語法盤點(diǎn)-倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)、省略、插入語

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載PAGEPAGE2學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、省略句、插入語小盤點(diǎn)——2009-10-一、倒裝句型考點(diǎn)聚焦完全倒裝當(dāng)表地點(diǎn)的here,there，表時(shí)間的now,then和表方位變化的副詞up,down,in,out,off,away放在句首時(shí)。謂語動(dòng)詞常用come,go,lie,run等表位移的動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)?！紲剀疤崾尽酱~作主語時(shí)，主謂語序不變。當(dāng)表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語放在句首時(shí)。Infrontofthehousestandsabigtree.如果直接引語后注明是什么人說的，而且主語是名詞時(shí)，用完全倒裝。若主語為代詞，則不倒裝?！癓et’sgo,”saidtheman/hesaid.在“Therebe…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，此結(jié)構(gòu)中的be還可以用seem,appear,stand,lie,live,exist,remain等來代替。在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，把表語提前以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語（形容詞/過去分詞/介詞短語）+系動(dòng)詞+主語”。Presentatthemeetingwere…出席會(huì)議的有……Gonearethedayswhen……的日子一去不復(fù)返了。AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.部分倒裝具有否定意義的副詞或短語放在句首時(shí)，句子需要部分倒裝。常見的這類詞或短語有not,little,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,nowhere,bynomeans,innoway,atnotime,undernocircumstances等。用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when…,notuntil…句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishedhishomework.Nosoonerhasshegoneoutthanthetelephonerang.當(dāng)so,neither,nor表示前面的所說的情況也適用于后者放在句首時(shí)?？隙ㄓ胹o，否定用neither或nor。Hehasn’tfinishhiswork,nor/neitherhaveI.TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.〖溫馨提示〗①當(dāng)so引出的句子是對(duì)上文內(nèi)容表示肯定或贊同時(shí)，不用倒裝。②若前面含有兩種以上，如既有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，或既有肯定也有否定的情況，則用Itisthesamewith…或Soitiswith…—Itwasveryhotyesterday.—Soitwasandsoisittoday.Hecamelateforschool,buthewasnotpunished.Soitwaswithme./Itisthesamewithme.當(dāng)only修飾狀語（副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句）放在句首時(shí)。〖溫馨提示〗①當(dāng)only強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時(shí)，不倒裝。②如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。OnlythendidIrealizeIwaswrong.OnlyinthiswaycanwemasterEnglish.OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.so/such…that…句型中的so/such位于句首時(shí)，主句需要部分倒裝。Sofrightenedwashethathedidn’tdaretogoout.Suchalovelygirlisshethateveryonelikesher.在虛擬條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were,had,should時(shí)，可將if省略，把were,had,should移到主語之前，用部分倒裝。WereIyou,Iwouldtryagain.Shoulditraintomorrow,Ishouldstayindoors.Hadhefollowedmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceed.用于“形容詞/副詞/名詞/動(dòng)詞+as/though”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中?！紲剀疤崾尽饺绻碚Z是名詞時(shí)，名詞前不用任何冠詞。Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.Childasheis,heknowsalot.在某些表示祝愿的句型中。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功！Mayyouallbehappy!祝大家幸福！二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型考點(diǎn)聚焦基本結(jié)構(gòu)：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who…一般疑問句：Is/Wasit+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who…特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+is/wasitthat…not…until…的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：Itis/wasnotuntil…that…如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，用助動(dòng)詞do/does/did。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.Dobecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.用onearth,intheworld短語放在疑問詞之后，進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。Whereonearth/intheworlddidyougolastnight?強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和幾個(gè)相似句型的比較Itis/was+表語+that…Itis/was+過去分詞+that…Itis/hasbeen+時(shí)間段+since…Itwas/willbe+時(shí)間段+before…Itis/was+序數(shù)詞+that…Itbe+時(shí)間+when…Itisnecessarythatwemasteraforeignlanguage.It’sgenerallybelievedthatteachingisasmuchanartasitisascience.Itistwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Itwon’tbelongbeforesherecovers.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.Itwasaboutnoonwhenwegotthere.Itwasataboutnoonthatwegotthere.三、省略考點(diǎn)聚焦在從屬連詞if,unless,when,while,until/till,though,eventhough/if,as,asif,than等所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果狀語從句的謂語有be，同時(shí)主語與從句主語一致或是it時(shí)，從句的主語和be常被省略。