2024年五年高考真題分類匯編PAGEPAGE1【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語真題分類匯編（北京專用）解析版專題11閱讀理解說明文和議論文年份體裁詞數(shù)話題考點(diǎn)分布細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷主旨大意詞義猜測2024議論文408人與社會：討論科學(xué)問題：宇宙是否是由計(jì)算機(jī)模擬生成的0301說明文384人與社會：人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及人類建立道德準(zhǔn)則的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)11102023說明文366人與社會：人類社會發(fā)展中人們的短視現(xiàn)象0300說明文429人與社會：AI對現(xiàn)代生活的影響02112022說明文415人與社會：解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維1200議論文400人與社會：量子計(jì)算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？11112021說明文354人與社會：全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念0201議論文480人與社會/自然：文章通過討論時間的定義，講述了人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。12102020說明文360人與自然：omHunt設(shè)計(jì)的安裝在狗狗項(xiàng)圈上的監(jiān)測器1300議論文433人與社會：通用人工智能技術(shù)1201【2024北京卷】Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.Modernscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(認(rèn)知的)functionsinthebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(實(shí)證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隱喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNewton’sera,weimaginedtheuniverseasaclock.InEinstein’s,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.Nowthatweareintheinformationage,wehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?A.Makeanassumption. B.Illustrateanargument.C.Giveasuggestion. D.Justifyacomparison.29.Whatdoesthephrase“contingenton”underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?A.Acceptedby. B.Determinedby. C.Awakenedby. D.Discoveredby.30.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciative B.doubtful C.unconcerned D.disapproving31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould_________.A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousonesB.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistoryC.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulationD.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.【答案】28.C29.B30.A31.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學(xué)家對于宇宙的認(rèn)知和信息時代下的作者對于宇宙爭論的看法。【28題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.(搜索“模擬假說”這一術(shù)語會得到許多關(guān)于宇宙是否是計(jì)算機(jī)模擬的爭論結(jié)果——一些科學(xué)家實(shí)際上認(rèn)真對待這個概念。不幸的是，這不是一個科學(xué)問題。我們可能永遠(yuǎn)都不知道這是不是真的。相反，我們可以利用這個想法來推進(jìn)科學(xué)知識)”可知，作者對于模擬假說提出質(zhì)疑，是為了提出自己的建議，建議使用這一想法來推進(jìn)科學(xué)知識。故選C項(xiàng)?！?9題詳析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“Ifempirical(實(shí)證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.(如果經(jīng)驗(yàn)不能揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)，推理也不會揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)，因?yàn)樗蕾囉赾ontingenton我們的社會、文化和心理歷史的概念和詞語)”可知，句中that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，指代先行詞conceptsandwords，且結(jié)合常識，概念和詞語取決于我們的社會、文化和心理歷史，推測劃線短語表示“取決于”，與determinedby意義相近。故選B項(xiàng)。【30題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.(18世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家康德認(rèn)為，宇宙最終由不可知的事物本身組成。雖然他認(rèn)為客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)是存在的，但他說，我們的大腦在構(gòu)建和塑造我們的感知方面發(fā)揮著必要的作用)”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.(因此，如果我們接受宇宙是不可知的，我們也接受我們永遠(yuǎn)不會知道我們是否生活在計(jì)算機(jī)模擬中)”可知，作者引用康德的觀點(diǎn)，并在客觀陳述后利用該觀點(diǎn)來構(gòu)建自己的論述，由此可知，作者對康德的論點(diǎn)持欣賞的態(tài)度。故選A項(xiàng)?！?1題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.(爭論宇宙是否是一個時鐘、一組粒子還是計(jì)算輸出的產(chǎn)物是沒有意義的。所有這些模型都是處理未知事物和發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的工具。我們擁有的工具越多，我們就能變得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.(可以想象，與之前構(gòu)建科學(xué)模型的過程相比，開發(fā)基于“計(jì)算機(jī)模擬”隱喻的模型也將是一項(xiàng)非常有益的工作)”可知，作者認(rèn)為爭論宇宙是否是虛擬的，這是沒有意義的，我們應(yīng)該停止?fàn)幷撚钪媸欠駷槟M，而應(yīng)該著手于將其作為一個模型來探索和理解，這樣會更有助于科學(xué)的進(jìn)步。故選C項(xiàng)?！?024北京卷】FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroup’shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts(本能)includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboostsproblem-solvingskillsinthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.32.