雅思(閱讀)歷年真題試卷匯編1(題后含答案及解析)

雅思（閱讀）歷年真題試卷匯編1(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.WilliamGilbertandMagnetismA16thand17thcenturiessawtwogreatpioneersofmodernscience:GalileoandGilbert.Theimpactoftheirfindingsiseminent.Gilbertwasthefirstmodernscientist,alsotheaccreditedfatherofthescienceofelectricityandmagnetism,anEnglishmanoflearningandaphysicianatthecourtofElizabeth.Priortohim,allthatwasknownofelectricityandmagnetismwaswhattheancientsknew,nothingmorethanthatthelodestonepossessedmagneticpropertiesandthatamberandjet,whenrubbed,wouldattractbitsofpaperorothersubstancesofsmallspecificgravity.However,heislesswell-knownthanhedeserves.BGilbert’sbirthpredatedGalileo.BorninaneminentlocalfamilyinColchestercountyintheUK,onMay24,1544,hewenttogrammarschool,andthenstudiedmedicineatSt.John’sCollege,Cambridge,graduatingin1573.LaterhetraveledinthecontinentandeventuallysettleddowninLondon.CHewasaverysuccessfulandeminentdoctor.AllthisculminatedinhiselectiontothepresidentoftheRoyalScienceSociety.HewasalsoappointedthepersonalphysiciantotheQueen(ElizabethI),andlaterknightedbytheQueen.Hefaithfullyservedheruntilherdeath.However,hedidn’toutlivetheQueenforlonganddiedonDecember10,1603,onlyafewmonthsafterhisappointmentaspersonalphysiciantoKingJames.DGilbertwasfirstinterestedinchemistrybutlaterchangedhisfocusduetothelargeportionofmysticismofalchemyinvolved(suchasthetransmutationofmetal).Hegraduallydevelopedhisinterestinphysicsafterthegreatmindsoftheancient,particularlyabouttheknowledgetheancientGreekshadaboutlodestones,strangemineralswiththepowertoattractiron.Inthemeantime,Britainbecameamajorseafaringnationin1588whentheSpanishArmadawasdefeated,openingthewaytoBritishsettlementofAmerica.Britishshipsdependedonthemagneticcompass,yetnooneunderstoodwhyitworked.Didthepolestarattractit,asColumbusoncespeculated;orwasthereamagneticmountainatthepole,asdescribedinOdyssey,whichshipswouldneverapproach,becausethesailorsthoughtitspullwouldyankoutalltheirironnailsandfittings?Fornearly20yearsWilliamGilbertconductedingeniousexperimentstounderstandmagnetism.HisworksincludeOntheMagnetandMagneticBodies,GreatMagnetoftheEarth.EGilbert’sdiscoverywassoimportanttomodernphysics.Heinvestigatedthenatureofmagnetismandelectricity.Heevencoinedtheword“electric”.Thoughtheearlybeliefsofmagnetismwerealsolargelyentangledwithsuperstitionssuchasthatrubbinggarliconlodestonecanneutralizeitsmagnetism,oneexamplebeingthatsailorsevenbelievedthesmellofgarlicwouldeveninterferewiththeactionofcompass,whichiswhyhelmsmenwereforbiddentoeatitnearaship’scompass.Gilbertalsofoundthatmetalscanbemagnetizedbyrubbingmaterialssuchasfur,plasticorthelikeonthem.Henamedtheendsofamagnet“northpole”and“southpole”.Themagneticpolescanattractorrepel,dependingonpolarity.Inaddition,however,ordinaryironisalwaysattractedtoamagnet.Thoughhestartedtostudytherelationshipbetweenmagnetismandelectricity,sadlyhedidn’tcompleteit.Hisresearchofstaticelectricityusingamberandjetonlydemonstratedthatobjectswithelectricalchargescanworklikemagnetsattractingsmallpiecesofpaperandstuff.ItisaFrenchguynamedduFaythatdiscoveredthatthereareactuallytwoelectricalcharges,