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學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載專四必備語法時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的要點(diǎn):1.表達(dá)將來時(shí)的形式:
(1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型,如:I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來電話。(賓語從句)比較:I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語從句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),如:Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn),注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語:
(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句,主句用過去完成時(shí)。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)
(2)by+將來時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句,主句用將來完成時(shí)。如:BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),如:Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中,主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如:
Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中,主句常用過去完成時(shí)。
3.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如:
Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.
時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路:(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài),然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語,縮小選擇范圍,進(jìn)而選出正確答案;(2)根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞與句子主語或非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系,確定句子是主動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。專四語法考點(diǎn)串講非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞是歷年專四測試的重中之重,每年試題一般一到兩道(1-2分)。命題特點(diǎn)1.非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài);2.非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式;3.動(dòng)詞不定式的各種形式及應(yīng)用;4.-ing結(jié)構(gòu)的各種形式及應(yīng)用;5.-ed結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的不同用法;6.非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語、賓語等的辨析;7.非謂語動(dòng)詞的固定結(jié)構(gòu)或習(xí)慣用法等?!痉侵^語動(dòng)詞基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)】一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中,已經(jīng)存在謂語動(dòng)詞,又沒有連詞的情況下,需要非謂語動(dòng)詞來修飾句子的其他成分。動(dòng)詞不定式;現(xiàn)在分詞;過去分詞;動(dòng)名詞I.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)一般式todotobedone與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)或還未發(fā)生進(jìn)行式tobedoing表示謂語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone先于謂語動(dòng)作的發(fā)生2.動(dòng)名詞一般式doingbeingdone與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Havingdonehavingbeendone在謂語動(dòng)作之前用途:抽象、習(xí)慣性(hishobbyispainting;IamproudofbeingaChinese)3.分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone過去分詞done用途:現(xiàn)在分詞:主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行、令人……的過去分詞:被動(dòng)、完成、感到……的TheswimmingboyisTom.(主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)theroomfacingsouth(主動(dòng))Thefilmisdisappointing.Tomisdisappointed(令人……的)/(感到)Lookatthebrokenglass.(被動(dòng)、完成)注意*所有非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式都是把否定副詞not放在非謂語動(dòng)詞的_前面_*如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)??键c(diǎn)一不定式做結(jié)果狀語的固定搭配too+adj/advtodo, so+adj/advastodo,such+nastodo adj/advenoughtodoonlytodo常表示意想不到或不愉快的結(jié)果??键c(diǎn)二“使……怎么樣”之類的動(dòng)詞amuse,astonish,excite,frighten,interest,move,relax,satisfy,shock,surprise,encourage,disappoint,puzzle,tire,please,inspire,terrify,worry,它們的ing形式表示主動(dòng),而過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。一般情況下“人”用過去分詞,“物”用ing形式。*考點(diǎn)三除。.之外的介詞butexcept,前面有行為動(dòng)詞do時(shí),不定式不帶to,否則帶to.*考點(diǎn)四whynotdosth(為何不做某事)固定搭配cannot/hardly/never/scarcelytoo…to…“越……越好;無論……也/都不過分”。