CDP：城市溫室氣體排放工具和數(shù)據(jù)集完整報告 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Tools and Datasets for Cities

GreenhouseGasEmissions

ToolsandDatasetsforCities

FullReportNovember2022

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Contents

Introduction 2

Aimandscopeofthereport 7

ChoosingtherightGHGemissionstoolordatasetforyourinventory:bestpractice

recommendations 8

Availabletoolsanddatasets 14

Conclusionsandfuturedirections 46

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Introduction

TheIPCC’s

SixthAssessmentWorkingGroupIIIClimateChange

reportshowsthatclimatechangeisalreadyhavingaseriousimpactonecosystemsandcommunitiesaroundthe

world.Thisprovidesevermoreevidencethatweurgentlyneedtocutgreenhousegas(GHG)

emissionstolimitglobalwarmingto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandtoavoid

catastrophicclimatechange.Accountingforanestimated

70%

ofglobalemissionsandhometo55%oftheglobalpopulation,cities

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haveacriticalroletoplayinthistransition.

Akeypartofacity’s

journey

totakingeffectiveclimateactionistounderstandtheGHG

emissionsgeneratedbydifferentactivitieswithintheirgeographicarea,sometimesreferredtoas‘community-wide’or‘city-wide’emissions.Todothis,citiesdevelopanemissions

inventory.AGHGemissionsinventoryprovidesabreakdownofacity’semissionsbyactivityorsector,andscope(wheretheemissionsphysicallyoccur,relativetothecity’sgeographicarea).Itiscrucialforinformingcityclimatepolicyanddecision-making,settingmeaningfulscience-basedclimatetargetsandmonitoringprogresstowardsthosetargets.

AGHGemissionsinventoryiscriticalforeffectivecityclimateactionplanning

DevelopingarobustandcomprehensiveGHGemissionsinventory:

1)Helpscitiesestablishabaseyearemissionsinventoryandsetreductiontargets;

2)Enablescitiestobenchmarkandcomparetheiremissionswithothercities;

3)Helpscitiestoprioritizecityclimateactions,throughtheidentificationofhigh

emittingsectorsandsources,andtoattractfinancingforactionimplementation;

4)EnablescitiestotrackprogressonlocalclimateactionandtheirshareofNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC)commitments;

5)Increasesthetechnicalcapacitiesofcitystafftouseandapplymethodsandtoolsforemissionsaccountancy;

6)Helpscitiesanalyzethecomplexitiesaroundemissions,forexample,wherethecitycandirectlyinfluenceemissionsreductionandwheretheyhavenodirectcontrol(egenergyproductionisusuallycontrolledatregionalornationallevels);and

7)Demonstratestheimportantrolethatcitiesplayintacklingclimatechange.

CurrentcityGHGaccountingpractices

CitiestypicallydeveloptheirinventoriesaccordingtoaGHGaccountingstandard,suchasthe

GlobalProtocolforCommunity-ScaleGreenhouseGasInventories

(GPC).TheGPC

providesrecommendationsontheboundaryoftheemissionsinventory,includingthetimespan(oneyear),thegeographicareaoftheinventory,andtheGHGsandemissionssourcesthatarecovered.

TheGPCcategorizesemissionsbyactivitysector–stationaryenergy,transport,waste,

agriculture,forestryandlanduse(AFOLU),andindustrialprocessesandproductuse(IPPU)

–andscope,basedonwheretheemissionsphysicallyoccur(Figure1).

1Theterm‘city’isusedthroughoutthisdocumenttorefertogeographicallydiscerniblesubnationalentities,suchascommunities,townships,cities,andneighborhoods.Inthisreport,‘city’isalsousedtoindicateall

levelsofsubnationaljurisdictionaswellaslocalgovernmentaslegalentitiesofpublicadministration.Source:GPC.