positiveandnegative.FHealsoquestionedthetraditionalastronomicalbeliefs.ThoughaCoper-nican,hedidn’texpressinhisquintessentialbeliefswhethertheearthisatthecenteroftheuniverseorinorbitaroundthesun.Howeverhebelievedthatstarsarenotequidistantfromtheearth,buthavetheirownearth-likeplanetsorbitingaroundthem.Theearthisitselflikeagiantmagnet,whichisalsowhycompassesalwayspointnorth.Theyspinonanaxisthatisalignedwiththeearth’spolarity.Heevenlikenedthepolarityofthemagnettothepolarityoftheearthandbuiltanentiremagneticphilosophyonthisanalogy.Inhisexplanation,magnetismwasthesouloftheearth.Thusaperfectlysphericallodestone,whenalignedwiththeearth’spoles,wouldwobbleallbyitselfin24hours.Further,healsobelievedthatsunsandotherstarswobblejustliketheearthdoesaroundacrystalcore,andspeculatedthatthemoonmightalsobeamagnetcausedtoorbitbyitsmagneticattractiontotheearth.Thiswasperhapsthefirstproposalthataforcemightcauseaheavenlyorbit.GHisresearchmethodwasrevolutionaryinthatheusedexperimentsratherthanpurelogicandreasoningliketheancientGreekphilosophersdid.Itwasanewattitudetowardscientificinvestigation.Untilthen,scientificexperimentswerenotinfashion.Itwasbecauseofthisscientificattitude,togetherwithhiscontributiontoourknowledgeofmagnetism,thataunitofmagnetomotiveforce,alsoknownasmagneticpotential,wasnamedGilbertinhishonor.Hisapproachofcarefulobservationandexperimentationratherthantheauthoritativeopinionordeductivephilosophyofothershadlaidtheveryfoundationformodernscience.Readingpassage1hassevenparagraphsA-GChoosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-xinboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiEarlyyearsofGilbertiiWhatwasnewabouthisscientificresearchmethodiiiThedevelopmentofchemistryivQuestioningtraditionalastronomyvPioneersoftheearlyscienceviProfessionalandsocialrecognitionviiBecomingthepresidentoftheRoyalScienceSocietyviiiThegreatworksofGilbertixHisdiscoveryaboutmagnetismxHischangeoffocus1．ParagraphA正確答案：V解析：段落開頭提到具體時間“16th，17thcenturies”，同時出現(xiàn)人名Galileo和Gilbert，與標題v的“early”和“pioneers”對應(yīng)，段落主體部分講述這兩個人都是偉大的科學(xué)家，且對Gilbert進行了更詳細的介紹。其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題v。2．ParagraphB正確答案：i解析：段落明顯提到了Gilbert的出生、早年教育和旅行經(jīng)歷，與標題i相符。其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題i。3．ParagraphC正確答案：vi解析：該段落雖然提到了Gilbert成為“RoyalScienceSociety”的“president”．與標題vii對應(yīng)，但是明顯這個信息在全段落中只是一個細節(jié)信息，是Gilbert諸多成就其中之一，并沒有提到成為president的過程，所以該選項應(yīng)該排除。該段落主要講述了Gilbert的諸多成就：出色的醫(yī)生，成為president，被女王指派為個人醫(yī)生，以及最終被加冕為爵士，對應(yīng)段落標題vi。其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題vi。4．ParagraphD正確答案：x解析：段落講述了Gilbert的興趣從化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換到物理的過程，對應(yīng)標題x。雖然段落最后提到了Gilbert的一些著作，但是很明顯這個信息只是全段落中的一個細節(jié)，且其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題x。5．ParagraphE正確答案：ix解析：段落講述了Gilbert在物理學(xué)上的研究，并出現(xiàn)了大量具體的、細節(jié)的研究成果信息，對應(yīng)標題ix。其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題ix。6．ParagraphF正確答案：iv解析：段落主要講述了天文方面的內(nèi)容，并出現(xiàn)了大量天文學(xué)術(shù)語，對應(yīng)標題iv。其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題iv。7．ParagraphG正確答案：ii解析：段落主要講述了Gilbert在研究方法方面的創(chuàng)新，對應(yīng)標題ii。