Youcannotbetoocarefultocrossthestreet.你過街時(shí)越小心越好。cannothelpbutdo,cannotbutdo,cannotchoosebutdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如:*解題思路:看似紛繁復(fù)雜的各種非謂語動(dòng)詞考題實(shí)際上是有解題規(guī)律可尋的,非謂語動(dòng)詞解題四步曲:一、首先抓住主謂結(jié)構(gòu),確定主句沒有連接詞只有一個(gè)主語二、分析主動(dòng)被動(dòng)分析語態(tài)就是在確定主語之后,分析非謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在搭配使用時(shí)是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。三、分析動(dòng)作先后要考慮動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后,即時(shí)態(tài)。獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格:句中沒有連接詞,逗號(hào)分開兩個(gè)句子,存在兩個(gè)主語形式:名詞/代詞+分詞在用分詞短語作狀語時(shí),它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一致,但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為:獨(dú)立主格的分類:(1)-ING分詞(還有-ED分詞)短語作狀語時(shí),有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的“主語”。相當(dāng)于各種形式的狀語,表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況,或表原因Therebeingnothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingwasoverhalfanhourearlier.(2).介詞(with)+名詞+形容詞,副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞,表示陪村行動(dòng)做或補(bǔ)充說明例如:Helayonhisback,withhisarmbehindhishead(3)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示伴隨動(dòng)作或情況,表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等,例如:Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.(伴隨情況)Theshowerbeingover,wecontinuedtomarch.(時(shí)間)Somanystudentsbeingabsent,wedecidedtoputthemeetingoff.(原因)Weatherpermitting,we’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.(條件)Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.Thejobdone,wewenthome.Thecompositionwritten,hehandedittotheteacher.不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(非謂語補(bǔ)充)*常跟不定式做賓語的詞三個(gè)w、h、c,二a領(lǐng)著四d、p,一r、m,二l、b,外加三個(gè)o,u,e。3w:want(想要),wish(希望),wait(等待)3h:hope(希望),help(幫忙),hesitate(猶豫)3c:care(愿意),choose(選擇),claim(聲稱)2a:agree(同意),afford(擔(dān)負(fù)得起),4d:dare(敢于),demand(要求),determine(決定),decide(決定)4p:plan(計(jì)劃),pretend(假裝),promise(允諾),prepare(準(zhǔn)備)1r:refuse(拒絕)1m:manage(設(shè)法)2l:learn(學(xué)會(huì)),long(渴望)2b:beg(乞求),bear(忍受)1o:offer(提出)1u:undertake(答應(yīng);同意)1e:expect(希望)*接不帶to的不定式的特殊動(dòng)詞一感:feel二聽:listento;hear三讓:make,have,let四看:watch,see,lookat,observe被動(dòng)句里to還原。*接不定式作賓語,動(dòng)名詞作賓語均可,且意思基本不變的詞雙方一旦開始(begin,start),無論喜歡(love,like,prefer)與否(hate,dislike),都得繼續(xù)(continue)下去。都不能企圖(attempt)忽視(neglect)開始的愛(love)。習(xí)慣也好,害怕也好,難以容忍(can’tbear/stand/endure)也好。*可以動(dòng)名詞作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語,意思卻不同的詞四“記”力爭不后悔①四“記”(記住)remember,(忘記)forget,(計(jì)劃/打算)mean,(繼續(xù))goon,②力爭:try③不后悔:stopregret①remembertodosth.記得要做某事;rememberdoingsth.記得曾做過某事②forgettodosth忘了要做某事;forgetdoingsth.忘了做過某事;③meantodosth打算做某事;meandoingsth.意味著,就是④goontodo繼續(xù)做另一件事;goondoing繼續(xù)做同一件事⑤trytodosth試圖做某事;trydoingsth.嘗試做某事⑥stoptodosth停下來做某事;stopdoingsth.停止做某事。⑦regrettodosth對(duì)要發(fā)生的事表示“遺憾”;regretdoingsth.對(duì)發(fā)生過的事表示“后悔”。*常接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的詞MP\2r\café\disk(militarypoliceman)憲兵帶著2把手槍在咖啡館里看光盤M指mind(介意),miss(逃過),mention(提及)P指prevent,postpone,practice2r指risk(冒險(xiǎn)),resist(抵制)c指consider(考慮)a指admit(承認(rèn)),avoid(避免),appreciate(感激),f指fancy(幻想),finish(完成),feellike(喜歡)e指enjoy(享受),escape(逃脫),ensure(確保)d指delay(延遲),deny(否認(rèn)),detest(痛恨)i指imagine(想象)s指suggest(建議)k指keep(保持)*介詞后的inghavedifficulty(in)doingsth做某事有困難bebusy(in)doingsth忙于做某事succeedindoingsth…成功做某事giveupdoingsth放棄做某事prevent/stop/keepsb/sthfromdoing阻止…做…spend/wastetime/moneyindoing在做…方面花錢、浪費(fèi)時(shí)間或金錢how/whataboutdoingsth做…怎么樣了?Havesomedifficulty/troubleindoing在…方面有些困難Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.Thank/admire/praise/blame/scold/punishsbfordoingsth因做某事而感謝、羨慕、表揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、懲罰某人haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.*to是介詞,不是不定式標(biāo)志,接動(dòng)名詞做介詞to的賓語applyoneselfto致力于beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于confessto供認(rèn)cometo談到devoteoneselfto獻(xiàn)身于getdownto著手做givewayto對(duì)…讓步leadto導(dǎo)致lookforwardto期待nextto幾乎objectto反對(duì)payattentionto注意stickto堅(jiān)持standupto勇敢面對(duì)turnto求助于beusedto習(xí)慣于*