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ScopesdefinitionsforcityinventoriesandrelationshipwiththeGlobalCovenantofMayor’sCommonReportingFramework(CRF)emissionsdefinitions

GPCScope

GPC

Definition

RelatedCRF

EmissionsType

Scope1

GHGemissionsfromsourceslocatedwithinthecityboundary

Directemissions

Scope2

GHGemissionsoccurringasaconsequenceoftheuseofgrid-suppliedelectricity,heat,steamand/orcoolingwithinthecityboundary

Indirectemissionsfromtheuseofgrid-suppliedelectricity,heat,steamand/orcooling

Scope3

AllotherGHGemissionsthatoccuroutsidethecityboundaryasaresultofactivitiestakingplacewithinthecityboundary

Emissionsoccurringoutsidethejurisdictionboundaryasaresultofin-jurisdictionactivities

AdaptedfromGPCandCRFGuidanceNote.

Figure1:SourcesandboundariesofcityGHGemissions(takenfromtheGPC)

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Measuringterritorialemissions(emissionsdirectlyreleasedwithinacity’sboundary)onitsownisoftennotausefulreflectionofthecity’soverallimpactonclimate.Forexample,akeyproportionofacity’senergymaybeimportedfromapowerplantoutsideofthecity

boundary.Theemissionsgeneratedbythepowerplantwillnotbereflectedinthecity’sterritorialemissionsbecausetheyoccuroutsideoftheboundary,eventhoughtheyarearesultofactivitiestakingplacewithintheboundary.

Bydevelopinganinventorythatfocusesonthecity’sactivities,ratherthanjustthe

emissionsreleasedwithinitsboundary,thecitycanobtainafullerunderstandingofwhatsectorsandactivitiescontributethemosttoitsemissions,andidentifyemissionssourcesthatareunderitsdirectcontrolandsourcesthatareoutsideofitsdirectcontrol.This

enablesthecitytoplanthepoliciesandinterventionsitneedstoimplementtoreduce

directly-controlledemissions,andtoidentifyadditionalpoliticalandeconomicleversitcanutilizetoencouragethereductionofemissionsoutsideofitsdirectcontrol.

Consumption-basedemissions

Aswellasthesector-based,orproduction-based,approachtoGHGaccounting,somecitiesareadoptingaconsumption-basedapproachtomeasuretheiremissions.Aconsumption-basedemissionsapproachaimstoquantifytheemissionsresultingfromtheconsumptionofgoodsandservicesbyresidentswithinthecityandiscomplementarytothesector-basedapproach.Thereisnostandardizedmethodtoquantifyconsumption-basedemissionsto

date.However,moreinformationonthebroadoverlapsanddifferencesbetweena

consumption-basedinventoryandasector-basedinventorycanbefoundinC40Cities’Consumption-BasedGHGEmissionsofC40Cities

report.

Accordingtoresearchby

C40Cities,

cities’consumption-basedemissionscanbe60%

higherthantheirsector-basedemissionscalculatedfollowingstandardssuchastheGPC.However,onlyasmallnumberofcitieshavemeasuredtheirconsumption-basedemissions.Just7%(82/1128)ofcitiesreportingthroughCDP-ICLEITrackin2021hadaconsumption-basedemissionsinventory

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.Toolsthathelpcitiesquantifytheirconsumption-based

emissionsareoutsidethescopeofthisreport.

Howtoolscanhelplocalemissionsdatacollection

Citiescommonlydeveloptheirowncommunity-wideemissionsinventoriesbycollecting

localactivitydataontheirkeysectors(egenergy,transportandwaste)andconvertingittoanemissionsvaluebymultiplyingitbyemissionfactors.Forcitieswiththecapacityto

collecthigh-qualitylocalizedactivitydataandemissionfactorsfollowingastandardsuchastheGPCandusingwell-establishedtoolssuchas

CIRIS

and

ClearPath,

thisisthe

recommendedapproach.Thiswillgivethemostaccuratepictureoftheiremittingactivitiesandsectors,andenablethemtoseetheimmediateimpactoftheirpoliciesandinterventionsastheytrackchangesinthislocaldataovertime.