其余標題的信息該段落都沒有提到，故選擇標題ii。DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes8-10onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis8．Heislessfamousthanheshouldbe.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NotGiven正確答案：A解析：根據(jù)順序性原則，定位于段落A最后一句“Heislesswell-knownthanhedeserves．”題目是原文的同義表達，所以選擇True。9．HewasfamousasadoctorbeforehewasemployedbytheQueen.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NotGiven正確答案：A解析：利用細節(jié)詞“doctor”和“Queen”，定位于段落C開頭部分“Hewasaverysuccessfulandeminentdoctor．．．a(chǎn)ppointedthepersonalphysiciantotheQueen．”這里是一個順序描述，所以他是在被雇傭前就已經(jīng)famous(對應(yīng)原文eminent)。題目是對這個原文信息的簡單歸納與總結(jié)，所以選擇True。10．Helostfaithinthemedicaltheoriesofhistime.A．TRUEB．FALSEC．NotGiven正確答案：C解析：原文中沒有提到Gilbert對當時“medicaltheories”的任何信息，只在D段落提及他喪失了對化學(xué)的興趣。題目出現(xiàn)了原文未提及的細節(jié)信息或概念，所以選擇NotGiven。ChooseTHREElettersA-F.Writeyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.WhichTHREEofthefollowingarepartsofGilbert’sdiscovery?AMetalcanbetransformedintoanother.BGarliccanremovemagnetism.CMetalscanbemagnetized.DStarsareatdifferentdistancesfromtheearth.ETheearthwobblesonitsaxis.FTherearetwochargesofelectricity.11．正確答案：C解析：選項A，金屬轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠渌饘佟癿etalcanbetransformed”對應(yīng)煉金術(shù)“alchemy”，定位于段落D開頭，但是文中明顯說到Gilbert因為不相信煉金術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)而投入對物理的研究。所以不可能屬于他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，排除。選項B，利用細節(jié)詞“garlic”定位于段落E第三句話，但是原文明顯提到這是迷信(“superstition”)，所以也不屬于他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。排除。選項C，金屬被磁化對應(yīng)段落E中間部分“Gilbertalsofoundthatmetalscanbemagnetizedbyrubbingmaterials…”，明顯屬于他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(對應(yīng)單詞“found”)，為正確答案。選項D，根據(jù)選項天文學(xué)內(nèi)容定位于段落F，利用細節(jié)詞“star”和“earth”定位與該段落第三句話“hebelievedthatstarsarenotequidistantfromtheearth”，明顯屬于他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(對應(yīng)單詞“believe”)，為正確答案。選項E，與選項D相同，也定位與段落F，根據(jù)細節(jié)信息“wobbleonitsaxis”定位與該段落倒數(shù)第二句話“healsobelievedthatsunsandotherstarswobblejustliketheearthdoes…”，明顯屬于他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(對應(yīng)單詞“believe”)，為正確答案。選項F，利用細節(jié)信息“twochargesofelectricity”，定位于段落E最后一句話。原文明顯提到這是法國人duFay的發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以不屬于Gilbert的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，排除。12．正確答案：D13．正確答案：EYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.ITWASthesummer,scientistsnowrealise,whenglobalwarmingatlastmadeitselfunmistakablyfelt.Weknewthatsummer2003wasremarkable:BritainexperienceditsrecordhightemperatureandcontinentalEuropesawforestfiresragingoutofcontrol,greatriversdryingtoatrickleandthousandsofheat-relateddeaths.Butjusthowremarkableisonlynowbecomingclear.ThethreemonthsofJune,JulyandAugustwerethewarmesteverrecordedinwesternandcentralEurope,withrecordnationalhighsinPortugal,GermanyandSwitzerlandaswellasinBritain.Andtheywerethewarmestbyaverylongway.OveragreatrectangularblockoftheearthstretchingfromwestofParistonorthernItaly,takinginSwitzerlandandsouthernGermany,theaveragetemperatureforthesummermonthswas3.78°Cabovethelong-termnorm,saidtheClimaticResearchUnit(CRU)oftheUniversityofEastAngliainNorwich,whichisoneoftheworld’sleadinginstitutionsforthemonitoringandanalysisoftemperaturerecords.Thatexcessmightnotseemalotuntilyouareawareofthecontext—butthenyourealiseitisenormous.Thereisnothinglikethisinpreviousdata,anywhere.ItisconsideredsoexceptionalthatProfessorPhilJones,theCRU’sdirector,ispreparedtosayopenly—inawayfewscientistshavedonebefore—thatthe2003extrememaybedirectlyattributed,nottonaturalclimatevariability,buttoglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactions.Meteorologistshavehithertocontentedthemselveswiththeformulathatrecenthightemperaturesare“consistentwithpredictions”ofclimatechange.Forthegreatblockofthemap—thatstretchingbetween35-50Nand0-20E—theCRUhasreliabletemperaturerecordsdatingbackto1781.Usingasabaselinetheaveragesummertemperaturerecordedbetween1961and1990,departuresfromthetemperaturenorm,or“anomalies”,overtheareaasawholecaneasilybeplotted.Asthegraphshows,suchisthevariabilityofourclimatethatoverthepast200years,therehavebeenatleasthalfadozenanomalies,intermsofexcesstemperature—thepeaksonthegraphdenotingveryhotyears—approaching,orevenexceeding,2°C.Buttherehasbeennothingremotelylike2003,whentheanomalyisnearlyfourdegrees.”Thisisquiteremarkable,”ProfessorJonestoldTheIndependent“It’sveryunusualinastatisticalsense.Ifthisserieshadanormalstatisticaldistribution,youwouldn’tgetthisnumber.Thereturnperiod[howoftenitcouldbeexpectedtorecur]wouldbesomethinglikeoneinathousandyears.Ifwelookatanexcessabovetheaverageofnearlyfourdegrees,thenperhapsnearlythreedegreesofthatisnaturalvariability,becausewe’veseenthatinpastsummers.Butthefinaldegreeofitislikelytobeduetoglobalwarming,causedbyhumanactions.”Thesummerof2003has,inasense,beenonethatclimatescientistshavelongbeenexpecting.Untilnow,thewarminghasbeenmanifestingitselfmainlyinwintersthathavebeenlesscoldthaninsummersthathavebeenmuchhotter.Lastweek,theUnitedNationspredictedthatwinterswerewarmingsoquicklythatwintersportswoulddieoutinEurope’slower-levelskiresorts.Butsoonerorlatertheunprecedentedhotsummerwasboundtocome,andthisyearitdid.Oneofthemostdramaticfeaturesofthesummerwasthehotnights,especiallyinthefirsthalfofAugust.InParis,thetemperatureneverdroppedbelow23°C(73.4°F)atallbetween7and14August,andthecityrecordeditswarmest-evernighton11-12August,whenthemercurydidnotdropbelow25.5°C(77.9°F).Germanyrecordeditswarmest-evernightatWeinbietintheRhinevalleywithalowestfigureof27.6°C(80.6°F)on13August,andsimilarrecord-breakingnighttimetemperatureswererecordedinSwitzerlandandItaly.The15,000excessdeathsinFranceduringAugust,comparedwithpreviousyears,havebeenrelatedtothehighnight-timetemperatures.Thenumbergraduallyincreasedduringthefirst12daysofthemonth,peakingatabout2,000perdayonthenightof12-13August,thenfelloffdramaticallyafter14Augustwhentheminimumtemperaturesfellbyabout5°C.Theelderlyweremostaffected,witha70percentincreaseinmortalityrateinthoseaged75-94.ForBritain,theyearasawholeislikelytobethewarmesteverrecorded,butdespitethehightemperaturerecordon10August,thesummeritself—definedastheJune,JulyandAugustperiod—stillcomesbehind1976and1995,whentherewerelongerperiodsofintenseheat.Atthemoment,theyearisoncoursetobethethird-hottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecord,whichgoesbackto1856,behind1998and2002,butwhenalltherecordsforOctober,NovemberandDecemberarecollated,itmightmoveintosecondplace,ProfessorJonessaid.The10hottestyearsintherecordhaveallnowoccurredsince1990.ProfessorJonesisinnodoubtabouttheastonishingnatureofEuropeansummerof2003.