用于“be+過去分詞+to”結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞
常見的有:accustomed/used(習(xí)慣)addicted(沉溺于)astonished(驚訝)devoted(致力于)determined(決定)engaged(訂婚)exposed(遭受)known(已知)married(結(jié)婚)opposed(反對(duì))prepared(準(zhǔn)備)related(相關(guān))*
用于“be+過去分詞+with”結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞
常見的有:armed(配備)connected(相關(guān))covered(覆蓋)crowded(擠滿)faced(面對(duì))fed
up(厭煩)filled(充滿)pleased(高興)satisfied(滿意)tired(勞累)*用于“be+過去分詞+in”結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞
常見的有:absorbed(全神貫注)engaged(從事)involved(參與)lost(陷入)seated(坐在)situated/located(位于*用于“be+過去分詞+of”
結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞
常見的有:convinced(相信)informed(了解)tired(厭煩)*幾組易錯(cuò)的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞lievi.laylainlying躺liev.liedliedlying撒謊layvi.laidlaidlaying放;下蛋foundvt.foundedfounded成立findvt.foundfound發(fā)現(xiàn)Windwoundwound盤旋蜿蜒Woundwoundedwounded受傷riseviroserisen上升raisevt.raisedraised上升fallvi.fellfallen落下fellvt.Felledfelled砍feelvt.feltfelt摸;感覺hangvihunghung懸掛hangvt.hangedhanged絞死lightvt.lit(一般作謂語)lightlighted(作定語)燃著的burnvt./viburnt燒焦的,burning正在燃燒的therebe非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法(1)做賓語時(shí)取決于謂語動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如:Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時(shí)用fortheretobe,做其他狀語用therebeing。如:Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因狀語)(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如:Itisunusualfortheretobenolate-comerstoday.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用therebeing。如:Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞考試中,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞部分重點(diǎn)測試以下內(nèi)容:
(1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成式
(2)某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法
*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:will(愿意),shall(將),must(必須),can,may,would,should(應(yīng)該),might,could,oughtto,usedto(過去常常),need(需要),dare(竟敢),haveto(不得不)*dare,need也可作一般(行為)動(dòng)詞*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般用法的否定:mustn’t不準(zhǔn),禁止,不要can’t(couldn’t)不會(huì);不能;may(might)not不可以;needn’t沒必要(=don’thaveto)usednot/usedn’tto或didn’tuseto…過去不…darenot不敢*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞推測用法Must一定,肯定can’t(couldn’t)不可能Can/could可能Can’t(couldn’t)不可能may/might“可能,也許”May(might)not也許不,可能不*推斷用法should/oughtto“按理應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該是;shouldn’t不應(yīng)該(=oughtnotto)*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語的使用wouldliketodo…wouldratherdo…wouldrather+從句wouldprefertodo...hadbetterdo...*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+done結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的推測musthavedone:對(duì)過去的肯定推測,譯作“一定做了…”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can’t/couldn’thavedoneItmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadwasquitemuddycan/couldhavedone:對(duì)過去的可能性推測,譯作“可能做了…”。只能用疑問句中Can/Couldhehavesaidit?他可能說過那種話嗎? may/mighthavev-ed:對(duì)過去的可能性推測,譯作“也許能,有可能。It’stoolate.Ithinkhemayhavegonetobed.