However,thisapproachisatime-andresource-intensiveprocessthatreliesonthe

availabilityoflocaldata,citytechnicalcapacityand/orresourcestooutsourceto

consultants;andmanylocalandregionalgovernmentsarestrugglingtomeasuretheir

2AnalysisbasedoncityresponsestoCDP-ICLEITrackin2021,Question4.9(dataextracttakenon13December2021).

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emissions.Insomecases,theemissionsdataexistsbutitisheldbyotherstakeholders(forexample,othertiersofgovernmentorutilitiesproviders).Accessingthatdatarequiresalotofnetworkingandcommunicationwithdifferentstakeholders,delayinginventories

developmentorsometimesresultingindatagaps.

In2021,theaverageGHGemissionsinventoryreportedthroughCDP-ICLEITrackwasthreeyearsold(from2018)and38%ofcitiesdidnotreportacommunity-wideemissions

inventory

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Thisisabarriertotakingfurtherclimateaction.

Definitionsofactivitydata,emissionfactorsandglobalwarmingpotentialfactors

Activitydata

AquantitativemeasureofalevelofactivitythatresultsinGHGemissionstakingplaceduringagivenperiodoftime(egkilometresdriven,tonnesofwastesenttolandfill,etc).

Emissionsfactor

AmeasureofthemassofGHGemissionsrelativetoaunitofactivity.For

example,estimatingCO2emissionsfromtheuseofelectricityinvolves

multiplyingdataonkilowatt-hours(kWh)ofelectricityusedbytheemissionfactor(kgCO2/kWh)forelectricity,whichwilldependonthetechnologyandtypeoffuelusedtogeneratetheelectricity.IPCCinternationaldefault

emissionfactorsareavailablebuttoincreaseaccuracy,itisrecommendedtoprioritizeusinglocalemissionfactorswheretheyexist,followedbyregionalfactors,andtoonlyusenationalfactorswherenosub-nationaldataexists.

Globalwarmingpotential

Afactordescribingtheradiativeforcingimpact(degreeofharmtothe

atmosphere)ofoneunitofagivenGHGrelativetooneunitofCO2.ItisusedtoexpressotherGHGs(egCH4andN2O)inunitsofCO2equivalent(CO2e)toenablecomparisonacrossGHGs.Emissionsvaluesexpressedinunitsof

CO2eincludeCO2andotherGHGs,whereasemissionsvaluesexpressedinunitsofCO2justincludeCO2.

Adaptedfromsource:

GPC.

Therecent

Decision-makingandToolsProjectWhitePaper

byGCoM,BloombergAssociatesandWorldResourceInstitute(WRI)providedacomprehensiveanalysisofcities’needsin

relationtotoolsthatcansupportthemontheirclimateactionjourney–fromunderstandingandplanning,toexecutingandmonitoring.Itidentifiedthatwhileemissionsmeasurementwasoneofthestagesofclimateactionbestsupportedbytools,therearegapsandareasforimprovementthatstillneedtobeaddressedtohelpcitiesattheearlystagesofclimateactionorwithcapacityandresourceconstraintstostartdevelopinganinventory.

3AnalysisbasedoncityresponsestoCDP-ICLEITrackin2021,Question4.0andQuestion4.1(dataextracttakenon13December2021).

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Suggestedimprovementsinclude:

Toolsthataresimplerandeasiertouse,withbetteraccesstoproxydataand

streamlinedmethodologiesforGHGemissionsaccountingtoreducethetimeburdenassociatedwithdevelopinganinventory.

Increasedinteroperabilityofdataandtoolsthroughouttheclimateactionjourney,

movingtowardscommondataformattingstandardstoenableeasydatatransfer

betweentools.Forexample,strongeralignmentoftooloutputswithreporting

platformssuchasCDP-ICLEITrackandTheEuropeanCommission'sMyCovenantreportingplatformwouldenableautomaticuploadofemissionsdataandreducethereportingburdenforcities.ImprovedfunctionalitytotakedatafromaGHG

emissionsaccountingtoolandinputitintoacitymitigationandadaptationplanningtoolcouldalsoprovidesignificantbenefitsforcitiesinthefuture.