“Thetemperaturesrecordedwereoutofallproportiontothepreviousrecord,”hesaid.“Itwasthewarmestsummerinthepast500yearsandprobablywaybeyondthat.Itwasenormouslyexceptional.”HiscolleaguesattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearcharenowplanningaspecialstudyofit.“Itwasasummerthathasnotbeenexperiencedbefore,eitherintermsofthetemperatureextremesthatwerereached,ortherangeanddiversityoftheimpactsoftheextremeheat,”saidthecentresexecutivedirector,ProfessorMikeHulme.”Itwillcertainlyhaveleftitsmarkonanumberofcountries,astohowtheythinkandplanforclimatechangeinthefuture,muchasthe2000floodshaverevolutionisedthewaytheGovernmentisthinkingaboutfloodingintheUK.“The2003heatwavewillhavesimilarrepercussionsacrossEurope.”Questions14-19DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes14-19onyouranswersheetwriteYESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNOifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis14．Theaveragesummertemperaturein2003isalmost4degreeshigherthantheaveragetemperatureofthepast.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正確答案：A解析：利用細節(jié)信息“4degrees”定位于第四段最后一句話“…whentheanomalyisnearlyfourdegrees”，題目與原文是同義表達，所以選擇Yes。15．Globalwarmingiscaused.byhumanactivities.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正確答案：A解析：利用細節(jié)信息“globalwarming”和“humanactivities”，定位于第五段最后一句話“…globalwarming，causedbyhumanactions”。題目與原文是同義表達，所以選擇Yes。16．Jonesbelievesthetemperaturevariationiswithinthenormalrange.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正確答案：B解析：利用細節(jié)詞“Jones”，定位于第五段開頭，“It’sveryunusualinastatisticalsense．Ifthisserieshadanormalstatisticaldistribution，youwouldn’tgetthisnumber.”題目說這個溫度變化正常，而原文說不正常(“unusual”)，題目與原文直接相反，所以選擇No。17．Thetemperatureismeasuredtwiceadayinmajorcities.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正確答案：C解析：原文中沒有提及任何關(guān)于“measuredtwiceinmajorcities”的信息。題目中出現(xiàn)原文未提及的細節(jié)信息或概念，所以選擇NotGiven。18．Thereweremilderwintersratherthanhottersummersbefore2003.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正確答案：A解析：利用細節(jié)信息“milderwintersratherthanhottersummers”定位于第六段第2行“thewarminghasbeenmanifestingitselfmainlyinwintersthathavebeenlesscoldthaninsummersthathavebeenmuchhotter”。題目與原文是同義表達，所以選擇Yes。19．Governmentsarebuildingnewhigh-altitudeskiresorts.A．YesB．NoC．NotGiven正確答案：C解析：利用細節(jié)信息“skiresorts”定位于第六段倒數(shù)第二句話“…wintersportswoulddieoutinEurope’slower-levelskiresorts”。原文只說低海拔的滑雪勝地的冬季運動會消失，但是是否會修建高海拔的滑雪勝地并沒有提及。題目中出現(xiàn)原文未提及的細節(jié)信息或概念，所以選擇NotGiven。AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-21onyouranswersheet.20．WhataretheothertwohottestyearsinBritainbesides2003?正確答案：1.9762e+007解析：題目要求填寫兩個年代，利用反向思維，如果原文某個段落有答案則該段落必須出現(xiàn)兩個或以上的年代(且不能是2003)和細節(jié)詞“Britain”，由此可以定位與倒數(shù)第三段第一句話“ForBritain…thesummeritself．．．stillcomesbehind1976and1995”，所以答案為1976，1995。21．Whatwillalsoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesinthefuturelikethehotsummerin2003?正確答案：2000flood(s)/flooding解析：利用細節(jié)詞“governmentpolicies”，可以定位于最后一段第一句話“…muchasthe2000floodshaverevolutionizedthewaytheGovernmentisthinkingaboutfloodingintheUK”。原文“revolutionize”對應(yīng)題目“influence”，原文“thewaytheGovernmentisthinking”對應(yīng)題目“policies”，所以答案為2000floods。CompletethesummarybelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassage.Writeyouranswersinboxes22-25onyouranswersheet.Theothertwohottestyearsaroundglobewere【R1】______.Thetenhottestyearsonrecordallcomeaftertheyear【R2】______.Thistemperaturedatahasbeengatheredsince【R3】______.Thousandsofpeoplediedinthecountryof【R4】______.22．【R1】正確答案：1998and2002解析：與21題相似，題目要求填寫兩個年代，利用反向思維，如果原文某個段落有答案則該段落必須出現(xiàn)兩個或以上的年代，再利用細節(jié)信息“aroundtheglobe”可以定位于倒數(shù)第三段第四行，“theyearisoncoursetothebethird-hottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecord，whichgoesbackto1856，behind1998and2002”，所以答案為1998and2002。23．【R2】正確答案：1990解析：利用細節(jié)詞“tenhottestyears”，定位于倒數(shù)第三段中間靠后“the10hottestyearsintherecordhaveallnowoccurredsince1990”，所以答案為1990。24．【R3】正確答案：1856解析：這道題對應(yīng)的細節(jié)信息與21題對應(yīng)的細節(jié)信息是同一句話“theyearisoncoursetothebethird—hottesteverintheglobaltemperaturerecord，whichgoesbackto1856，behind1998and2002”，“since”對應(yīng)“datesback”，所以答案為1856。25．【R4】正確答案：France解析：本題違反順序原則，但是利用細節(jié)信息“thousandsofpeopledied”，同時根據(jù)“thecountryof”(可以得知答案應(yīng)為一國家名)，可以定位于第6頁第三段第一句話“The15，000excessdeathsinFrance…”，所以答案為France。26．ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswerinbox26onyouranswersheet.Whichoneofthefollowingcanbebestusedasthetitleofthispassage?AGlobalWarmingBWhatCausedGlobalWarmingCTheEffectsofGlobalWarmingDThatHotYearinEurope正確答案：D解析：選項A，如果全文的標題為“GlobalWarming”，則全文應(yīng)圍繞GlobalWarming大做文章，可能要詳細描述GlobalWarming現(xiàn)象，提及成因，影響和應(yīng)對等諸多方面。但是本文顯然沒有這樣寫，而是著重強調(diào)2003年歐洲酷熱這一現(xiàn)象，所以排除。選項B。如果全文的標題為“WhatCausedGlobalWarming”，則全文應(yīng)通篇講述各種可能的原因和理論，而本文只在第三段和第五段輕描淡寫的提了一下GlobalWarming是“humanactions”導(dǎo)致的，純屬細節(jié)，所以排除。選項C，如果全文標題為“TheEffectsofGlobalWarming”，則全文應(yīng)描述Globalwarming導(dǎo)致的多個結(jié)果(“effects”是復(fù)數(shù)形式暗示多個結(jié)果)，例如：2003年酷熱、南北極冰川融化、極端氣候現(xiàn)象、物種更快滅絕、糧食減產(chǎn)等等，而文章只講到2003年酷熱這一個GlobalWarming導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，與此標題不符，所以排除。選項D，與文章講述2003年酷熱的主要內(nèi)容符合，所以為正確答案。Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.AmateurNaturalistsFromtheresultsofanannualAlaskanbettingcontesttosightingsofmigratorybirds,ecologistsareusingawealthofunusualdatatopredicttheimpactofclimatechange.ATimSparksslidesasmallleather-boundnotebookoutofanenvelope.Thebook’syellowingpagescontainbeekeepingnotesmadebetween1941and1969bythelateWalterCoatesofKilworth,Leicestershire.Headdsittohisgrowingpileoflocaljournals,birdwatchers’listsandgardeningdiaries.