*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表示輕微的責(zé)備和后悔肯定:過去應(yīng)該做而沒有做;否定:過去不該(不必)做而做了。⑴might/could+have+過去分詞:“本來可以,早就應(yīng)該”(只用于肯定句,且不能用may,can)Youcouldhavetoldmeyouweregoingtobelate!.你應(yīng)當(dāng)早告訴我你會(huì)晚到的!⑵should(oughtto)+have+過去分詞:“本應(yīng)”(沒做)shouldnot(oughtnotto)+have+過去分詞:“本不該”(做了)Youshouldnothavehandedinyourcompositionyesterdaymorning.你本不應(yīng)把作文交了。Youshouldhavebeenhereearlier.你應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)來才對(duì)。(3).needn't+have+過去分詞:“本不必,本不須”(need只用于否定句)(做了)Youneedn'thavewokenherup.It'sonlysix.你其實(shí)不必叫醒她?,F(xiàn)在才六點(diǎn)。注意:didnotneedtodo動(dòng)作并沒發(fā)生(沒做)例:Ididn’tneedtogetupearly,soIgotupuntil9a.m.*八大注意點(diǎn)1.在以could,might表示征詢對(duì)方意見或表示請(qǐng)求時(shí),回答應(yīng)相應(yīng)使用can,may—MightIwatchTVaftersupper?—Yes,you________.A.mayB.mustC.mightD.can2.MayI/we…?這一類疑問句的肯定回答為Yes,please.或Certainly;否定回答為Pleasedon’t.或No,youmustn’t.例如:
“Mayweleavenow?”“No,youmustn’t.Youhaven’tfinishedyourhomeworkyet.”3.needI/we…?這一類疑問句的肯定回答為Yes,wemust;否定回答為needn’t4.在回答must引起的問題時(shí),肯定must;如果是否定的答復(fù),不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’thaveto5.Iwishtogohomewithyou,mayI?6.Dohelpyourselftohavefruit,won’tyou/willyou?(表示一種委婉的請(qǐng)求)7.Shall用于第三人稱,表示許可,允許8.let’sdothisjob,shallwe?Letusdothisjob,willyou?9.should也表示驚訝的語氣,例如:Iwasshockedthatsheshouldhavesaidsuchathingtoyou.(她竟然對(duì)你說那樣的話,…)*四大特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1.may/mightaswell+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好,滿可以,倒不如”,相當(dāng)于hadbetterYoumayaswelldoitatonce.2.maywell+動(dòng)詞原形”是一種常見的結(jié)構(gòu),意為“(完全)能,很可能”Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.他大可為兒子高興。3.cannot…too/enough表示“無論怎么……也不算過分”、“越……越好”Youcannotbetoocareful.4.hadbetter最好Youhadbetternotwakemeupwhenyoucomein.*兩大類區(qū)別:一、表示能力:can,beabletobeableto能用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。can/could只能表示現(xiàn)在或過去的能力*was/wereableto:“設(shè)法做成某事”相當(dāng)于managedtodosthsucceededindoingsth.二、usedto和would的區(qū)別usedto過去常常(但現(xiàn)在已無此習(xí)慣,would無此含義) Heusedtodrinkbeer,nowhedrinkswine.他過去喝啤酒,現(xiàn)在喝白酒。would只能用來談動(dòng)作;usedto用來談動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(可與be,live,like,stay等狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用):Hewouldgetupearlywhenhelivedinthecountry.他住在鄉(xiāng)下時(shí)總是早起。Weusedtoliveinasmalltown.(不能用would)Beusedtodoingsth:習(xí)慣于做某事虛擬語氣一般說來,有下列幾種考點(diǎn)需要考生注意(十考點(diǎn)及兩備考點(diǎn))考點(diǎn)1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句謂語動(dòng)詞用did(be用were),主句謂語動(dòng)詞would(should,could,might)+do;考點(diǎn)2.與過去事實(shí)相反從句謂語動(dòng)詞用haddone,主句謂語動(dòng)詞用would(should,could,might)+havedone;例如:43.I_________thepartymuchmoreiftherehadn’tbeenquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.A.wouldenjoyB.willhaveenjoyedC.wouldhaveenjoyedD.willbeenjoying49.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_________quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.A.weren’tB.hasn’tbeenC.hadn’tbeenD.wouldn’t考點(diǎn)3.與將來事實(shí)相反,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用:did(should+do或were+todo),主句謂語動(dòng)詞用:would(should,could,might)+do。例如:43.Ifyourcar___anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.(08年)A.shallneedC.wouldneedB.shouldneedD.willneed考點(diǎn)4.時(shí)態(tài)的交叉現(xiàn)象,也就是主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間段例如:Ifyouhadgonetoseethedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.你要是早去看病,你現(xiàn)在就沒事了。考點(diǎn)5.虛擬條件句if可以省略,但從句的語序要用到裝,即將were,had或should移至主語的前面形成倒裝,但否定詞not不前移。例如:65.___,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.(05年)A.