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheformingoftheInuit’smoralcode?A.Livingconditionswerethedrive. B.Unwrittenruleswerethetarget.C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis. D.Honestywasthekey.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies. B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control. D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCultures B.TheValuesofSelf-disciplineC.Brains:WallsAgainstChaos D.TheRootsofMorality【答案】32.C33.B34.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中。【32題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.(在這里，規(guī)范是不成文的，很少明確表達(dá)，但被很好地理解和銘記。不贊成不誠實(shí)和暴力行為；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、婚姻以及與其他群體的互動都受到傳統(tǒng)的松散控制。沖突往往通過音樂斗爭來解決。因?yàn)閼嵟臓幷摃?dǎo)致混亂，所以強(qiáng)烈反對。在無情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因紐特人對待道德的務(wù)實(shí)態(tài)度很有道理)”可知，因紐特人的生活中，規(guī)范是不成文的，因紐特人的道德準(zhǔn)則的形成是以社會傳統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。故選C項(xiàng)?！?3題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.(這些普遍規(guī)范遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它們植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機(jī)制)”可知，普遍的道德規(guī)范植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機(jī)制，即人類的基本需求導(dǎo)致普遍的道德規(guī)范形成。故選B項(xiàng)?！?4題詳析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.(弗朗茲·博厄斯對19世紀(jì)因紐特人生活的描述說明了早期人類可能的道德準(zhǔn)則)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，主要介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中，所以“道德的起源”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)?！?023北京卷】Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.Theinabilitytoengagewithlonger-termcausesandconsequencesleadstosomeoftheworld’smostseriousproblems:climatechange,biodiversitycollapse,andmore.ThehistorianFrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.Ithasbeenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias(偏向)towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsinthemomentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.Inbusiness,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,ittranslatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices(犧牲)todaythatcouldmakeamajordifferencetomorrow.Instead,allthatmattersisnextquarter’sprofit,orsatisfyingsomeothernear-termdesires.Thesebiasedperspectivescannotbeblamedononesinglecause.Itisfairtosay,though,thatourpsychologicalbiasesplayamajorrole.People’shesitancytodelaysatisfactionisthemostobviousexample,butthereareothers.Oneofthemisabouthowthemostaccessibleinformationinthepresentaffectsdecisionsaboutthefuture.Forinstance,youmighthearsomeonesay:“It’scoldthiswinter,soIneedn’tworryaboutglobalwarming.”Anotheristhatloudandurgentmattersaregiventoomuchimportance,makingpeopleignorelonger-termtrendsthatarguablymattermore.Thisiswhenapopstardrawsfarmoreattentionthan,say,gradualbiodiversitydecline.Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens(外星人)wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn’tsendships;theywouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary.Olderpeopletoday,forexample,canrememberatimewithinsect-coveredcarwindscreensafterlongdrives.Children,ontheotherhand,havenoideathatinsectpopulationhasdroppeddramatically.28．TheauthorquotesFrancisColemainlyto________.A．drawacomparisonB．introduceatopicC．evaluateastatementD．highlightaproblem29．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Climatechangehasbeenforgotten.B．Lessonsofhistoryarehighlyvalued.C．Thehumanmindisbadatnotingslowchange.D．Humansareunwillingtoadmittheirshortcomings.30．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A．Far-sightedthinkingmatterstohumans.B．Humanstendtomakelong-termsacrifices.C．Currentpoliciesfacilitatefuturedecision-making.D．Biastowardsthepresenthelpsreducenear-termdesires.【答案】28．D29．C30．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。