自考現(xiàn)代英語語法重點(diǎn)

Chapt?er1TheStruc?tureoftheEngli?shSente?nce(第一章緒論)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)Prese?ntthegramm?atica?lunits?thatformahiera?rchic?alorder?.(指出構(gòu)成層?次結(jié)構(gòu)的語?法單位.)英語句子的?結(jié)構(gòu)層次是?：分句(claus?es)、詞組(phras?es)、單詞(words?)，圖示如下：高級層次句子(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)分句組成?)分句(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)詞組組成?)詞組(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)詞組成)低級層次詞如果從語義?的角度來考?慮，單詞以下還?可再分為詞?素(morph?emes)；句子以上還?有更大的語?言單位，即把句子按?一定邏輯規(guī)?則組織起來?的語篇。所以，從超語法的?角度來看，語法層次結(jié)?構(gòu)可以如下?圖所示：高級層次語篇(由廣個(gè)或多?個(gè)句子組成?)句子(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)分句組成?)分句(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)扣組組成?)詞組(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)詞組成)詞(由一個(gè)或多?個(gè)詞素組成?)低級層次詞素2．Morph?emes詞?素(Terms?:morph?eme,morph?,allom?orph,freemorph?emeandbound?morph?eme)（注：此部分內(nèi)容?的學(xué)習(xí)可以?借鑒‘詞匯學(xué)’的相關(guān)內(nèi)容?，然而必須注?意兩門課程?描述的不同?點(diǎn)。）什么是詞素?(morph?eme)?詞素是語法?的最小區(qū)別?性單位，即最低一級?的語法單位?。詞素的語音?或拼寫法的?體現(xiàn)叫形素?(morph?)。詞素是一種?抽象形式的?成分，在不同的環(huán)?境中一個(gè)詞?素可以由若?干個(gè)不同的?形素體現(xiàn)，如英語中的?復(fù)數(shù)詞素可?以表現(xiàn)為／s，z，iz／。某一詞素在?不同的環(huán)境?中可以用不?同的變體或?詞素變體(allom?orph)表示。所謂詞素變?體是指詞素?的非區(qū)別性?變體，幾個(gè)不同的?變體一起構(gòu)?成一個(gè)詞素?。詞素又分為?自由詞素和?粘附詞素。自由詞素(freemorph?eme)是指本身具?有完整意義?，可以獨(dú)立使?用的詞素。它可以是簡?單的單詞，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派?生詞的詞根?，如im-polit?e，self-ish等。自由詞素具?有較強(qiáng)的構(gòu)?詞能力。粘附詞素(bound?morph?eme)是指沒有完?整意義不能?獨(dú)立使用的?詞素。粘附詞素只?表示一種附?加意義或語?法意義，這種詞素不?能單獨(dú)存在?和使用，只有粘附在?其他詞素(主要是自由?詞素)上才能表示?出它的意義?。粘附詞素的?主要功能是?在構(gòu)詞中充?當(dāng)詞綴，如unfr?iendl?iness?中的un-，-ly，-ness等?。3.Finit?eclaus?esandinfin?iteclaus?es(限定性分句?與非限定性?分句,定義參見下?面的簡答題?部分)注意這里分?句的概念與?傳統(tǒng)語法的?區(qū)別，特別是非限?定性分句。Finit?eClaus?es(1)名詞性分句?Whathesaidwasincre?dible?.(2)關(guān)系分句Thisisoneofthebestbooks?I’veeverread.(3)狀語分句IfIwereinyourshoes?,Iwould?n’tquit.Non-finit?eclaus?es：(1)非限定性名?詞性分句：Shedidn’tknowwhattosay．(2)非限定性關(guān)?系分句：Themanstand?ingbythewindo?wisherbroth?er.(3)非限定性狀?語分句：Publi?shedtenyears?ago，thisisstill?thebestdicti?onary?．重要概念morph?eme(參見第一部?分測試題)parsi?ng：Break?ingasente?nceintosmall?ercompo?nents?foranaly?sisandthengroup?ingthemintovario?usclass?esinasyste?matic?way.把一個(gè)句子?中的各種詞?按語法范疇?給出名稱一?如主語、賓語、動(dòng)詞、性、數(shù)、格等一叫做?句子成分分?析(parsi?ng)。Defin?ethecompl?exsente?nceThecompl?exsente?nceisasente?ncethatconta?insmorethanoneclaus?ethatarejoine?dtoget?herbysubor?dinat?ingonetoanoth?er．[復(fù)雜句是用?從屬連詞(如if,when,thoug?h等)連接的一個(gè)?以上分句的?句子.]典型考題I.選擇題1.There?are()morph?emesin“gunfi?ghter?”.A.two B.three?C.four D.one2.In“Hedowne?dhisbeerandpunch?edmeonthenose.”“downe?d”belon?gsto().(P13)A.backf?ormat?ion B.clipp?ingC.conve?rsion? D.blend?ing3.Suffi?xesbasic?allychang?e().A.wordmeani?ng B.wordclass?C.nothi?ng D.wordforma?tion4.Theprefi?x“uni-”means?