Hadn'thebeentakengoodcareofB.
HadhenotbeentakengoodcareofC.
HadnothebeentakengoodcareofD.
Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof考點(diǎn)6.insist(一個(gè)堅(jiān)持);ordercommand(兩道命令);suggest,advise,propose(三條建議);ask,require,request,demand(四點(diǎn)要求)及相應(yīng)的名詞的從句,謂語要使用:should+動(dòng)詞原形或動(dòng)詞原形例如:58.Itwasrecommendedthatpassengers___smokeduringtheflight.(04年)A.
notB.neednotC.couldnotD.wouldnot考點(diǎn)7.Itis+advisable,essentialimportant,,imperative,incredible,等等相關(guān)的從句,謂語要使用:should+動(dòng)詞原形或動(dòng)詞原形例如:46.Itisimperativethatstudents____theirtermpapersontime.(04年)A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin考點(diǎn)8.itishigh(about)timethat的結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句使用一般過去式例如:54It’shightimewe__cuttingdowntherainforests.(06年)AstoppedBhadtostopCshallstopDstop考點(diǎn)9.muchas盡管,雖然,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,從句中用wouldhavedone表示假設(shè),可以是說話人的語氣變得十分委婉,真誠。例如:52.Muchas____,Icouldn’tlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidn’thavethatmuchsparecash.(99年)A.IwouldhavelikedtoB.IwouldliketohaveC.IshouldhavetolikeD.Ishouldhavelikedto考點(diǎn)10.ifonly表示要是…就好了相當(dāng)與wish,asif/asthough的用法。
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:動(dòng)詞過去式;與過去事實(shí)相反:had+done;與將來事實(shí)相反:could/would+do例如:52.IfonlyI__playtheguitaraswellasyou!(06年)AwouldBcouldCshouldDmight備考1.wouldrather或wouldsooner后跟賓語從句,從句中使用一般過去式或過去完成式分別表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過去的虛擬,表示“寧愿某人作某事”例如:Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter____inthesameofficenow.
A.hadnotworkedB.nottowork
C.doesnotworkD.didnotwork備考2.用于lest,forfearthat引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。在lest,forfearthat等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,通常用"(should+)原形動(dòng)詞"這一虛擬語氣形式例如:Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllesthe________himself.
A.injureB.hadinjuredC.injuredD.wouldinjure專四語法考點(diǎn)串講復(fù)合句定語從句五大概念:概念一、什么是定語從句?
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。在定語從句中,被修飾的這一名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。在定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞叫做關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞又分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。概念二、關(guān)系詞有哪些?1、關(guān)系代詞:which(指sth作主語或賓語),that(指sb或sth作主語或賓語),who(指sb作主語或賓語),whom(指sb作賓語),whose(指sb或sth,作定語),as(指sb,sth作主語或賓語);注意:做賓語的時(shí)候,關(guān)系代詞可以省略。2、關(guān)系副詞:when(指時(shí)間onwhich),where(指地點(diǎn)atwhich),why(指原因forwhich)概念三、關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用?1.引導(dǎo)定語從句;2.代替先行詞;3.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。Eg.Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.概念四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有何區(qū)別及方法?