Hepickedupawalletwhilewalkinginthestreet.I’llgotohelpyouifnecessary.Wefinishedthetasktwodaysearlierthanexpected.〖特別提醒〗before和after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，通常不采用以上省略形式。如果從句主語和主句主語一致，可把before/after用作介詞，后面跟動(dòng)詞或名詞形式。Hegraduallyrecoveredafterbeingtreatedforatime.Youmustfinishyourworkfirstbeforegoingouttoplay.省略一個(gè)從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（不可用it或that）。動(dòng)詞不定式的省略：在一定的語境中，在某些動(dòng)詞（want,wish,hope,like,love等）之后，為了避免重復(fù)，常只保留to，省略不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中的其余部分?！继貏e提醒〗如果是tobe或tohavedone結(jié)構(gòu)，則在進(jìn)行省略時(shí)需在to之后保留be或have。語境省略和語篇省略語境省略：在對(duì)話中，交談雙方都知道所談?wù)摰膶?duì)象或內(nèi)容，則可以依據(jù)情節(jié)進(jìn)行必要的省略，被省略部分可根據(jù)語境補(bǔ)出?！狶et’sgototheseasidethisweekend.—______agoodidea.A.SoundB.SoundingC.SoundsD.Sounded—Wheredidyougettoknowher?—Itwasonthefarm_____weworked.A.thatB.thereC.whichD.where語篇省略：為避免重復(fù)，依靠上下文的省略現(xiàn)象；能在上下文中找到省略部分。Tomhasgonehome,butIdon’tknowwhy(hehasgonehome).四、插入語考點(diǎn)聚焦單詞插入語（多為副詞）：indeed,surely,still,otherwise，certainly,however,generally,personally,honestly,fortunately,luckily,though,besides,exactly,perhaps,maybe,probably,frankly等。短語插入語：infact,inone’sopinion,ingeneral,inaword,inotherwords,ofcourse,bytheway,asaresult,forexample,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,toone’ssurprise,短語插入語：infact,inone’sopinion,ingeneral,inaword,infact,inone’sopinion,ingeneral,inaword,inotherwords,ofcourse,bytheway,asaresult,forexample,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,toone’ssurprise,inshort,asamatteroffact,inconclusion,inbrief,orrather,mostimportantofall,sureenough等。V-ing（短語）作插入語。常見的有：generallyspeaking,strictlyspeaking,judgingfrom/by,talkingof,considering等。不定式短語作插入語。常見的有：tobefrank，tobehonest，tobesure，totellyouthetruth，tomakemattersworse，tosumup，tostartwith，tobeginwith等。句子（陳述句和一般疑問句）作插入語。能用作插入語的句子有：Iamsure,Ibelieve,Ithink,Iknow,Isuppose,Ihope,I’mafraid,yousee,what’smore,thatistosay,believeitornot等。doyouthink等?？勺鳛椴迦胝Z用于特殊疑問句中。其句型為：疑問詞+doyouthink+其他（正常語序）。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞有think,guess,suggest,suppose,believe,imagine等。五、Therebe句型Therebe句型中的常用動(dòng)詞。除了動(dòng)詞be之外，還可以用seem,appear,exist,stand,lie,rain,remain等動(dòng)詞Therebe句型中的主謂一致。主語和謂語be必須在數(shù)上一致。如果有兩個(gè)以上的主語，謂語依最近的主語而定。Therebe+主語+非謂語（todo/doing/done）六、主謂一致考點(diǎn)聚焦（一）就近原則在由or,either…or…,neither…nor…,whether…or…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)采用就近原則。Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中如果有兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以上的主語時(shí)，采用就進(jìn)原則。（二）語法一致原則由and連接名詞的情況主語由and或both…and…連接時(shí)，表示不同的人或事物，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。and連接的兩個(gè)名詞表示同一人或物時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。Thesingerandactress________(be)cominghere.and連接的兩個(gè)名詞表示同一概念時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。Allworkandnoplay_______(make)Jackadullboy.主語中含有each,every等時(shí)的情況由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no,each,every,manya修飾時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。Everywomanandeveryman_______(is)atwork.由each修飾的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)；而each位于復(fù)數(shù)主語后作同位語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Eachstudent______(have)anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Theyeach_______(give)apresent.every,either,neither,theother,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing等作主語時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)。all作主語，如果all代替的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果all代替的是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)形式。none作可以表示可數(shù)名詞，也可表示不可數(shù)名詞，指可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)皆可，指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)。主語后面有with,aswellas,togetherwith,alongwith,like,suchas,ratherthan,except,but,besides,including,inadditionto等引起的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的名詞保持一致。一些表示部分概念或不定數(shù)量的名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞保持一致。例如：halfof,mostof,alotof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof等。專有名詞作主語國名、人名、報(bào)紙名、書名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。