().A.witho?ut B.selfC.false? D.oneKey:1.B2.C3.B4.DII.簡答題Interms?ofwhich?three?facto?rsarewords?class?ified??Thethree?facto?rsare:theenvir?onmen?twhere?words?occur?,their?inter?nalstruc?tureandtheir?meani?ng.Defin?ethefinit?eclaus?esandthenon-finit?eclaus?es. Thefinit?eclaus?esaretheonesthathavesubje?ctsandfinit?everbs?aspredi?cates?．Thenon-finit?eclaus?esaretheonesthatleave?subje?ctsunsai?dandverbs?innon-finit?eforms?．(限定分句是?主語加限定?動(dòng)詞作謂語?的分句。非限定分句?是省略主語?而動(dòng)詞以非?限定形式出?現(xiàn)(主語省略是?因?yàn)槠淝懊?或后面已有主?語。)Chapt?er2Sente?nceTypes?(第二章句子類型)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)1．英語句子四?大類型為陳?述句，疑問句，祈使句和感?嘆句；這四種句型?分別表示提?供信息，尋求信息，要求動(dòng)作進(jìn)?行和表達(dá)說?話者的情感?.Expla?inthecondi?tions?inwhich?weneedtousenon-asser?tivewords?inposit?ivestate?ments?andasser?tivewords?inquest?ions.(解釋在肯定?句中使用非?肯定詞和在?疑問句中使?用肯定句的?情況。)Whenaposit?iveanswe?risexpec?ted,asser?tivewords?canbeusedinquest?ions,suchas:Would?youlikesomemorecoffe?e?Issomeb?odywaiti?ngforme?Andinaffir?mativ?esente?ncesinwhich?there?arenegat?iveimpor?t,if-claus?es,putat?iveshoul?d-claus?es,andcompa?rativ?eclaus?es,non-asser?tivewords?canbeused,suchas:Heistooyoung?totakeanyjob.Ifanyon?ecalls?meatthismomen?t,itmustbeXiaoZhang?.It’soddthattheheroshoul?dsayanyth?inglikethat.He’sbette?rthananyon?eelseinthiscompa?ny.疑問句中如?期望肯定回?答,可用肯定詞?，在含有帶否?定含義的詞?，If-分句,shoul?d推定分句,比較分句中?也可用非肯?定詞.3．Expla?inthediffe?rence?betwe?enatagquest?ionwithafinal?risin?gtoneandonewithafinal?falli?ngtone．(解釋附加疑?問句結(jié)尾升?調(diào)與降調(diào)的?區(qū)別。)Witharisin?gtone，thequest?ionexpre?ssesthespeak?er’sneutr?alexpec?tatio?noftheheare?r’srespo?nseandinvit?estheheare?rtoverif?ythetruth?ofthepropo?sitio?ninthestate?ment．Withafalli?ngtone，thespeak?erasksfortheheare?r’sconfi?rmati?onofthestate?ment．Itcanberegar?dedassimil?artoanexcla?matio?n．(念升調(diào)，附加疑問句?的說話者對?對方的回答不是?很確定；念降調(diào)，說話者期望?對方證實(shí)他?的陳述，有點(diǎn)類似于?感嘆句。)Examp?les:Lovel?yweath?er,isn’tit?(Seein?gthestude?nt’sID)Youareastude?nt,aren’tyou?以上兩句，都應(yīng)該念降?調(diào)。另外，在附加疑問?句中，HAVE一?詞也是?？?的重點(diǎn)：Youhaveheard?me,haven?’tyou?(Auxil?iary‘have’)Maryhastoliveonherown,doesn?’tshe?Tomhascoffe?ewithmilk,doesn?’the?(Inthesense?of‘posse?ss’,‘own’,etc.)Youhaveabighouse?,don’t/haven?’tyou?4．Comma?ndsBepatie?nt.(Comma?nd)Youbepatie?nt.(Empha?ticeffec?t,ortolight?acontr?ast)Dobepatie?nt.(Toreinf?orceacomma?nd)Bepatie?nt,pleas?e!(Tosmoot?hawayabrup?tness?)Youbepatie?nt,pleas?e!(Thissente?nceisincor?rect!)Sothefollo?wingsente?ncesarealsocomma?nds:Someo?netakeouttherubbi?sh.Anybo?dyhelphim!Every?onefreez?e!重要概念A(yù)lter?nativ?equest?ions:Those?quest?ionsthatsugge?sttwo(ormore)alter?nativ?esandusual?lyimply?thatoneofthemcould?betrue.How-excla?matio?ns:Excla?matio?nsthatareledbytheadver?b‘how’.Ithighl?ights?theadjec?tive,adver?b,orverbinexcla?matio?ns.典型考題選擇題1.Youhavetowaitamomen?t,_____?_?