主要是它們?cè)趶木渲兴鸬淖饔貌煌?。關(guān)系代詞在從句中一般作主語或賓語。而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。Focusin:方法一:句子成份法:關(guān)系代詞在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語;關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。方法二:句子完整法:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句不完整;關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句是完整的。Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.概念五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別A.限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“,”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語,如刪除,主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。B.非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明,如刪除,主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“...的”通常譯成主句的并列句。 在非限制性定語從句中,通常用who,whom,whose指人,用which指物。Eg.Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).(意含:她還有其他哥哥。)Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的,他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。(意含:她只有一個(gè)哥哥。)五大考點(diǎn):考點(diǎn)一.先行詞為人時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞who和thata.用who不用that的情況:(1)當(dāng)先行詞為one,ones,anyone,those時(shí)。(2)當(dāng)先行詞為人稱代詞時(shí)。HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.Thosewhohaveanydifficultywithpronunciationshouldpracticemore.b.用that不用who的情況:1)當(dāng)主句已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)who時(shí)。2)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)。Whoisthemanthatspoketoyoujustnow?Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.考點(diǎn)二.先行詞為物時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞that和whicha.只用that不用which的情況:(1)先行詞為much,little,few,nothing,none,anything,no,all等不定代詞(2)先行詞既有人又有物。(3)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾。(4)先行詞被thevery,theonly,thelast,just,all,any,every,no等修飾(5)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語.(6)在疑問詞who、which、what開頭的句子中(7)主句是therebe句型:ThisisoneofthebestfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Hespokeofthethingsandpersonsthathehadseenabroad.ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.WhoisthemanthatistalkingtoJim?Thereisamanthatlivesinthatvillage.b.只能用which不用that的情況:1.介詞后面2.逗號(hào)后面1.定語從句中的介詞前置時(shí)關(guān)系代詞只能用which2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)只能用which,其先行詞可是一個(gè)詞,也可是整個(gè)主句或主句的某一部分.(1)Themachine,whichIhavelookedafterformanyyear,isstillworkingperfectly.(2)Myglasses,withoutwhichIwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.考點(diǎn)三:★★★★★介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which/whom)****關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定方法:1.定語從句的動(dòng)詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系,或者從句的動(dòng)詞、形容詞的習(xí)慣性搭配。Eg.ThefarmonwhichIonceworkedhastakenonanewlookWhoisthemanwithwhomourteacherisshakinghands?Oursisabeautifulcountry,ofwhichwearegreatlyproud.2.非限制性定語從句中,表示先行詞的一部分時(shí),可用“數(shù)詞/代詞+of+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.3.Whose從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為“of+關(guān)系代詞”型,whose的先行詞指物時(shí),可用ofwhich代替,但詞序不同,即whose+n=the+n+ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n.e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth.Ofwhichthedooropentothesouth.考點(diǎn)四:關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用⑴先行詞為“時(shí)間的名詞”用when:time(day,night,morning,week,month,year等)+when…Eg.Idon’trememberthedaywhenheleft.(onwhich)⑵先行詞為“表示地點(diǎn)的名詞”★★★★★where:place(case,point,situation,condition,scene,stage,country,room,house,hotel,museum,school,street等)+where…Eg.Thatisthehousewherehelivedtwoyearsago.(Inwhich)⑶先行詞為“表示原因的名詞”why:reason+why…(表示原因的名詞只有一個(gè))That'sthereasonwhyIhelpedhim.(why=forwhich)考點(diǎn)五:★★★★★as與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句兩者均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,as放在句首句中都可以,which必需放在句中,但下列情況多用as。1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句居句首時(shí)。e.g.Asweallknow,theearthisround.2.當(dāng)與such,as或thesame連用時(shí),一般用as。e.g.That’sthesametoolasIusedlastweek.IamnotsostrongamanasIwas.我已經(jīng)沒有從前那么強(qiáng)壯了。3.當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí),關(guān)系詞往往只用which。Eg.Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.三大區(qū)別:1.thesame...as和thesame...that的用法辨異.That’sthesametoolasIusedlastweek.(同類事物)That’sthesametoolthatIusedlastweek.那就是我上周用過的工具。(指原物)2.定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的方法是采用刪除法分析:強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型:Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成份+that/who+其它部分.去掉Itis/was….that/who…,句子照樣成立。①ItisonthemorningofMay1st_____ImetLiangWeiattheairport.②Itisthefactory_____MrWangworks.3、定語從句與習(xí)慣句型的區(qū)別①Itisthefirsttime_____shehasbeeninShanghai.(Itis/wasthefirst/second.time+that從句)②Itwasthetime_____Chinesepeoplehadahardlife.三大注意:1.theway做先行詞時(shí),定語從句可由that,inwhich引導(dǎo)或不用引導(dǎo)詞。2.定語從句中主謂一致問題:從句中的動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowEnglishwell.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsEnglishwell.(特殊)3.疑問句的解題思路:先把疑問句還原成陳述句,然后判斷誰是先行詞,再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,最后確定正確答案。1.Isthisfactory____wevisitedlastweek?2.Isthisthefactory____wevisitedlastWeek?A、whereB、thatC、towhichD、theone4.but做關(guān)系代詞,用于否定句,相當(dāng)于who…not,that…not這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如:Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.★★小試牛刀Thatisthefactorywhereproduces100,000TVsetsayear.Thatisthefactorythathisfatheronceworked.I’llneverforgetthedayswhenwespentonthatlonelyisland.I’llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedtheParty.二、狀語從句(一):時(shí)間狀語從句1,連詞:when,while,as,till/until,before,after,since,once,assoonas,everytime,themoment,theminute,nosooner..thanhardly…when等2.五大考點(diǎn):考點(diǎn)⑴whenVSwhileVSas考點(diǎn)⑵till/until“直到….為止”Eg.MotherwaitedforTomtill/untilitwasfarintothenight.(持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)Eg.Tomdidn’tgetbacktill/untileverythingwasallright.(短暫性動(dòng)詞)考點(diǎn)⑶when的兩個(gè)句型Sbisabouttodosthwhen/Sbisdoingsthwhen考點(diǎn)⑷since“自從”句型:itis/hasbeen+一段時(shí)間+since+從句Eg.itisthreedayssinceIleftBeijing.Ithasbeen10yearssinceIsmoked.考點(diǎn)⑸Nosoonerthan/hardly..when/scarcely..when一.就..用于句首要求倒裝Eg.Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhewentawayagain.★幾種特殊句型結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別:(1)Itis/was+時(shí)刻+when從句“某事發(fā)生時(shí)是什么時(shí)候。”(2)Itis/hasbeen+時(shí)間段+since從句“自從……以來有多長時(shí)間了。”(3)Itwill/wouldbe+時(shí)間段+before從句“還要過多長時(shí)間……才……”(4)Itwill/wouldnotbe+時(shí)間段+before從句“過不了多長時(shí)間……就會(huì)……”(5)Itwas+時(shí)間段+before從句“過了多長時(shí)間才……”(6)Itwasnot+時(shí)間段+before從句“沒過多長時(shí)間就……”(二)、條件狀語從句1,連接詞:if,unless(如果..不,除非),so/aslongas(只要),onconditionthat(條件是),as(so)faras(據(jù)..所知),providedthat(要是,如果),incase(假使,如果),等2.兩大考點(diǎn):考點(diǎn)⑴Once---一但……就……Eg.Onceyouseehim,youwillneverforgethim.考點(diǎn)⑵Incase---假使,如果Theplanecannottakeoffincaseitrains.(三),原因狀語從句1,連接詞:Because,since,as(放句首),for,nowthat(既然,由于),when(既然),consideringthat(顧及到---),seeingthat(由于)。(都表示原因,語氣依次減弱)2,考試聚焦考點(diǎn)一、BecauseVSsinceVSforBecause:表示“因?yàn)椤?,表示直接的或明確的原因;Since:表示“既然”,表示已知或顯然的原因;for:不是從屬連詞,而是并列連詞。它不是用來說明原因,而是用來表示一種附帶或補(bǔ)充解釋、說明,不放在句首。Eg:Itwasbecausehismotherwasbadlyillthathewasunhappy.Sinceeveryonemakesmistakesinlife,youneedn’tscoldhimforit.Thedaybreaks,forthebirdsaresinging.考點(diǎn)二、when既然Eg.Howcanyouexpecttolearnanythingwhenyouneverlisten?(四),讓步狀語:1.連接詞:though/although(雖然),as/though(雖然),evenif/though(即使)whatever(無論什么),wherever(無論哪里),while(盡管)等引導(dǎo)。2,考試聚焦:考點(diǎn)一:though/although不與but連用,但是他們都可以同yet(still)連用.所以though(although)…yet(still)的格式是正確的考點(diǎn)二:while盡管eg.WhileIhavesympathyforyou,Ican’thelpyou.