以-s結(jié)尾的海峽、山脈、群島、瀑布等名稱的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。某些以-s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞、疾病名詞、游戲名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)。表示時(shí)間、距離、錢數(shù)、重量的名詞作主語時(shí)，若代表總量或總和時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式一些由兩個(gè)部分組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如trousers,gloves,pants,shorts,jeans,glasses,scissors,shoes,compasses（圓規(guī)）等作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。若帶有單位詞（如apairof或twopairsof），則有單位詞決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。goods（貨物）,surroundings（環(huán)境）savings（積蓄），belongs（所有物）等名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。“the+形容詞/分詞”作主語時(shí)，如果指一類人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指事物或抽象概念時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。Thewounded________(be)takengoodcareof.Thebeautiful_________(be)notalwaysgood.有些集合名詞，例如police,cattle,people,poultry（家禽）,folk（民眾）,youth（青年）等形式上單數(shù)，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞需用復(fù)數(shù)。有些集合名詞，如family,committee,class,crowd,crew,team,group,government,army,audience,enemy等作主語時(shí)，若作為一個(gè)整體，謂語用單數(shù)，若著眼于組成該集體的一個(gè)個(gè)成員或個(gè)體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。population作主語時(shí)，通?？醋鲉螖?shù)，若其前由分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾時(shí)，則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。sheep,means,deer,work（工廠）,species（種類）等單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式須在具體的語境中決定。Everymeans___________(have)beentried.Allmeans_________(have)beentried.kind,sort構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與of前的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。Thiskindofbook________(be)verypopular.Menofthiskind________(be)hardtodealwith.“oneandahalf+名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)?！癿orethanone+名詞單數(shù)”和“manya+名詞單數(shù)”作主語時(shí)，盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語用單數(shù)?！皁neortwo+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。但“a/an+單數(shù)名詞+ortwo”作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。Oneortwosoldiers_____(have)beenkilledinthebattle.Asoldierortwo_______(have)beenkilledinthebattle.定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致。但如果在“oneof+先行詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，若one被thevery,theonly修飾時(shí)，定語從句的謂語用單數(shù)，沒有則用復(fù)數(shù)。I,who_____(be)yourgoodfriend,willshareyourjoysandsorrow.Maryisoneofthestudentswho___(be)latethismorning.Maryistheonlystudentswho_______(be)invited.what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語，謂語一般用單數(shù)，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；whenandwhere…用單數(shù)；when…andwhere…用復(fù)數(shù)。WhatIwanttosay_________(refer)toallofyou.WhatIbought_______threeEnglishbooks.Whenandwheretoholdthemeeting_______notbeendecided.Whenhewasbornandwherehegrewup______stillunknown.thenumberof和anumberof作主語的情況。such,thefollowing起指示代詞作用時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)所指內(nèi)容來確定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。Such______hiswords.Thefollowing______agoodexample.七、語法錯(cuò)題回放Mary,________here—everybodyelse,staywhereyouare.A.comeB.comesC.tocomeD.comingWeforgettobringourtickets,butpleaseletusenter,_______?A.doyouB.canweC.willyouD.shallweTheyhaveagoodknowledgeofEnglishbutlittle_____theyknowaboutGerman.A.haveB.didC.hadD.doPleasedomeafavor—_______myfriendMr.SmithtoYouthTheaterat7:30tonight.A.toinviteB.invitingC.inviteD.invitedYouandIcouldhardlyworktogether,______?A.couldyouB.couldn’tC.couldn’tweD.couldweEitheryouoroneofyourstudents_____toattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.A.areB.isC.haveD.beProfessorJameswillgiveusalectureonthewesternculture,butwhenandwhere_____yet.A.hasn’tbeendecidedB.haven’tdecidedC.isn’tbeingdecidedDaren’tdecidedThecompanyhadabout20notebookcomputersbutonlyone-third_____usedregularly.Nowwehave60workingalldaylong.A.isB.areC.wasD.were_____bykeepingdowncostswillPowerDataholditsadvantageoverothercompanies.A.OnlyB.JustC.StillD.YetItwasannouncedthatonlywhenthefirewasundercontrol_____toreturntotheirhomes.A.theresidentswouldbepermittedB.hadtheresidentsbeenpermittedC.wouldtheresidentsbepermittedD.theresidentshadbeenpermittedIdon’tmindhercriticizingme,but____ishowshedoesitthatIobjectto.A.itBthatC.thisD.which—Iremindedyounottoforgettheappointment.