A.haven?'tyouB.doyou

C.don'tyouD.shoul?dn'tyou

2."Marywasn'tinthereadi?ng-room,wasshe?""_____?____."

A.Yes,shewasn'tB.No,shewas

C.Yes,shewasD.Shewasn't

Key:1.c2.c簡答題Whataretheverbs?which?trans?ferre?dnegat?ionoften?occur?swith?Whatistheir?share?dseman?ticfeatu?re?(轉(zhuǎn)移否定經(jīng)?常與哪些動(dòng)?詞同現(xiàn)?它們有什么?共同的語義?特征?)Theverbs?which?trans?ferre?dnegat?ionoften?occur?swithare：think?，belie?ve，suppo?se，imagi?neandexpec?t．Theyaretheverbs?thatexpre?ss“opini?on”．(轉(zhuǎn)移否定經(jīng)?常與thi?nk，belie?ve，suppo?se，imagi?ne和ex?pect等?動(dòng)詞連用。這些動(dòng)詞都?是表示“意見”的語義。)Whatarethetwomajor?types?ofexcla?matio?ns?(感嘆句的兩?大類型是什?么?)Thetwomajor?types?ofexcla?matio?nsareWHAT—excla?matio?nsandHOW-excla?matio?ns．Theforme?risfollo?wedbyanounphras?e；thelatte?risfollo?wedbyanadjec?tiveoradver?b．感嘆句分為?WHAT-感嘆句和H?OW-感嘆句。前一種后接?名詞詞組，后者接形容?詞或副詞III．完成下列句?子You’drathe?rwedidn’tgothere?,_____?__Idon’tthink?hewillcome,_____?___?Theymusthavelosttheir?way,_____??Let’stalkabout?itlater?,_____??Every?oneishere,_____?___?Key:1.hadn’tyou2.willhe3.mustn?’t/didn’tthey4.shall?we5.isn’there/aren’ttheyChapt?er3NounandNounPhras?e(1):NounandNumbe?r(第三章名詞和名詞?詞組(1)：名詞和名詞?的數(shù))難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)Thefunct?ionsofnounphras?es:Infunct?ion,anounphras?ecanplaysuchgramm?atica?lroles?assubje?ct,objec?t,compl?ement?,modif?ierandevenadver?bial.名詞詞組的?功能，可以作主語?、賓語、補(bǔ)語、修飾語（ateatable?），有些的甚至?可以作狀語?(yeste?rday,lastweek)。Nounclass?es名詞可以以?多種方法分?類,如具體名詞?(table?,water?)與抽象名詞?(happi?ness,hatre?d),可數(shù)名詞(table?,girl)與不可數(shù)名?詞(water?,money?),有生物名詞?(boy,monke?y)與無生物名?詞(table?,water?)等.但名詞通常按以下?方式分類:名詞|專有名詞P?roper?nouns?(nouns?)|可數(shù)名詞|普通名詞(commo?nnouns?)(c.nouns?)|物質(zhì)名詞(massnouns?)我們在可數(shù)?名詞和物質(zhì)?名詞中還可?以再劃分具?體名詞和抽?象名詞:名詞--|專有名詞|普通名詞--|可數(shù)名詞--|具體名詞(concr?etenouns?)(commo?nn.)||抽象名詞(abstr?actnouns?|物質(zhì)名詞--|具體名詞(concr?etenouns?)|抽象名詞(abstr?actnouns?)3.縮略詞：加-’s，-s，雙寫或零形?式復(fù)數(shù)，首字母縮略?詞， 加-‘s或-s： MP(議員)MP’s／MPs POW(戰(zhàn)犯)POW’s／POWs VIP(要人)VIP’s／VIPs laser?laser?s縮略詞加-s，雙寫或用零?形式復(fù)數(shù)：縮略詞加-s Dr．(醫(yī)生)Drs． hr(小時(shí))hrs．(或hr．) yd．(碼)yds． Yr.(年)yrs． 雙寫:ex．(例子)exx． gal．(加侖)gall． 1.(行)ll． p．(頁)pp或用零形式?復(fù)數(shù)ft．(英尺)ftkg．(公斤)kg． km．(公里)km min．(分)min． sec．(秒)Sec4.熟記教材（P65）單位名稱表?重要概念Prope?rnoun:Prope?rnouns?arenouns?refer?ringtospeci?ficperso?n,place?orthing?,suchasSmith?,Mark(perso?ns),Washi?ngton?D.C.,Londo?n(place?s),NATO,Unite?dNatio?ns(thing?s)(專有名稱是?特指人,地方或事物?的名詞)Massnoun:Those?thatcannottakeplura?laremassnouns?,suchasbutte?r,chees?e,homew?orkmusic?,etc.(沒有復(fù)數(shù)形?式的名詞叫?物質(zhì)名詞)Unitnoun:Itisalsocalle?d"parti?tive",isaveryspeci?alclass?ofwords?thatisusedtospeci?fythequant?ities?measu?resandshape?softhemodif?iednounsuchas:piece?,batch?,bunch?,item,etc.(單位名詞亦?稱“部分詞”用于說明所?修飾名詞的?量、大小和形狀?等)Forei?gnplura?ls：Theyarewords?borro?wedfromsomeother?langu?ageswhich?still?taketheir?origi?nalforms?ofplura?l，Mostoften?，theyarefrom-Latin?，F(xiàn)renc?h，Greek?：alumn?a--alumn?ae，index?--indic?es，plate?au--plate?aux，analy?sis—analy?ses，etc．(外來詞復(fù)數(shù)?是指從外語?中借來尚保?持原來復(fù)數(shù)?形式的復(fù)數(shù)?名詞，多是拉丁語?、法語和希臘?語等)三、典型考題選擇題

1._____?____plast?icsaremadeinthischemi?calplant?.

A.Manykindof

B.Manykinds?of

C.Manykinds?

D.Manykind

2."Jackhasjustmoved?intoanewhouse?."

"Didhehavetobuy_____?___fo?rit?"

A.manynewfurni?ture

B.muchnewfurni?tures?

C.muchnewfurni?ture

D.manynewfurni?tures?

3.Micha?eltook_____?__astowhatheshoul?ddo.

A.hisfrien?d'sadvis?e

B.hisfrien?d'sadvis?es

C.hisfrien?dadvic?e

D.hisfrien?d'sadvic?eKey:1.B2.C3.D簡答題Colle?ctive?noun:These?aregener?allycount?ablenouns?,buteveninthesingu?lartheyrefer?togroup?sofpeopl?e,anima?lsorthing?s,suchasfamil?y,class?,team,gover?nment?,commi?ttee,etc.(集體名詞一?般是可數(shù)名?詞,但就是單數(shù)?,也指人,動(dòng)物或事物?的群體)singu?larinvar?iable?s:Theyareprope?rnouns?likecount?rynames?,perso?nalnames?andmassnouns?likethose?denot?ingscien?ces,subje?cts,disea?ses,andgames?.Forexamp?le:theUnite?dState?s，theUnite?dNatio?ns，Black?，Jones?，class?ics，physi?cs，bronc?hitis?，bowls?，et。．(單數(shù)名詞指?的是某些國?家名稱，人名和表示?學(xué)科、疾病和運(yùn)動(dòng)?項(xiàng)目等形式?上有以—s結(jié)尾的名?詞，一般用作單?數(shù))plura?linvar?iable?s：Theyare1)names?oftools?andartic?lesofdress?consi?sting?oftwoequal?parts?：binoc?ulars?，compa?sses，jeans?，short?s，etc．2)somecolle?ctive?nouns?：cattl?e，peopl?e，polic?e，etc．3)geogr?aphic?alnames?ofmount?ainrange?s，water?falls?，group?sofislan?ds：theRocki?es，theBalka?ns，Niaga?raFalls?，etc．4)other?nouns?endin?gin-s：archi?ves，arms，etc．(復(fù)數(shù)名詞指?由兩部分構(gòu)?成的工具或?服飾；某些集體名?詞；山脈、瀑布、群島等地理?名詞以及其?他以-s結(jié)尾的名?詞，用作復(fù)數(shù))其他題型Suppl?ytheappro?priat?eunitnounfromthelistbelow?:compa?nycolle?ction?troop?herdbundl?edroppiece?rayswarm?canschoo?lpackfleet?crew1.a_____?_ofships?2.a_____?_oflies3.a_____?_offirew?ood4.a_____?_ofwhale?s5.a_____?_ofsailo?rs6.a_____?ofbees7.a_____?_oftouri?sts8.a_____?ofcrude?oil9.a_____?_ofcattl?e10.a_____?ofmusic?11.a_____?ofmonke?ys12.a_____?ofcoins?13.a_____?ofblood?14.a_____?ofsunsh?ineKey:1.fleet?2.pack3.bundl?e4.schoo?l5.crew6.swarm?7.compa?ny8.can9.herd10.piece?11.troop?12.colle?ction?13.drop14.rayChapt?er4NounandNounPhras?e(2)：Deter?miner?andGenit?ive(第四章名詞和名詞?詞組(2)：限定詞和屬?格)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)．(雙重屬格的?第二個(gè)名詞?指人，不指物，第一個(gè)名詞?不確指，通常用不定冠?詞，第二個(gè)名詞?必須確指)awindo?wofthehouse?’s/apageofthenewsp?aper’sthefrien?dofthatrepor?ter’s/thefrien?dofateach?er’s[以上表達(dá)均?有錯(cuò)誤！]2.Group?genit?ive集體?屬格集體屬格是?指把’s加在后位?修飾詞組或?并列名詞詞?組后面的屬?格，如：someo?neelse’scar，anhourandahalf’stest(一個(gè)半小時(shí)?的測試)，aweekorso’sbreak?(一個(gè)星期左?右的休息)。但集體屬格?不用于含有?后位修飾分?句(限定分句和?非限定分句?)的名詞詞組?中：*theladylivin?gnextdoor’shat*thechild?renkille?dinthewar’spictu?res3.Genit?ive:Gener?ally,of-phras?eisnotusedwithfirst?names?,butwould?beaccep?table?withfullnames?:*ThebikeofTomThecarofGeorg?eBush4.Deter?miner?sThepre-deter?miner?sorcentr?aldeter?miner?saremutua?llyexclu?sive:*allhalftheemplo?yees(twopre-deter?miner?s)*allthehisemplo?yees(twocentr?aldeter?miner?s)5.Thediffe?rence?betwe?en‘a(chǎn)ll’and‘whole?’whentheymodif?yaprope?rname:AllBeiji?ngwasexcit?edatthenewsofwinniThewhole?ofBeiji?ngwasexcit*Whole?Beiji?ngwasexcit*Thewhole?Beiji?ngwasexcit*TheallBeiji?ngwasexcit二、重要概念1.Deter?miner?s(什么是限定?詞)?(限定詞是指?用于各詞詞?組的前位修?飾語的詞，限定詞放在?修飾中心詞?的形容詞前面?)2.Genit?ivesForms?orconst?ructi?onusedtodenot?eposse?ssion?,measu?remen?torsourc?e.Examp?le:John’scar;amomen?t’sdigre?ssion?;theresis?tance?ofIraq典型考題I.選擇題Jackis_____?_____?_____?_____?.a.afrien?dofadocto?r’sb.thefrien?dofadocto?r’sc.thefrien?dofthedocto?r’sd.afrien?dofthedocto?r’sThisis_____?_____?_____?_____?____.a.thepassp?ortofJohnb.thepassp?ortofJohn’sc.thepassp?ortofJohnSmith?d.theJohnpassp?ortKey:1.d3.cII.簡答題1.Whataregener?icrefer?enceandspeci?ficrefer?ence(什么是類指?和特指)?Gener?icrefer?enceandspeci?ficrefer?encearethetwousesofartic?les．Genet?icrefer?enceindic?atesthewhole?speci?esorkind，while?speci?ficrefer?ence，speci?ficoneorthing?.[類指和特指?是冠詞的兩?個(gè)用法。類指指事物?(或人)的整個(gè)種類?，而物特指則?是某一具體?的事物(或人)]2.Under?whatgener?alcircu?mstan?cesdoweprefe?rgenit?ivetoof-phras?eandviceversa??(在什么情況?下用屬格不?用of-詞組，什么情況下?用of-詞組，不用屬格?)Whennouns?refer?topeopl?e，andtherelat?ionbetwe?enthenouns?isoneofdefin?ition?，class?ifica?tion，etc，genit?ivesareprefe?rred，whennouns?refer?toinani?mate，lifel?essobjec?ts，andtheheadwords?ofnounphras?esareclass?ifyin?gadjec?tives?,of—phras?esareprefe?rred．(當(dāng)名詞指人?，或名詞之間屬于?定義或歸類?關(guān)系時(shí)，用屬格；而當(dāng)名詞指?無生物，或中心詞是?the+形容詞時(shí)，用of-詞組)examp?les:men’scloth?es/theteach?er’sbookthecolor?ofthecar/thestrug?gleoftheexplo?itedChapt?er5VerbandVerbPhras?e(1)：Tense?，Aspec?tandFutur?e(第五章動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞?詞組(1)：時(shí)、體和將來時(shí)?間)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)本書采?用兩時(shí)兩體?體系,理由有三。第一，傳統(tǒng)語法是?以時(shí)間為參?照劃分英語?時(shí)態(tài)的，而在處理像?Thetrain?leave?sateight?tomor?rowmorni?ng和Theywould?haveheard?thenewslastnight?等句子時(shí)遇?到麻煩，因?yàn)樵谡Z言?中形式與意?義是不常等?同或?qū)?yīng)的?。我們將英語?的時(shí)分為兩?時(shí)——現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過?去時(shí)，是基于對英?語形態(tài)的考?慮。像漢語這樣?沒有詞匯屈?折變化的語?言根本就沒?有時(shí)。第二，時(shí)（tense?，）和體（aspec?t）是兩個(gè)彼此?獨(dú)立的語法?范疇。前者基于詞?匯的屈折變?化，而后者基于?結(jié)構(gòu)分析。由于時(shí)與體?經(jīng)常合用，所以導(dǎo)致時(shí)?體不分，時(shí)指動(dòng)作發(fā)?生的時(shí)間而?體標(biāo)記動(dòng)作?發(fā)生的狀態(tài)?或方式。第三，從教學(xué)角度?上看，新的時(shí)體體?系簡單易學(xué)?，還可以讓學(xué)?生懂得一種?意義可以用不同的?形式表示，一種形式也?可表示不同?的意義。2.Whydomostconte?mpora?ryEngli?shgramm?arian?sadopt?atwo-tense?syste?m?(當(dāng)代英語語?法家為什么?采用兩時(shí)體?系?)Becau?setense?isaverbform．Morph?ologi?cally?，onlyprese?nttense?andpasttense?havetheir?forms?ofverbs?．Alangu?age(suchasChine?se)which?hasnotverbforms?hasnotense?.(因?yàn)闀r(shí)態(tài)是?動(dòng)詞的形式?。從形態(tài)上講?，英語只有現(xiàn)?在時(shí)和過去?時(shí)，動(dòng)詞才有變?化形式，所以英語是?兩時(shí)體系。一門語言(如漢語)如沒有動(dòng)詞?的變化形式?就沒有時(shí)態(tài)?。)3.Whyisthepasttense?often?usedforpolit?eness??(過去時(shí)為什?么常用來表?示客氣的語?氣?)Becau?sethepasttense?canmakeaquest?ionorastate?mentorasugge?stion?lessdirec?t．Itismorepolit?etousethepasttense?onthepartofthespeak?er．(因?yàn)檫^去時(shí)?使疑問句、陳述句或建?議不直接提?出，顯得委婉，所以說話者?覺得它比現(xiàn)?在時(shí)更利于?表達(dá)客氣的?語氣。)4.Non-progr?essiv?everbs?:verbs?thatcanno?toccur?intheprogr?essiv?easpec?t.非進(jìn)行體動(dòng)?詞不用于進(jìn)?行體中非進(jìn)行體動(dòng)?詞也可再分?為關(guān)系動(dòng)詞?(如be，have，own，equal?，weigh?，等)，感知?jiǎng)釉~(如see，smell?，taste?，等)和態(tài)度動(dòng)詞?(如thin?k，wonde?r，guess?,like等?)e.g.*Iamlikin?gthecar.*Heisn’tthink?ingthatisright?.Howev?er,theycantaketheprogr?essiv?eforminthecircu?mstan?ceswhere?theysugge?sttempo?rarin?ess,gradu?alincre?aseofdecre?ase,etc.但在表達(dá)動(dòng)?作的短暫性?、逐漸增加或?減少時(shí)也使?用進(jìn)行體形?式：e.g.Youarebeing?impol?ite.Maryisresem?bling?hermothe?rincre?asing?lyasshegrows?older?.Themilkistasti?ngworse?.5.Since?-分句一般不?用于否定句?：Wehaven?’tseeneachother?since?1989.*It’stenyears?since?Ididn’tseehim．*He’shadsever?aljobssince?hewasn’tastude?nt．6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體?表示將來時(shí)?間指的是人?的行為和努?力，別的情況不?能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)?行體：*It’sraini?ngtomor?row．*Thetrees?arelosin?gtheir?leave?ssoon．二、重要概念Tense?:Anyoneoftheinfle?ctedforms?intheconju?gatio?nofaverbthatindic?atesthetempo?rallocat?ionofanevent?orastate?ofaffai?rs.時(shí)態(tài)指示時(shí)?間如過去、現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞的?各種曲折變?化形式的任?何一種Aspec?t:aspec?trefle?ctsthewayinwhich?theverbactio?nisregar?dedorexper?ience?dwithrespe?cttotime.(反映動(dòng)詞的?動(dòng)作在時(shí)間?上被識別和?經(jīng)歷的方式?。)三、典型考題I.選擇題Fiveandfive_____?_____?_____?_ten.a.makeb.madec.willmaked.ismakeTheweath?er_____?___verycoldassoonasthenight?fellinthatmount?ainou?sarea.a.wastobeb.wasgoing?tobec.wasd.wasgetti?ngKey:1.a2.bII.簡答題1.Expla?intherelat?ionsh?ipbetwe?entense?andtime．(時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間?有何區(qū)別?)Timeandtense?arenotthesamething?；timeisconce?ptandtense?isagramm?atica?ldevic?e．Diffe?renttense?scanexpre?ssthesameperio?doftime，suchastheprese?nt．(時(shí)間與時(shí)態(tài)?不是一回事?；時(shí)間是一種?概念而時(shí)態(tài)?是一種語法?手法。同一個(gè)時(shí)段?(如現(xiàn)在)可以由多個(gè)?不同的時(shí)態(tài)?表示。)2.Iftense?isrelat?edtotime,whatisaspec?trelat?edto?(如果時(shí)與時(shí)?間有關(guān)，體又與什么?有關(guān)?)Whentense?point?stothetempo?rallocat?ionofanevent?orastate?ofaffai?rs，aspec?t“refle?ctsthewayinwhich?theverbactio?nisregar?dedorexper?ience?dwithrespe?cttotime．”時(shí)與一個(gè)事?件或狀態(tài)的?具體時(shí)間有?關(guān)，而體則“指與時(shí)間有?關(guān)的動(dòng)作發(fā)?生的方式”。III.其他題型Corre?ctthefollo?wingsente?nces:1.Haveyouhadagoodtimelastweek?2.Thechild?renranouttoplayafter?theyfinis?htheir?homew?ork.3.Itrains?tomor?row.4.Hecan'tgoonholid?aybecau?sehebroke?hisleg.5.WhenFathe?rcameback,wehavealrea?dygonetobed.Key:1.Didyouhaveagoodtimelastweek?2.Thechild?renranouttoplayafter?they(had)finis?hedtheir?homew?ork.3.Itwill/isgoing?toraintomor?row.4.Hecan'tgoonholid?aybecau?sehehasbroke?nhisleg.5.WhenFathe?rcameback,wehadalrea?dygonetobed.Chapt?er6VerbandVerbPhras?e(2):Passi?veVoice?andSubju?nctiv?eMood(第六章動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞?詞組(2)：被動(dòng)態(tài)和虛?擬式)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)Get-passi?veandbe-passi?veget-型被動(dòng)態(tài)的?使用不如b?e-型被動(dòng)態(tài)廣?泛，在正式語體?中，通常避免使?用get-型被動(dòng)態(tài)，即使在非正?式語體中，get-型被動(dòng)態(tài)也?不如be-型被動(dòng)態(tài)使?用率高。從語義上看?，get-型被動(dòng)態(tài)常?用于表示突?然發(fā)生、未曾料到的?事件(或事故)，而非一種狀?態(tài)；它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作?所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)?果，而非動(dòng)作本?身；它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作?對主語的影?響(通常是不利?的)，而非動(dòng)作的?執(zhí)行者。e.g.Thechild?rengotpunis?hed.*Canthekitegetseennow?*Theplaygotwritt?enbyCaoYu.2真假被動(dòng)?態(tài)的一些主?要區(qū)別：假被動(dòng)態(tài)是?被動(dòng)的形式?，主動(dòng)的意義?，其中的-ed分詞已?經(jīng)形容詞化?，在“主語一動(dòng)詞?一補(bǔ)語”(SVC)結(jié)構(gòu)中作主?語補(bǔ)語(即表語)。作為形容詞?，—ed分詞可?有比較等級?形式。除了-by詞組，-ed分詞可?與許多別的?介詞搭配使?用；除了be和?get，—ed還可與?別的連系動(dòng)?詞連用：becom?e，feel，look，seem，remai?n。e.g.Shebecam?emoreannoy?edathisnegli?gence?atworknow.動(dòng)詞+介詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)通?常叫做介詞?動(dòng)詞(prepo?sitio?nalverb)然而“動(dòng)詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在形式?上易與“動(dòng)詞+介詞詞組”相混淆：Theyfinal?lyarriv?edatthestati?on．…theconcl?usion?．Thepolic?ecaref?ullywentintothetunne?l．…thecase．不可轉(zhuǎn)換成?：*Thestati?onwasfinal?lyarriv?edat．但可以說T?heconcl?usion?wasfinal?lyarriv?edat．不可轉(zhuǎn)換成?：*Thetunne?lwascaref?ullygoneintobythepolic?e．但可以說：Thecasewascaref?ullygoneinto(bythepolic?e)．二、重要概念1．Voice?:Aprope?rtyofverbs?orasetofverbinfle?ction?sindic?ating?therelat?ionbetwe?enthesubje?ctandtheactio?nexpre?ssedbytheverb.(態(tài))是表示主語?和動(dòng)詞之間?的主動(dòng)或被?動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)?詞形式，英語動(dòng)詞有?兩種態(tài)：主動(dòng)態(tài)和被?動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：Peopl?ealmos?tallovertheworld?speak?Engli?sh.(主動(dòng)態(tài))；Engli?shisspoke?nalmos?tallovertheworld?．(被動(dòng)態(tài))。(see6．1)2．Mood:Asetofverbforms?orinfle?ction?susedtoindic?atethespeak?er'sattit?udetowar?dthefactu?ality?orlikel?ihood?oftheactio?norcondi?tionexpre?ssed.InEngli?shtheindic?ative?moodisusedtomakefactu?alstate?ments?,thesubju?nctiv?emoodtoindic?atedoubt?orunlik?eliho?od,andtheimper?ative?moodtoexpre?ssacomma?nd.語氣用來強(qiáng)?調(diào)說話人對?表達(dá)的行為?或條件的真?實(shí)性或可能?性所持有態(tài)?度的一系列?動(dòng)詞形態(tài)或?變化形式。在英語中陳?述語氣(式)用于描繪真?實(shí)的陳述，虛擬語氣(式)則用于強(qiáng)調(diào)?懷疑或不可?能，而祈使語氣?(式)則用來表達(dá)?一個(gè)命令.(式)是表示語氣?的動(dòng)詞形式?，英語動(dòng)詞有?三種式：陳述式、祈使式和虛?擬式。例如：Westudy?Engli?shhard．(陳述式)；Let’splaychess?tonig?ht(祈使式)；Heorder?edthata11theemplo?yeesbethere?at8sharp?tomor?row．(虛擬式)。三、典型考題簡答題Whatarethevoice?const?raint?s?Thevoice?const?raint?srefer?togramm?atica?lconst?raint?s,seman?ticconst?raint?sandstyli?sticconst?raint?s.(語態(tài)限制有?：語法，語意及文體?限制)。be-passi?ve(be-型被動(dòng)態(tài))：Thepassi?vemadeupof‘a(chǎn)uxil?iarybe+v-ed’由“助動(dòng)詞be?的一定形式?+及物動(dòng)詞的?-ed分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)?態(tài)叫be-型被動(dòng)態(tài)，例如：Thebookwaswritt?enbyHamil?ton.3.be-subju?nctiv?e(be-型虛擬式):Thebe-subju?nctiv?eisforma?llymarke?dbytheuseofthebaseoftheverb;thatis,theverbinvar?iably?occur?sinthebaseformfreefromtheconco?rdconst?raint?swiththesubje?ctandfromthetense?agree?mentwithother?verbs?.不管主語是?什么人稱,一律以動(dòng)詞?原形表示的?虛擬式,例如:Itisimpor?tantthatthebosshandl?eitinperso?n.4.Whatarethethree?moodforms?:Thethree?moodforms?are:indic?ative?,imper?ative?andsubju?nctiv?e.Chapt?er7VerbandVerbPhras?e(3):Modal?Auxil?iarie?s(第七章動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞?詞組(3)：情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞?)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)1.could?可用來泛指?過去的一般?“能力”，但通常不能?用其表示過?去做某一特?定事情的“能力”(其否定形式?could?n’t／could?not除外?)。要想表示過?去做某一具?體事情的“能力”，可用beable(to)，manag?e，succe?ed等：*Theyworke?dhardandcould?passthetest．Theyplayhardbutstill?could?n’twinthegame．*Heranfastandcould?catch?thefirst?bus.Heranfastandmanag?edtocatch?thefirst?bus．2.表示推測意?義的may?很少用于疑?問句，這時(shí)通常用?can代替?：Canthere?belifeonMars?(*Maythere?belifeonMars?)Where?canhebefound??(*Where?mayhebefound??)3.haveto與havegottohaveto和have?gotto的區(qū)別?：a．haveto比較正?式而hav?egotto屬于口?語體b．havegotto很少用?過去時(shí)形式?c．havegotto沒有非?限定動(dòng)詞形?式，所以不能說?：*willhavegotto，*tohavegotto，*havin?ggotto而須說?：willhaveto，tohaveto，havin?gtod．haveto往往表?示客觀上的?必要性而h?avegotto卻通常?表示主觀上?的必要性，與must?同義。4.darea.情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞?dare意?為“膽敢”，語法作用與?need相?近，通常用于非?肯定語境：Dareyoujumpdownfromthetopofthatwall?b.主要用作主?動(dòng)詞,后面可以跟?一個(gè)不帶t?o的不定式?：Hedoesnotdare(to)saythat．Iwonde?rhowhedares?(to)dosuchthing?s．Youhavenever?dared?tochall?engehim，haveyou?重要概念Modal?auxil?iary:OneofasetofEngli?shverbs?,inclu?dingcan,may,must,ought?,shall?,shoul?d,will,would?andetc.,thatarechara?cteri?stica?llyusedwithother?verbs?toexpre?ssmoodortense?.情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞?一組英語動(dòng)?詞中的一個(gè)?，包括can、may、mast、ought?、shall?、shoul?d、will和?would?等，其特點(diǎn)是與?其它動(dòng)詞聯(lián)?用表示語氣?或時(shí)態(tài)三、典型考題I.選擇題1.Anewtheor?y_____?_____?befor?eitcanbeputintopract?ice.a.mustbeteste?db.beteste?dc.canbeteste?dd.tobeteste?d2.Where?_____?__thebossbefound??a.canb.mayc.dared.ought?Key:1.a2.aII.簡答題Whatarethetwomajor?seman?ticcateg?ories?ofmodal?auxil?iarie?s?情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞?從語義來看?分為哪兩大?類?Thepredi?ctive?andnon-predi?ctive?(alsoterme?d‘epist?emicandnonepist?emic’)推測性意義?和非推測性?意義2．Thethree?major?seman?ticcompo?nents?of‘can’are:possi?bilit?y,abili?tyandpermi?ssion?.推測性意義?的poss?ibili?ty(可能性)和非推測性?意義的ab?ility?(能力)和perm?issio?n(許可)III.其他題型Rewri?tethefollo?wingsente?ncesbyusing?modal?auxil?iarie?s:Iamsureyouhaveleftyourdicti?onary?inthedormi?tory.Theywereoblig?edtoselltheir?cartopayforthemedic?ine.Key:Youmusthaveleftyourdicti?onary?inthedormi?tory.Theyhadtoselltheir?cartopayforthemedic?ine.Chapt?er8VerbandVerbPhras?e(4):Non-finit?eVerbs?(第八章動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞?詞組(4)：非限定動(dòng)詞?)難點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn)1英語動(dòng)詞?形式按其在?句子中所起?的作用可分?為限定動(dòng)詞?和非限定動(dòng)?詞。兩者的主要?區(qū)別在于：非限定動(dòng)詞?一是沒有“時(shí)”的標(biāo)志，二是不必在?人稱和數(shù)上?與主語保持?一致。非限定動(dòng)詞?有三種形式?，即不定式、-ing分詞?和-ed分詞。2.如果介詞b?ut／excep?t之前有動(dòng)?詞do的某?種形式，其后的不定?式通常不帶?to，否則要帶t?o。例如：Theenemy?hadnochoic?ebuttosurre?nder．?dāng)橙顺送?降之外，沒有別的選?擇了。(介詞but?前面沒有動(dòng)?詞do的任?何形式，所以不定式?要帶to)：Theycould?donothi?ngbutsurre?nder．Youcandoanyth?ingexcep?tleave?theroom．3.一個(gè)及物動(dòng)?詞的不定式?，既不帶主語?也不帶賓語?,在用作后置?修飾語的時(shí)?候，會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義?：Heistoogoodamantokill．可有兩種理?解：他太好了我?不忍殺害他?。他太好了是?不會(huì)殺害別?人的。Sheisthenextperso?ntoconsu?lt．也有兩種理?解：她是下一個(gè)?我要請教的?人。她是下一個(gè)?要請教我的?人。如果沒有上?下文語境，需要將不定?式分句按例?句方式進(jìn)行?擴(kuò)展或是合?適的話，使用一個(gè)被?動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：Heistoogoodamantobekille?d．Sheisthenextperso?ntobeconsu?lted．4.begin?，cease?，conti?nue，start?后面可以用?不定式，也可以用分?詞-ing。當(dāng)后接的動(dòng)?詞表示“知道、理解、喜愛、嫌惡”等意義時(shí)多?用不定式。但是-ing分詞?不能用于下?列語境：Ibegan?tolikeEngli?shwhenIwasten．(不可說：*Ibegan?likin?gEngli?sh…)Theycease?dtoloveeachother?after?their?onlydaugh?terdied.(不可說：*Theycease?dlovin?geachother?…)Sheconti?nuedtohateherfirst?husba?ndtwent?yyears?after?their?divor?ce．(不可說：*Sheconti?nuedhatin?gher…)I’mgladtofindthatyoufinal?lystart?toseemypoint?.(不可說：*youfinal?lystart?seein?gmypoint?．)注意：(1)如果句中已?經(jīng)有了動(dòng)詞?的-ing形式?，其后就不可?再接-ing分詞?，如：He’sbegin?ningtochang?ehishabit?.(不可說:*He’sbegin?ningchang?inghishabit?.)It’snouseconti?nuing?tocompl?ain．(不可說：*It’snouseconti?nuing?compl?ainin?g．)5.Dangl?ingparti?ciple?垂懸分詞無主分詞又?叫“懸垂分詞”或者“無依著分詞?”，指-ing分詞?或-ed分詞在?句中找不到?它的邏輯主?語，因而處在一?種“懸垂無依著?”狀態(tài)，即“無主”狀態(tài)，這在句法上?是錯(cuò)誤的，在邏輯上是?不合理的。如：*Tryin?gtobequiet?，thefloor?board?creak?ed．*Grill?edonthecharc?oal，weliked?thefishmuchbette?r．*Cooki?nginthekitch?en,thephone?rang.上述這幾個(gè)?句子顯然是?錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樗鼈兊?-ing分詞?或-ed分詞結(jié)?構(gòu)沒有邏輯?主語，與句子其他?部分“無依著”。從邏輯上說?，意思講不通?。重要概念Thenon-finit?everbs?:Thenon-finit?everbs?areverbs?thatarenotmarke?dfortense?orforsubje?ct-verbconco?rd.Dangl?ingparti?ciple?:Whenthesubje?ctofaparti?ciple?isnotexpre?ssed,itisnorma?llyunder?stood?tobethesubje?ctofthemainclaus?e.Iftheruleisbroke?n,theparti?ciple?isregar?dedasadangl?ingone.三、典型考題選擇題1.Thebossexpec?tsallthedocum?ents_____?_____?promp?tly.a.being?typed?b.tobetyped?c.havin?gbeentyped?d.tohavebeentyped?2.Theinfor?matio?nwaslater?admit?ted_____?_____?fromwell-infor?medpeopl?e.a.tobeobtai?nedb.tohavebeenobtai?nedc.thatithasbeenobtai?nedd.thatitwasobtai?ned3.Westill?havealotofprobl?ems_____?_____?.a.unsol?vedb.unsol?vingc.unsol?ved.tobeunsol?ved4.Heregre?tted_____?_____?herthetruth?.a.havin?gtoldb.tohavetoldc.hadtoldd.totellKey:1.b2.b3.a4.aII.簡答題Whatarethethree?types?ofnon-finit?everbs??Theyare:infin?itive?,-ingparti?ciple?and–edparti?ciple?Thebareinfin?itive??Theinfin?itive?,which?occur?sasaverbinthebaseformwitho?uttoiscalle?dbareinfin?itive?.III.其他題型Corre?cterror?sinthefollo?wingsente?nces:1.There?isnopoint?toargue?withhim.2.Hebegan?likin?gEngli?shattheageof5.3.Whatwecandonowistowait.4.Youmight?trytocutitwithaknife?.5.Hewilldowhate?verhecanhelpus.Key:1.There?isnopoint?toargui?ngwithhim.2.Hebegan?tolikeEngli?sh