Moredataproductsthatcoverdifferentlevelsofspatialandtemporalresolution,

withthefunctionalitytoaggregateanddisaggregatethedataaccordingtoarangeofspatialandtemporalscalestoenablecitiestozoominandouttodifferentlevelsofdetailwhenplanningclimateaction.

Increasedaccessibilityofmeasurementtoolsbymakingthemavailableinabroaderrangeoflanguages.

6F2F

Inthelastfiveyears,therehasbeenagrowthinGHGemissionsmonitoringtools,datasetsandapproaches

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thathavethepotentialtosupportcitiestodeveloptheirinventories.Theyprovidecitieswithdatawheretheyhavedatagapsintheirinventoryordonotcurrentlyhavethecapacitytocollectthedatathemselves.Thiscanenablethemtoprogressmorerapidlytothenextstageofclimateplanningandaction.Fromsensorsandsatellitestoscaling

downnationallevelemissions,theseapproachesandtoolsarediverse.Eachcomeswithstrengthsandlimitationsandvaryingsuitability,dependingonthecity’saimofdevelopinganinventory(egtoestablishanemissionsbaselineortotrackchangeinemissionsovertime).

4Turnbulletal.(inreview)IG3ISUrbanGreenhouseGasEmissionObservationandMonitoringBest

ResearchPractices,

/en/events/towards-international-standard-urban-ghg-

monitoring-and-assessment

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Aimandscopeofreport

ThistechnicalreportaimstoprovideanoverviewofGHGemissionsmonitoringtools,

datasetsandapproachesthatcanprovidecitiesacrosstheglobewithrecent,community-wideemissionsdatatheycanusetobuildtheirinventories.Citiesareatdifferentstagesontheclimateactionjourneyandtheiremissionsdataneedschangeastheyprogressonthisjourney:fromhavingnoemissionsdataandneedingastartingpoint,todevelopingcapacitytocollectdatabutrequiringdatatofillinthegapsandtrackemissionschangesovertime.

Whilehigh-qualitylocalemissionsdataisalwayspreferable,asitismoreaccurate,

alternativetoolsanddatasets,suchasdownscaledorproxydata,canbeusedtoaddressdatagapsascitiestransitionthroughthedifferentstagesofclimateactionmaturityuntiltheyhavethecapacitytocollectthisdatathemselves.Thisreportwillprovidebestpracticerecommendationsonhowandwhentousethedifferenttoolsanddatasets,includingthemethodologicalapproachesusedtocreatethedata;andtheGHGs,boundariesand

emissionsscopestheycover.

Thiswillequipcitieswiththeknowledgeandunderstandingtheyneedtodecidewhichtoolsanddatasetswillmeettheirrequirements,enablingcitiesthatdonothavethemeansto

developacompleteGHGemissioninventorytogetstarted,removingakeybarriertofurtherclimateaction.

Thisreportismostusefulforcitiesthatarefacingbarrierstocollectingcommunity-wide

emissionsdataandwanttoestablishastartingpointfromwhichtheycancontinueto

developandaddtotheirGHGemissionsinventory.However,therecommendationsinthisreportwillalsobevaluableforcitiesthatarelookingforaccessibleemissionsdatathatcanbeusedtofilldatagapsintheirexistinginventories,ortoprovidemoredetaileddata(at

highertemporalandspatialresolution)forenhancedclimateactionplanning.

Finally,thisreportwillalsoidentifywhichtoolsmaybeusefulforcitiesthatwanttotrackemissionschangesandtheimpactoflocalpoliciesovertime.Werecommendthatcitiesthathavecapacitytocollecttheirownlocalemissionsinventorydatacontinuetodoso,asthisdataislikelytobemoreaccuratethanthedataprovidedbythetoolsinthisreport.