—______.A.SoyoudidB.SoIdonotC.SodidyouD.SodoIYouruncleseemstobeagooddriver;____,Iwouldn’tdaretotravelinhiscar.A.evensoB.eventhoughC.thereforeD.so_____isthepowerofTVthatitcanmakeapersonsuddenlyfamous.A.SuchB.ThisC.ThatD.SoInthedarkforests,_____somelargeenoughtoholdseveralEnglishtowns.A.standmanylakesB.liemanylakesC.manylakeslieD.manylakesstandForamomentnothinghappened.Then_____allshoutingtogether.A.voiceshadcomeB.camevoicesC.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome—Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheaccident?—Theboss,nottheworkers.Theyjustcarriedouttheorder______.A.astoldB.asaretoldC.astellingD.astheytoldI’msureyou’drathershewenttoschoolbybus,_____?A.hadn’tyouB.wouldn’tyouC.aren’tID.didn’tshe____acertaindoubtamongthepeopleastothepracticalvalueoftheproject.A.IthasB.TheyhaveCItremainsD.ThereremainsMostofwhathasbeensaidabouttheSmiths____alsotrueoftheJohnsons.A.areB.isC.beingD.tobeThatwasreallyasplendidevening.It’syears____Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.A.whenB.thatC.beforeD.since_____thatMariewasabletosetupnewbrancheselsewhere.A.SosuccessfulherbusinesswasB.SosuccessfulwasherbusinessC.SoherbusinesswassuccessfulD.SowashersuccessfulbusinessSarahhadherwashingmachinerepairedthedaybeforeyesterday,_____she?A.hadB.didC.hadn’tD.didn’t_____,Carolinacouldn’tgetthedooropen.A.TryasshemightB.AsshemighttryC.ShemightastryD.Mightsheastry_____aboutwildplantsthattheydecidedtomakeatriptoMadagascarforfurtherresearch.A.SocuriousthecouplewasB.SocuriouswerethecoupleC.HowcuriousthecouplewereD.ThecouplewassuchcuriousMaryandIseeeachother____,butnotasoftenasweusedto.A.soonerorlaterB.onceinawhileC.intheendD.moreorlessSosudden_____thattheenemyhadnotimetoescape.A.didtheattackB.theattackdidC.wastheattackD.theattackwas—Wheredidyougettoknowher?—Itwasonthefarm_____weworked.A.thatB.therec.whichC.whereEnginesaretomachines_____heartsaretoanimals.A.asB.thatC.whatD.whichWithmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodearth_____eachyear.A.iswashingawayB.isbeingwashedawayC.arewashingawayD.arebeingwashedawayUnsatisfied_____withthepayment,hetookthejobjusttogetsomeworkexperience.A.thoughwasheB.thoughhewasC.hewasthoughD.washethough—DoyouhaveanyideawhatPauldoesallday?—AsIknow,hespendsatleastasmuchtimeplayingashe___.A.writesB.doeswritingC.iswritingD.doeswriteI’vetriedveryhardtoimprovemyEnglish.Butbynomeans____withmyprogress.A.theteacherisnotsatisfiedB.istheteachernotsatisfiedC.theteacherissatisfiedD.istheteachersatisfied____andI’llgettheworkfinished.A.HaveonemorehourB.OnemorehourC.GivenonemorehourD.IfIhaveonemorehour_____,hetalksalotabouthisfavoritesingersafterclass.A.AquietstudentashemaybeB.QuietstudentashemaybeC.BeaquietstudentashemayD.QuietashemaybeastudentNeverbefore_____ingreaterneedofmodernpublictransportthanitistoday.A.hasthiscitybeenB.thiscityhasbeen.C.wasthiscityD.thiscitywasIt’sbeyonddescription.Nowhereelseintheworld___suchaquiet,beautifulplace．A.cantherebeB.youcanfindＣ.therecanbeＤ.canfindyouOnlybyfollowingthismethod_____.A.wecanstudyEnglishwellB.canwebeabletostudyEnglishwellC.canwestudyEnglishwellD.studyEnglishwellcanweNotuntil_____hissunglasses_____him.A.hetookoff;didIrecognizeB.didhetakeoff;IrecognizedC.hetookoff;IrecognizedD.didhetakeoff;didIrecognizeItwasnotuntildark______hefound_____hethoughtwasthecorrectwaytosolvetheproblem.A.that,whatB.that,thatC.when,whatD.when,thatShedidn’thaveenoughmoney____apresentforherhusband.A.withwhichtobuyB.withthatsheboughtC.whichshecouldbuyD.withbuying—If____,someterriblediseaseswouldspreadinthestricken-areasaftertheterribleearthquakeinSichuanprovince.—Sopeopletherein___needofmedicalteams.A.don’tcontrolled,shortB.notcontrollinglittleC.notbeingcontrolled,anxiousD.notcontrolled,desperate____makessomepeopleappearastonishinglyyouthfulwhileothersseemsmucholderthantheiractualage?A.whatitisB.whatisitthatC.whatitisthatD.whyitiswhat______seemstobeapossibilitythatweshallbeabletoaffordthecarweneed,A.itB.thatC.thereD.thisWasit___youcametothecountrysidethatyo