“We’reuncoveringaboutonemajornewrecordeachmonth,”hesays,“Istillgetsurprised.”AroundtwocenturiesbeforeCoates,RobertMarsham,alandownerfromNorfolkintheeastofEngland,beganrecordingthelifecyclesofplantsandanimalsonhisestate—whenthefirstwoodanemonesflowered,thedatesonwhichtheoaksburstintoleafandtherooksbegannesting.SuccessiveMarshamscontinuedcompilingthesenotesfor211years.BToday,suchrecordsarebeingputtousesthattheirauthorscouldnotpossiblyhaveexpected.Thesedatasets,andotherslikethem,areprovinginvaluabletoecologistsinterestedinthetimingofbiologicalevents,orphenology.Bycombiningtherecordswithclimatedata,researcherscanrevealhow,forexample,changesintemperatureaffectthearrivalofspring,allowingecologiststomakeimprovedpredictionsabouttheimpactofclimatechange.Asmallbandofresearchersiscombingthroughhundredsofyearsofrecordstakenbythousandsofamateurnaturalists.Andmoresystematicprojectshavealsostartedup,producinganoverwhelmingresponse.“Theamountofinterestisalmostfrightening,”saysSparks,aclimateresearcherattheCentreforEcologyandHydrologyinMonksWood,Cambridgeshire.CSparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof“closetphenologists”,ashedescribesthem,whenaretiringcolleaguegavehimtheMarshamrecords.Henowspendsmuchofhistimefollowingleadsfromonehistoricaldatasettoanother.Asnewsofhisquestspreads,peopletiphimofftootherhistoricalrecords,andmoreamateurphenologistscomeoutoftheirclosets.TheBritishdevotiontorecordingandcollectingmakeshisjobeasier—onemanfromKentsenthim30years’worthofkitchencalendars,onwhichhehadnotedthedatethathisneighbour’smagnoliatreeflowered.DOtherresearchershaveuneartheddatafromequallyoddsources.RafeSagarin,anecologistatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,recentlystudiedrecordsofabettingcontestinwhichparticipantsattempttoguesstheexacttimeatwhichaspeciallyerectedwoodentripodwillfallthroughthesurfaceofathawingriver.ThecompetitionhastakenplaceannuallyontheTenanaRiverinAlaskasince1917,andanalysisoftheresultsshowedthatthethawnowarrivesfivedaysearlierthanitdidwhenthecontestbegan.EOverall,suchrecordshavehelpedtoshowthat,comparedwith20yearsago,araftofnaturaleventsnowoccurearlieracrossmuchofthenorthernhemisphere,fromtheopeningofleavestothereturnofbirdsfrommigrationandtheemergenceofbutterfliesfromhibernation.Thedatacanalsohintathownaturewillchangeinthefuture.Togetherwithmodelsofclimatechange,amateurs’recordscouldhelpguideconservation.TerryRoot,anecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor,hascollectedbirdwatchers’countsofwildfowltakenbetween1955and1996onseasonalpondsintheAmericanMidwestandcombinedthemwithclimatedataandmodelsoffuturewarming.Heranalysisshowsthattheincreaseddroughtsthatthemodelspredictcouldhalvethebreedingpopulationsattheponds.“ThenumberofwaterfowlinNorthAmericawillmostprobablydropsignificantlywithglobalwarming,”shesays.FButnotallprofessionalsarehappytouseamateurdata.“Alotofscientistswon’ttouchthem,theysaythey’retoofullofproblems,”saysRoot.Becausedifferentobserverscanhavedifferentideasofwhatconstitutes,forexample,anopensnowdrop.“Thebiggestconcernwithadhocobservationsishowcarefullyandsystematicallytheyweretaken,”saysMarkSchwartzoftheUniversityofWisconsin,Milwaukee,whostudiestheinteractionsbetweenplantsandclimate.