Thisreportdoesnotcover:

Well-establishedtoolsdesignedtohelpcitiescollecttheirownactivitydatatobuildtheirinventories(eg

CIRIS

and

ClearPath)

.Thesetypesoftoolsarecomprehensivelycovered

elsewhere.

Toolsthatprovidecitieswithlocalgovernmentoperationsemissionsinventoriesorproject-specificemissionsinventories.

Decision-makingtoolstohelpcitiesplantheirclimateaction,projectfuture

emissions,orassesstheemissionsreductionimpactsofdifferentclimateactionsonalocalgovernment’sinventory.

Toolsthathelpcitiesquantifytheirconsumption-basedemissions.

FormoreinformationonendorsedGHGemissionstoolsthatarenotincludedinthisreport,visitthe

GCoMResourceLibrary.

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ChoosingtherightGHGemissionstoolordatasetforyourinventory:bestpracticerecommendations

WhenchoosingthemostappropriateGHGemissionsinventorytoolordatasetforyourcity,thereareseveralthingstothinkabout.BelowarebestpracticerecommendationsforhowtodevelopanemissionsinventoryandhowtodecidewhichGHGinventorytoolsanddatasetsaremostsuitableforyourcity’sneeds.Thesebestpracticerecommendationswerethe

frameworkusedtoassesssixteenGHGtoolsanddatasetsinthisreport(p.14).

Whatstageisyourcityatonitsclimateactionjourney?

Acitygoesthroughmanyphasesinits

climateactionjourney,

fromassessingitsimpactandsettingtargets,toplanningandtakingaction,totrackingprogresstowardsitstargetsandbecominga

climateleader.

Developinganemissionsinventorytypicallyfallsintotheassessmentphaseofthatjourney.

However,evenwithintheassessmentphase,citiescanbeatdifferentlevelsofmaturity,andthiswilldeterminewhichtoolsandemissionsdatasetsaremostusefulforyou,andhow

accurateyourinventoryneedstobeforyourneeds.

Stage1

Establishing

anemissions

baseline

Yourcityisjuststartingonitsclimateactionjourney.Ithasminimaldatacollectioncapacityandrequiresabaseline

emissionsinventoryforinitialclimateactionplanning(forexample,toidentifyitsmosthigh-emittingsectors).

Simplifiedtoolsaremostuseful.Citieslookingtoestablishabaselineemissionsinventorytoinitiatetheirclimateplanningwillwantdatathathascomprehensivecoverage(coveringallormostofthecity’sactivitysectorsandatleastScope1and2emissions)andlowtemporalresolution(annual)and

spatialresolution(cityboundary).

Stage2

Identifying specificsourcesofemissions

Yourcityisinthemiddleofitsclimatejourney.Ithas

developedsomecapacitytocollectitsowndatabuthasdatagapsinemissionsinventoryoritrequiresmoredetailed

emissionsdataforadvancedclimateactionplanning(forexample,toidentifytheemissionsimpactofspecificsub-sectorsand/orathigherspatialandtemporalresolution).

Stage3

Tracking

progressover

time

Yourcityisadvancedinitsclimatejourney.Itrequiresdatatotracktheimpactandprogressofitsclimatepoliciesandactionsovertime.Forcitiestostartmeaningfullytrackingprogressovertime,theyneedtostartcollectingmore

detailedlocaldata.

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Whatmethodologicalapproachdoesthedatasetortooltaketoestimateemissions?

Emissionstoolsanddatasetsadoptdifferentapproachestoestimatingemissionswhich

eachcomewiththeirstrengthsandlimitations,dependingonacity’sstageinitsclimate

actionjourney.Sometoolsandapproachesmaybeusefulforcitiesatmorethanonestage.Foreachtoolevaluatedinthisreport,weindicatewhichstage(s)itismostapplicableto.

Directatmosphericmeasurements

Thisapproachderivesdatafromdirectatmosphericmeasurements,includingfromsatellitedata,sensorsinstalledontheground,orcontinuousmonitoringatpowerstations.The

advantageofthisapproachisthatitisbasedondirectmeasurementsofGHGsandcan

providehighspatialandtemporalresolutiondata,includingtrackingemissionschanges

overtime.However,dataproductsandtoolsderivedfromthisapproachtypicallyonlycoverdirect(Scope1)emissions,andthereforearenothelpfulontheirownfordeterminingcityclimateactionpolicy,becausetheydonotreflecttheactivitiesandconsumptionincities

drivingwideremissionsgeneration(forexample,nationalgridenergyconsumption).

Moreover,theuseofgroundsensorscanbeexpensive.Therefore,dataproductstendtobelimitedtoindividualcities.

Localactivitydatamultipliedbyemissionfactors

Oneofthemostcommonapproachestoestimatingemissionsiscollectinglocalactivity

dataandmultiplyingitbyemissionfactors.Theadvantageofthisapproach,comparedwithdirectemissionsmeasurement,isthatacitycanbuildadetailedandcomprehensive

emissionsdatasetforallrelevantemittingactivitieswithinthecityboundary,ratherthanonlylookingatitsdirectemissions.

However,collectinglocalactivitydatacanbeatime-andresource-intensiveprocess,and

oftencitiesfacelogisticalandfinancialbarrierstocollectingthedatafromtherelevantdatasources,orthedatadoesnotexist.

Adaptingorscalingdatafromothersources

Whereverpossible,citiesshouldprioritizeusinglocal,thenregional,thennational,then

internationaldatatoestimatetheiremissions.However,ifnolocaldataisavailable,larger-scaledatasets(egnationalgovernmentemissionsdataorregionalactivitydata)canbe

down-scaledusingscalingfactorssuchaspopulationorGDP.Thestrengthsofthese

approachesarethattheycoveracomprehensivesetofcommunity-wideemissionsanddonotrequirehighdataprocessingpower.Manycitiesstartingoutwithclimateactionplanningdonotneedhighertemporalorspatialdataatthisstage.However,thesetypesofdatasetsarenotbasedondirectlocalmeasurementsbuttendtobescaleddownfromdatacoveringlargergeographicalscales.Thismeanstheymaynotreflectlocalcityactivityaccuratelyandarenotappropriatefordetailedclimateactionplanningortrackingtheimpactoflocal

policiesorinterventionsthroughtimebecausetheimpactoflocalactionswillnotbevisibleinthedata.

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Near-real-timebigdataapproaches

Severalnewtoolsanddatasetsareadoptingbigdataapproachestoprovidecityemissionsdataathigherspatialortemporalresolution.Thecharacteristicsofthesedatasetsvaryandtheycomefromarangeofdifferentdatasourcesanddataprocessingmethodologies,

includingdirectatmosphericmeasurements,activitydatamultipliedbyemissionfactors,

andotherhybridcombinations.Theydrawonbigdata–datasetsthataretoolargeor

complextobedealtwithusingtraditionaldataprocessingsoftwareandtechniques.The

datatendstobespatializedusingmapdataandhashightemporal(monthly,dailyorhourly)andspatial(sometimesdowntostreet-andbuilding-level)resolution.Somedatasets

incorporateelementsoflocaldata,makingthemusablefortrackingemissionschangesovertime.Duetotheirhighertemporalandspatialresolution,thesetoolsanddatasetshavethe

potentialtosupportcitieswithmoredetailedclimateactionplanningbyincreasing

understandingofbehaviorpatternsonhourly,dailyormonthlytimescalesandinspecificareaswithinthecityboundary.

Anumberofthesedatasetshavebeendevelopedbyacademicsandtheirmethodologies

submittedforscientificpeerreview,ensuringtheyadheretorobustscientificprinciples.