考點(diǎn)三:Whether---不管,常與ornot連用Eg.Whetherheisgoodornot,thecompanydecidedtosendhimabroad.考點(diǎn)四:nomatter+疑問詞相當(dāng)于疑問詞+ever:不管…都…(五)、地點(diǎn)狀語從句:where/wherever(wherever---無論哪里)考點(diǎn)聚焦:地點(diǎn)狀語從句和where定語從句的區(qū)別:Tips:判斷是定語從句還是地點(diǎn)狀語從句,要看從句前是否有先行詞,有先行詞的是定語從句,否則是狀語從句。Eg.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatherworks.(六)、結(jié)果狀語從句1.連接詞:sothat(=inorderto因而),so…that.(太..以至于),such…that(太…以至于)2.考試聚焦:考點(diǎn)句型(1)so+形容詞/副詞+that從句;(2)sucha/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that從句;(3)so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that從句;(4)such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句(七)、目的狀語從句1.連接詞:sothat(以便),inorderthat(為了),forfearthat(為了防止),lest(以防)Eg.Hetookthenamedownforfearthatheshouldforgetit.八、比較狀語從句(倍數(shù)+thedepth/height/width/weightof)1.連接詞:A.….as…as…B.….adj.+-erthan…C.themore…themore…Eg.ThisworkisnotaseasyasyouthinkThemoreyouwork,themoreyouearn.Herunsfasterthani.Theroomistwiceasbigasthatone.Theroomistwicebiggerthanthatone.Theroomistwicethesizeofthatone.Thewellisthreetimesthedepthofthatone.While的總結(jié)用法:1.當(dāng)…的時(shí)候;2.而,卻;3.趁著;4.只要;5.雖然,盡管。三、名詞性從句一個(gè)句子起名詞的作用,在句中做主語、賓語/介詞賓語、表語、同位語,那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。
1.what/whatever的用法考生應(yīng)把握:what是關(guān)系代詞,它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如:Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引導(dǎo)主語從句又在從句中做主語)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引導(dǎo)表語從句又在從句中做表語)
2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyonewho,用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語還是做賓語。如:Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在從句中做主語)3.有關(guān)同位語從句的問題(1)引導(dǎo)詞通常為that,但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要,也可由whether及連接副詞why,when,where,how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義,其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如:Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.(2)同位語從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開,注意識(shí)別。如:Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)主語從句只能用whether引導(dǎo);(2)whether一般多用于賓語從句的肯定式,而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式;(3)whetherornot可以連在一起用,而ifornot則不能,ornot只能放在句末;(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句,if則不能;(5)賓語從句提至謂語前面時(shí),只能用whether引導(dǎo);(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位語從句也用whether引導(dǎo);(7)后接不定式時(shí),只能用whether。
5.動(dòng)詞believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的賓語從句如為否定式,一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上。專四語法考點(diǎn)串講倒裝句★倒裝考點(diǎn)口訣倒裝兩大類,全倒部分倒;主倒從不倒;全倒分兩種:副詞、地點(diǎn)介短在句首;部分倒裝分六種:否定副詞在句首,only加狀在句首,so...that結(jié)構(gòu)so提前,承前否定/肯定neithernor/so,狀語從句as/though,省去if虛擬句一、全部倒裝1.在以here、there、now、then、off、away等副詞開頭的句子里。(1)Thebirdsflewaway.→Awayflewthebirds.
(2)Theraincamedown.→Downcametherain.2.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語位于句首時(shí)。(1)山腳下有一個(gè)美麗的湖。Atthefootofthehillliesabeautifullake.(2)教室外面站著一個(gè)男孩。Outsidetheclassroomstoodaboy.二、部分倒裝1.Only+狀語位于句首時(shí)Heonlyfounditimportanttogetalongwithothersthen.→Onlythendidhefinditimportanttogetalongwithothers.Wecanonlymakegreatprogressinthisway.→Onlyinthiswaycanwemakegreatprogress.2.否定副詞及短語位于句首時(shí)。
常考的這類詞或詞語有:never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances等。Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulplace.→NeverhaveIseensuchabeautifulplace.3.在省略if的虛擬條件從句中。(1)如果我是你,我會(huì)努力學(xué)習(xí)。WereIyou,Iwouldworkhard.(2)如果明天下雨的話,我們就延遲會(huì)議。Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldputoffourmeeting.(3)假如他聽從了我的建議,他早就成功了。Hadhefollowedmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceeded.4、so\neither\nor位于句首的情況。1.So+助動(dòng)詞+主語…也一樣。So+主語+助動(dòng)詞…確實(shí)如此。2.Neither和Nor用于否定句,表示“也不,也沒有”。
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