“Weneedtoknowprettypreciselywhataperson’sbeenobserving—iftheyjustsay‘Inotedwhentheleavescameout’,itmightnotbethatuseful.”Measuringtheonsetofautumncanbeparticularlyproblematicbecausedecidingwhenleaveschangecolourisamoresubjectiveprocessthannotingwhentheyappear.GOverall,mostphenologistsarepositiveaboutthecontributionthatamateurscanmake.“Theygetattherawpowerofscience:carefulobservationofthenaturalworld,”saysSagarin.Buttheprofessionalsalsoacknowledgetheneedforcarefulqualitycontrol.Root,forexample,triestogaugethequalityofanamateurarchivebyinterviewingitscollector.“Youalwayshavetoworry—thingsastrivialasvacationscanaffectmeasurement.Idisregardalotofrecordsbecausethey’renotrigorousenough,”shesays.Otherssuggestthattherightstatisticscanironoutsomeoftheproblemswithamateurdata.TogetherwithcolleaguesatWageningenUniversityintheNetherlands,environmentalscientistArnoldvanVlietisdevelopingstatisticaltechniquestoaccountfortheuncertaintyinamateurphenologicaldata.Withtheenthusiasmofamateurphenologistsevidentfrompastrecords,professionalresearchersarenowtryingtocreatestandardizedrecordingschemesforfutureefforts.Theyhopethatwell-designedstudieswillgenerateavolumeofobservationslargeenoughtodrownouttheidiosyncrasiesofindividualrecorders.Thedataarecheaptocollect,andcanprovidebreadthinspace,timeandrangeofspecies.“It’sverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeographicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobservers,”saysRoot.HPhenologyalsohelpstodrivehomemessagesaboutclimatechange.“Becausethepublicunderstandtheserecords,theyacceptthem,”saysSparks.Itcanalsoillustratepotentiallyunpleasantconsequences,headds,suchasthefindingthatmoreratinfestationsarereportedtolocalcouncilsinwarmeryears.Andgettingpeopleinvolvedisgreatforpublicrelations.“Peoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatathey’vebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientific—itempowersthem,”saysRoot.Questions27-33ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphsA-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?WritethecorrectletterA-Hinboxes27-33onyouranswersheet.27．Thedefinitionofphenology正確答案：B解析：“phenology”明顯是一個專業(yè)詞匯，在文章中不會出現(xiàn)同義替換，且一個專業(yè)詞匯的“definition”應(yīng)該在第一次提到這個詞匯的地方，所以可以回原文直接定位于段落B第三行“…thetimingofbiologicalevents，orphenology”，所以phenology就是生物氣候?qū)W，答案為B。28．HowSparksfirstbecameawareofamateurrecords正確答案：C解析：利用人名細節(jié)詞“Sparks”和反向思維詞“first”很容易定位于段落C第一句話“Sparksfirstbecameawareofthearmyof‘closetphenologists’，ashedescribesthem…”，所以答案為C。29．Howpeoplereactedtotheirinvolvementindatacollection正確答案：H解析：此題難度較高，對應(yīng)段落H最后一句話“Peoplearethrilledtothinkthatthedatathey’vebeencollectingasahobbycanbeusedforsomethingscientific…”，原文“thrilled”對應(yīng)題目“reaction”，所以答案為H。30．Thenecessitytoencourageamateurdatacollection正確答案：G解析：此題難度也較高，對應(yīng)段落G最后一句話“It’sverydifficulttocollectdataonalargegeographicalscalewithoutenlistinganarmyofobservers”，所以答案為G。31．Adescriptionofusingamateurrecordstomakepredictions正確答案：E解析：利用反向思維詞“usingamateurrecords”和“predictions”來判斷，原文對應(yīng)信息應(yīng)出現(xiàn)一些數(shù)據(jù)或未來的時間。該題對應(yīng)段落E中部“TerryRoot，anecologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor…”之后的所有信息?！癰irdwatcher’scountsofwaterf