However,cityGHGaccountingisoftennottheprimarypurposeofthesedatasetsandthe

dataproducedisnotalwaysinausefulformatforcitiestointegrateintotheirinventories,

requiringadditionaldataprocessing.Forexample,manybigdataemissionstoolshavenotdisaggregatedtheirdataintoscopes,oronlycoverdirectemissions,andarenotalignedwithestablishedGHGaccountingprotocolssuchastheGPC.

Thesedatasetsalsotendtobelarge,requiringhighprocessingpower;andaccessinganddownloadingthedataisoftennotuser-friendly(sometimesthedatacanonlybe

downloadedinabulkexcelfileforallcities).Moreover,thecoverageofthesedatasetstendstobecountriesthatalreadyhavewell-establisheddata(forexample,theUnitedStates,andcountriesinEurope)whilecitiesinotherregionsarepoorlyrepresented.

Doesthetool’sdatacomefromreliableandrobustsources?

Citiesshouldprioritizeusingdatafrompubliclyavailableandreputablesources,forexamplegovernmentdataoracademicpeer-revieweddatasets.Whenchoosinganemissionstoolordataset,thinkaboutthecoredatasourcesthatthetooluses–aretheypubliclyavailable?Isthereclear,easytounderstand,andpubliclyavailabledocumentationonthemethodologicalapproachesusedtomeasureorestimatethedata?Doesthetoolordatasetprovidean

assessmentofdataquality?Howisdataqualitycalculated?

Doesthetool’sdataalignwithgloballyrecognizedemissionsaccountingandreportingstandards?

Globalemissionsaccountingorreportingstandards(egGPC,CRFand2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories)providearobustandtransparentframeworkfor

developingcityemissionsinventories.Theyareinternationallyrecognized,promotethedevelopmentofhigh-qualityandcredibledata,andenabledirectcomparisonsbetweencities’inventoriesonaglobalscale.

Wherepossible,citiesshoulduseemissionstoolsanddatasetsthatalignwithglobalcityGHGemissionsstandards.CDPrecommendsusingtheGPCstandardforcities’emissionsdata.

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Doesthetool’sdataalignwithyourcity’sinventoryboundary?

Itshouldcoveryourcity’sgeographicboundary

Acity-wideemissionsinventoryshouldcovereverythingwithinacity’sgeographicboundary.Checkthatthetoolordatasetcoversyourcity’sfullgeographicboundaryandthatitisthesamegeographicboundaryyourcityhadusedforpreviousinventories.Ifthetoolordatasetdoesnotmatchyourcity’sgeographicboundary,doesithavetheflexibilitytoadjustthe

boundarytotheoneyourcityuses?

Sometoolsprovidedataatahigherspatialresolutionthanthecitygeographicboundary(forexample,providingemissionsdataforindividualstreetsandbuildings).Thinkaboutwhetheryouneeddataatthatlevelofdetailforyourcity’sstageinitsclimateactionjourney.

Doesthetoolhaveflexibilitytoaggregateanddisaggregatebetweenthecityboundaryandstreetscale?

Itshouldcoverarelevantinventoryaccountingperiod

TobecompliantwiththeGPCandreportingtotheCRF,theaccountingperiodforemissionsdatashouldbe12months.Prioritizeobtainingrecentemissionsdata(lastthreetofive

years)wherepossible.Forcitiesthatarelookingtoidentifyspecificsourcesofemissionsortrackprogresstowardstheirtarget,near-real-timeemissionsdataathighertemporal

resolution(egmonthly,dailyorhourly)maybeusefulforgettingabetterunderstandingofsmall-scaleactivityandbehaviorswithintheircitytoincorporateinmoredetailedclimateactionplanning,ortotrackchangesovertimeathighergranularity.

EmissionsdatashouldcovermultipleGHGs

Wherepossible,citiesshoulduseemissionsdatathatcoversallsevenGHGsintheKyotoProtocol:carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),sulphurhexafluoride(SF6)andnitrogentrifluoride(NF3).

Ataminimum,emissionsdatasetsshouldcoverCO2,CH4andN2O.Theseareoften

combinedinanaggregatetotalemissions