近年來，來自不同領(lǐng)域的研究人員一致認(rèn)為，短期主義現(xiàn)在是工業(yè)化社會的一個重大問題。事實(shí)證明，人們對現(xiàn)在有偏見，以犧牲健康為代價，專注于當(dāng)下有吸引力的事物，而犧牲了未來自己或社區(qū)的健康、幸福和財(cái)務(wù)穩(wěn)定。28．推理判斷題。第一段首句“Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.(近年來，來自不同領(lǐng)域的研究人員一致認(rèn)為，短期主義現(xiàn)在是工業(yè)化社會的一個重大問題。)”提出一個問題——短期主義，接著下文“ThehistorianFrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.(歷史學(xué)家弗朗西斯?科爾（FrancisCole）認(rèn)為，西方已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個“只有現(xiàn)在存在的時代，現(xiàn)在的特點(diǎn)是瞬間的殘酷和無休止的現(xiàn)在的無聊”。)”引用歷史學(xué)家FrancisCole的話來強(qiáng)調(diào)只注重現(xiàn)在的這種短期主義的危害，由此可推知，文章引用FrancisCol的話是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)一個問題，故選D。29．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens(外星人)wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn’tsendships;theywouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary.(一位心理學(xué)家曾經(jīng)開玩笑說，如果外星人想削弱人類，他們不會派出飛船；他們會發(fā)明氣候變化。的確，在環(huán)境變化的問題上，我們可以形成一種集體的“記憶不良”，每一代人都會認(rèn)為他們所遇到的情況并沒有什么不同尋常的)”可知，一位心理學(xué)家曾經(jīng)開玩笑說，如果外星人想要削弱人類，他們會發(fā)明氣候變化，通過這種方式來削弱人類，因?yàn)槿藗儗τ跉夂蜃兓纬梢环N集體的“記憶不良”，認(rèn)為他們所遇到的情況沒什么異常的，由此可推知人們不擅長察覺出緩慢的變化，故選C。30．推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段“Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.(近年來，來自不同領(lǐng)域的研究人員一致認(rèn)為，短期主義現(xiàn)在是工業(yè)化社會的一個重大問題。)”提出一個問題——短期主義，和第二段“Ithasbeenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias(偏向)towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsinthemomentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.Inbusiness,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,ittranslatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices(犧牲)todaythatcouldmakeamajordifferencetomorrow.(事實(shí)證明人們對現(xiàn)在有偏見，以犧牲健康為代價，只專注于當(dāng)下引人注目的事物，而犧牲了未來自己或社區(qū)的健康、幸福和穩(wěn)定。在商業(yè)中，這種偏見表現(xiàn)為短視決策。在氣候變化等緩慢燃燒的問題上，這意味著不愿意今天做出小的犧牲，而這些犧牲可能會在明天產(chǎn)生重大影響。)”可知，文章主要講述了短視決策的危害，呼吁我們要做出有遠(yuǎn)見的思考。由此可推知，作者的寫作目的是告訴我們有遠(yuǎn)見的思考對人類的重要性，故選A?！?023北京卷】Whatislife?Likemostgreatquestions,thisoneiseasytoaskbutdifficulttoanswer.Thereasonissimple:weknowofjustonetypeoflifeandit’schallengingtodosciencewithasamplesizeofone.Thefieldofartificiallife-calledALifeforshort—isthesystematicattempttospelloutlife’sfundamentalprinciples.Manyofthesepractitioners,so-calledALifers,thinkthatsomehowmakinglifeisthesurestwaytoreallyunderstandwhatlifeis.Sofarnoonehasconvincinglymadeartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield’sdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepointentirely,hesays.“Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘Sowhat’stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizingtheirresearch’sapplications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayoffs.ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).Thisisthecapacityforasystemtocreateessentiallyendlesscomplexity,tobeasortof“noveltygenerator”.TheonlysystemknowntoexhibitthisisEarth’sbiosphere.IfthefieldofALifemanagestoreproducelife’sendless“creativity”insomevirtualmodel,thosesameprinciplescouldgiverisetotrulyinventivemachines.ComparedwiththedevelopmentsofAl,advancesinALifearehardertorecognize.OnereasonisthatALifeisafieldinwhichthecentralconcept—lifeitself—isundefined.ThelackofagreementamongALifersdoesn’thelpeither.Theresultisadiverselineofprojectsthateachadvancealongtheiruniquepaths.Forbetterorworse,ALifemirrorstheverysubjectitstudies.Itsmuddled(混亂的)progressionisastrikingparallel(平行線)totheevolutionarystrugglesthathaveshapedEarthbiosphere.Undefinedanduncontrolled,ALifedrivesitsfollowerstorepurposeoldideasandgeneratednovelty.Itmaybe,ofcourse,thatthesecharacteristicsaren’tinanywaysurprisingorsingular.Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggestssomething：perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniverse,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.31．RegardingAlanSmith’sdefenceofALife,theauthoris.A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful32．Whatdoestheword“enamored”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged.33．Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A．ALifeholdsthekeytohumanfuture. B．ALifeandAIshareacommonfeature.C．AImirrorsthedevelopmentsofALife. D．AIspeedsuptheprocessofhumanevolution.34．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．LifeIsUndefined.CanAIBeaWayOut?B．LifeEvolves.CanAIHelpALifeEvolve,Too?C．LifeIsUndefined.CanALifeBeDefinedOneDay?D．LifeEvolves.CanAttemptstoCreateALifeEvolve,Too?【答案】31．A32．C33．B34．D【導(dǎo)語】本文為說明文。文章主要探討了ALife是否也在不斷地進(jìn)化的問題。31．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizingtheirresearch’sapplications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayoffs.(盡管許多ALifer討厭強(qiáng)調(diào)他們研究的應(yīng)用，但創(chuàng)造人工生命的嘗試可能會有實(shí)際的回報(bào))”可知，作者認(rèn)為創(chuàng)造人工生命的嘗試是會有回報(bào)的；再結(jié)合第二段“Sofarnoonehasconvincinglymadeartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield’sdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepointentirely,hesays.“Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘Sowhat’stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”(到目前為止，還沒有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。這一記錄使生命科學(xué)成為批評的成熟目標(biāo)，比如對該領(lǐng)域可疑科學(xué)價值的聲明。復(fù)雜性科學(xué)家艾倫?史密斯厭倦了這樣的抱怨。他說，詢問ALife的“意義”可能完全沒有抓住要點(diǎn)?！耙粋€生命系統(tǒng)的存在與任何東西的使用無關(guān)?！盇lan說?！坝腥藛栁遥敲慈斯ど膬r值是什么？’你有沒有想過，‘你祖母的價值是多少？’”)”可推知，因?yàn)檫€沒有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才導(dǎo)致使生命科學(xué)成為批評（認(rèn)為其沒有科學(xué)價值）的成熟目標(biāo)，作者認(rèn)為這是不合理的，所以后文引用了AlanSmith的話語對這種觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁，即關(guān)于AlanSmith對ALife的辯護(hù)，作者表示支持。故選A。32．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).(人工智能可能被認(rèn)為是ALife的表親，因?yàn)檫@兩個領(lǐng)域的研究人員都被一個叫做開放進(jìn)化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被認(rèn)為是ALife的表親，說明人工智能和ALife二者間有共同之處，可推測是因?yàn)檫@兩個領(lǐng)域的研究人員都被一個叫做開放進(jìn)化的概念所吸引，所以才有了這種觀點(diǎn)。故劃線詞意為“吸引”。故選C。33．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).(人工智能可能被認(rèn)為是ALife的表親，因?yàn)檫@兩個領(lǐng)域的研究人員都被一個叫做開放進(jìn)化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一個共同的特點(diǎn)。故選B。34．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggestssomething:perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniverse,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.(它們可能普遍適用于所有進(jìn)化行為。最終，ALife可能沒有什么特別的。但即使是這種否定也表明了一些事情：也許，就像整個宇宙中的生命本身一樣，ALife的崛起將被證明是不可避免的)”結(jié)合文章主要探討了ALife是否也在不斷地進(jìn)化。D選項(xiàng)“生命在進(jìn)化。創(chuàng)造ALife的嘗試也能進(jìn)化嗎？”是最合適的標(biāo)題。故選D。【2022年北京卷】“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargument B.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopic D.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.【答案】28.C29.A30.B【解題導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維。28.【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段““Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(“如果沒有饑餓，世界會是什么樣子？”這是Crystal教授會問學(xué)生的問題。她后來寫道，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難回答這個問題，因?yàn)橄胂笠恍┎粚儆诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活的東西，并學(xué)習(xí)如何將其變成現(xiàn)實(shí)是一項(xiàng)罕見的技能。它被教授給藝術(shù)家和工程師，但很少教授給科學(xué)家。Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個全球運(yùn)動。結(jié)果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，文章開頭提出問題是為了引出話題-系統(tǒng)思維的方法被視為應(yīng)對全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。故選C項(xiàng)。29.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(這表明，在實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思考的第一個目標(biāo)之前，我們還有一段路要走——在本例中，這是為了確定營養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的更多組成部分。)”可知，實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維的第一個目標(biāo)還有一段路需要走，現(xiàn)尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)。故選A項(xiàng)。30.【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個全球運(yùn)動。結(jié)果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為該系統(tǒng)能應(yīng)用于解決挑戰(zhàn)。故選B項(xiàng)?！?022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin