第04輯一輪閱讀 專題06 閱讀理解難點分類突破（說明文選標(biāo)題+細(xì)節(jié)理解題+心理效應(yīng)題）（學(xué)生版） 2025屆新高三英語提分培優(yōu)通關(guān)練（高考真題+名校模擬）

2025屆新高三英語提分培優(yōu)通關(guān)練（高考真題+名校模擬）第04輯一輪閱讀專題06閱讀理解難點分類突破（說明文選標(biāo)題+細(xì)節(jié)理解題+心理效應(yīng)題）原卷版目錄說明文選標(biāo)題1+3篇P1【名師點津】P1【高考真題】P2【名校模擬】P3細(xì)節(jié)理解題1+3篇P6【名師點津】P7【高考真題】P7【名校模擬】P7心理效應(yīng)題1+3篇P11【名師點津】P11【高考真題】P11【名校模擬】P12說明文選標(biāo)題1+3篇【名師點津】說明文標(biāo)題錯誤三大特征1.范圍太寬泛：選項太過于寬泛，與文章內(nèi)容相距甚遠(yuǎn)。2.范圍太具體：選項死扣文章某一細(xì)節(jié)不適合用于標(biāo)題。3.范圍太偏頗：選項內(nèi)容過于偏頗，明顯偏離文章主旨。說明文選標(biāo)題三大方法1.主題段法標(biāo)題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來說第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個短語即是文章的標(biāo)題。2.主題句法解題的關(guān)鍵要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對主題句進(jìn)行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。2.關(guān)鍵詞法任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此有的文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即關(guān)鍵詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。說明文選標(biāo)題三大策略1.正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。2.反面否定法撇開原文，拿各個備選項去嘗試用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除荒謬者。3.排除干擾法研究干擾項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、新奇性、概括性等。文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該新穎奇特，易激發(fā)讀者的好奇心，吸引讀者注意力?！靖呖颊骖}】(2024全國甲卷第27題)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!24.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.25.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.26.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【名校模擬】（2024·江蘇南京·模擬預(yù)測）Whileliftingweightsoneday,Iheardaloudclickonmyback.Iwasrushedtotheemergencyroom,whereIwastoldthepainwouldeventuallydisappear.Itdidn’t,however.WhatI’velearnedaboutpainsincethen—bothasapatientandasaphysician—hasmequestioninghowwetreatit.VaniaApkarian,oneoftheworld’sleadingpainresearchers,toldmetheclassicideaisthatpaincontinuesaslongastheinjurydoes,buttheinjuryandpainitproducesendupbeingseparate.“AlthoughMRIs(核磁共振)arereliableindicatorsofinjury,theyarenotreliableindicatorsofpain,”hesays.Areviewof33studiesfoundthatamongagroupof20-year-oldswithoutanybackpain,37percenthaddiscdegeneration(腰椎間盤退化)onMRI.Andinpeoplewhosebackshurt,MRIresultshaveabsolutelynoconnectionwiththeirpain.Thisisareallybigdeal:millionsofpeopleintheU.S.alonegetMRIsforbackpain.Yet5percentofthemweremedicallyjustified,andofthosewhoreceivedMRIs,65percentreceivedpotentiallyharmfuladvice—includingcallsforriskybacksurgerythatprobablywouldn’thaveresolvedtheirpain.Icouldhavebeenoneofthosepeople,yetwhenItookmyMRIfilmstoanexperiencedsurgeon,hetoldmeanoperationmightleavemybackworseoff.IfMRIdoesn’texplainlong-lastingpains,whatdoes?Onemajorfactorisourmentality.Arecenttrialhasrevealedthepoweroftherapies(療法)thattargethowwethinkaboutdiscomfort.Peoplewhoareanxiousaboutbeinginpainaretwiceaslikelytodeveloplongtimepain.Athoroughexaminationofpainanditsoriginsshouldencourageeffortstomakesureeveryoneinpainreceiveskindnessandrespect,aswellasaccesstomorethanpillsandsurgicalprocedures.Fullyacceptingthecomplexityofpaincanopenthedoortonewandinnovativewaystoensurethatevenifwehurt,wedon’thavetosuffer.1.Whatdoesparagraph2imply?A.Backpainisnotnecessarilyanemergencycase.B.MRItestscan’tgiveafullpictureofone’scondition.C.Minorinjuriescanleadtoseverepain.D.Boneproblemsbegintobothertheyoung.2.Whatcanwelearnfromtheauthor’spersonalstory?A.Hefoundhisbacksurgerymedicallyjustified.B.Thesurgeonmisledhimaboutthebackinjury.C.Asurgerymightdohimmoreharmthangood.D.Beingaphysicianhelpshimtreathisbackpain.3.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldapatientwithlong-lastingpaindo?A.Consultprofessionalstoreceivesurgeries.B.Havepainkillersasearlyaspossible.C.TakecomprehensiveMRIexaminations.D.Acquireathoroughunderstandingofthepain.4.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Originsofpain. B.Killersofpain.C.Victimsofpain. D.Effectsofpain.（2024·河南·模擬預(yù)測）“Twinkle,Twinkle,LittleStar”couldeventuallybecomelessofababylullabyandmoreofanelegy(挽歌).Seeingstarskeepsgettingmoredifficultbecauseartificiallightingismakingthenightskyabout10%brightereachyear,accordingtoastudythatanalyzedreportsfrommorethan50,000amateurstargazers.That’samuchfasterrateofchangethanscientistspreviouslyestimatedlookingatsatellitedata.Toillustratethechange,researchersgavethisexample:Achildisbornwhere250starsarevisibleonaclearnight.Bythetimethatchildturns18,only100starsarestillvisible.“Wearelosing,yearbyyear,thepossibilitytoseethestars,whichhasbeenauniversalhumanexperience,”saidFabioFalchi,aphysicistatChile’sUniversityofSantiagodeCompostela.“Ifyoucanstillseethedimmeststars,youareinaverydarkplace.Butifyouseeonlythebrightestones,youareinaverylight-pollutedplace.”“Priorstudiesofartificiallighting,whichusedsatelliteimagesoftheEarthatnight,hadestimatedtheannualincreaseinskybrightnesstobeabout2%ayear,”saidChristopherKyba,aphysicistattheGermanResearchCentreforGeosciencesinPotsdam.Butthesatellitesusedweren’tabletodetectlightwithwavelengthstowardtheblueendofthespectrum(光譜)—includingthelightfromenergy-efficientLEDbulbs.MorethanhalfofthenewoutdoorlightsinstalledintheUnitedStatesinthepastdecadehavebeenLEDlights,accordingtotheresearchers.Thesatellitesarealsobetteratdetectinglightthatscatters(散射)upward,likeaspotlight,thanlightthatscattershorizontally(水平地).GeorgetownUniversitybiologistEmilyWilliams,whowasnotpartofthestudy,said,“Skyglowdisturbscircadianrhythmsinhumansandotherformsoflife.Migratorysongbirdsnormallyusestarlighttofindoutwheretheyareintheskyatnight.Andwhenseaturtlebabieshatch,theyuselighttoorienttowardtheocean—lightpollutionisahugedealforthem.”5.Whatdidtheresearchers,exampleindicateinparagraph3?A.Therapiddecreaseinstarvisibility. B.Theseverityofoutdoorairpollution.C.Children’sfondnessforaclearnightsky. D.People’sregretforlostchildhoodactivities.6.Whichofthefollowingwasadisadvantageofsatellitesusedinpreviousstudies?A.Itcouldn’tdiscoverthebluecolor. B.Itfailedtodetectthewholespectrum.C.ItwassensitivetolightfromLEDbulbs. D.Itcouldn’tfindhorizontallightresources.7.WhatisEmilyWilliams’attitudetotheeffectsoflightpollution?A.Tolerant. B.Concerned. C.Unclear. D.Doubtful.8.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.StarsAreDisappearingfromtheNightSkyB.TheMeaningBehindaTraditionalBabySongC.LightPollutionHarmsWildlifeandEcosystemsD.SatellitesUsedinMeasuringNightSkyBrightness（2024·北京昌平·二模）In1992,EdwarddeBonoarguedthat“creativityisthemostimportanthumanresourceofall.”Butmightcomputershavethecapacitytobecreative?Couldartificialintelligenceoutperformusineventhemosthumanofphenomena?ThesequestionshavemovedtotheforefrontofsocietywiththelaunchofChatGPTandDALL-E,twopowerfuldeeplearningmodelscapableofcreatingart.Wherehumancreativitycomesfromisacomplexandheavily-debatedtopic.Onetheorysupposesthatcreativityemergesfromsolvingproblemsinnewways.ThegamedesignerMarkRosewaterexplainsthat“ifyouusethesameneuralpathways,yougettothesameanswers,andwithcreativity,that’snotyourgoal.”ButstudiesfromtheUniversityofVirginiasuggesthumansmostdefault(默認(rèn))tosolvingproblemsbybuildingonknownsolutions,restrictingoriginality.Someneuroscientistsproposeanothertheoryregardingcreativity.ResearchfromtheUniversityofCalgaryrevealsthatwhenbeingcreative,humansdon’tusethesamebrainregionsassociatedwiththoughtandproblem-solving,implyingthatcreativityisprimarilyanunconsciousprocess.Accordingtothistheory,thebrainsolvesproblemsbestwhennotdirectlyfocusingonthemusingthefrontallobe(前額葉),insteadlettingtheotherpartsofthebraintakeover.A.I.cannotcurrentlyemulate(仿真)thefullcomplexityofthehumanmind.Dothesedeeplearningnetworksevenhavetherequiredcomponentsthatweusewhenwearecreative?DouglasHofstadterexplainshow“emergentphenomena,”suchascreativity,correspondtoconnectionsbetweenlevelswithinmentalsystems.Similarconnectionscouldexistinartificialneuralnetworks,evenifthemechanicsdiffer.Forexample,modernartificialintelligenceemploysattentioncircuitsthatmaycauseittobehavesimilarlytothefrontallobewheremostofthebrain’sfocusingtendenciescomefrom.Theemergentnatureofcreativityopensthedoorforsimilartendenciesinmachines,buttheyaretunedsocarefullytocopyexistingideasthatitmaynotbeenoughfortrueoriginality.Mr.Rosewater’stheoryoncreativitysuggeststhatforA.I.tobecreative,itshouldbeabletosolveproblemsinnewways,whichisdifficultbecauseA.I.isbasedsoheavilyonalreadyexistingideas.Alternatively,ifcreativityisanunconsciousprocessastheUniversityofCalgaryresearchsuggests,thenitoccursmostlyoutsidethefrontallobeandmaynotexistinmachinelearningnetworks.Eitherway,currentA.I.probablylacksthecapacityforgenuinecreativityandoriginality,butitcancombineexistingideasininterestingways.Thequestionofmachinecreativityhasrepercussionsinmanyareas,suchasdevelopingcopyrightlawregardingA.I.works,consideringA.I.submissionsinartcontests,anddeterminingtheuseofChatGPTasatoolforschoolassignments.Creativitymaybe,atleastfornow,auniquehumanquality.Computersarenotyetstartingrevolutionaryartisticmovements,buttheyarealreadycombiningwhatexistsintosomethingnew,challengingustolookdeeperintoourowncreativity.9.Aboutthesourceofhumancreativity,researchfromtheUniversityofCalgarydiscoversthat______.A.humancreativityheavilyreliesontheexistingideasB.dealingwithproblemshelpsdevelophumancreativityC.beingcreativeiscloselyrelatedtocertainbrainregionsD.humancreativityisaprocessthathappensautomatically10.Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethat______.A.effortsshouldbeputintothestudyofhumancreativityB.creativitycanbeattainedconsciouslyonmostoccasionsC.A.I.createsbetterthanhumansinsomeareasatpresentD.humansneedmachinestobemorecreativeinvariousareas11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“repercussions”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Influences. B.Objections. C.Doubts. D.Causes.12.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ComputingCreativity:Isitagoodthing?B.ComputingCreativity:Canitbepossible?C.HumanCreativity:Whydoeshumandevelopit?D.HumanCreativity:HowcanA.I.helphumancreate?細(xì)節(jié)理解題1+3篇【名師點津】“細(xì)節(jié)理解題”的最優(yōu)處理方法：第一、快速通讀全文，把握大意。細(xì)節(jié)理解題分直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題、間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題和綜合細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二、結(jié)合題干鎖定原文答題區(qū)間，圈劃關(guān)鍵詞句，留意正確選項與原文之間是同義轉(zhuǎn)換或高度概括。第三、比對選項內(nèi)容，采用“排除法”，防止偷換概念、以偏概全、過于絕對化等確定最佳答案。【高考真題】(2024新課標(biāo)II卷第25-27題)Doyouevergettothetrainstationandrealizeyouforgottobringsomethingtoread?Yes,weallhaveourphones,butmanyofusstillliketogooldschoolandreadsomethingprinted.Well,there’sakiosk(小亭)forthat.IntheSanFranciscoBayArea,atleast.“Youenterthefaregates(檢票口)andyou’llseeakioskthatislitupandittellsyoucangetaone-minute,athree-minute,orafive-minutestory,”saysAliciaTrost,thechiefcommunicationsofficerfortheSanFranciscoBayAreaRapidTransit—knownasBART.“Youchoosewhichlengthyouwantanditgivesyouareceipt-likeshortstory.”It’sthatsimple.Ridershaveprintednearly20,000shortstoriesandpoemssincetheprogramwaslaunchedlastMarch.Someareclassicshortstories,andsomeareneworiginalworks.Trostalsowantstointroducelocalwriterstolocalriders.“WewantedtodosomethingwherewedoacalltoartistsintheBayAreatosubmitstoriesforacontest,”Trostsays.“Andasofrightnow,we’vereceivedabout120submissions.Thewinningstorieswouldgointoourkioskandthenyouwouldbeapublishedartist.”Ridershipontransit(交通)systemsacrossthecountryhasbeendownthepasthalfcentury,socouldshortstoriessavetransit?Trostthinksso.“Attheendofthedayalltransitagenciesrightnowaredoingeverythingtheycantoimprovetheriderexperience.SoIabsolutelythinkwewillgetmoreridersjustbecauseofshortstories,”shesays.Andyou’llneverbewithoutsomethingtoread.24.WhydidBARTstartthekioskprogram?A.Topromotethelocalculture. B.Todiscouragephoneuse.C.Tomeetpassengers’needs. D.Toreduceitsrunningcosts.25.Howarethestoriescategorizedinthekiosk?A.Bypopularity. B.Bylength.C.Bytheme. D.Bylanguage.26.WhathasTrostbeendoingrecently?A.Organizingastorycontest. B.Doingasurveyofcustomers.C.Choosingaprintpublisher. D.Conductinginterviewswithartists.27.WhatisTrost’sopinionaboutBART’sfuture?A.Itwillclosedown. B.Itsprofitswilldecline.C.Itwillexpandnationwide. D.Itsridershipwillincrease.【名校模擬】（24-25高三上·廣西柳州·開學(xué)考試）FrankHerbert’ssciencefictionDunewasthefirstcoming-of-agestorythathelpedmesurvivemelonelyjuniorhighschool.Atage12,mylifewastheliny,boringcycleofhome,schoolandmyparentsstore.DunebrokeitallopenandledmetoauniversethatmademylittleworldalotmorebearableunlikeHoldenCaulfieldwhokeptbreakingwindowsinTheCatcherintheRvehyJ.D.Sailingèr,Dune’smaincharacter,PaulAtreides,equippedmewithajunior-highsurvivalguide.Paulisnotaclassicunderdog.He’sthesonofaking.He’sbeentrainedsincebirthinwararts,politicsandcriticalsurvivalskillsbyagroupofsmartandexperiencedmenwithimpossible-to-pronouncenames.Butwhenhisworldisturnedupsidedown—whenheleaveshishome,loseshisfatherandentersaphysicallyandpoliticallyhostileenvironment—hedoesn’tcomplainandcry.Headapts.Tothisday,Icanstillrecitehiswordsagainstfear:“Imustnotfear.Fearisthemind-killer.Fearisthelittle-deaththatbringstotaldestruction.Iwillfacemyfear.Iwillpermitittopassovermeandthroughme.Andwhenithasgonepast,Iwillturntheinnereyetoseeitspath.Wherethefearhasgonetherewillbenothing.OnlyIwillremain.”Thesteadydietofliteraryfictionassignedbymyteacherswasescapist(逃避現(xiàn)實的)andtheveryactofreading(whateverthecontent)usuallytookmeoutofagivenmoment,butdidn’tprovidemuchadviceonhowtofacemydailyconflictsandpainfulinsecurity.Dunewasescapist,too.However,itwasexpansiveandliterallyredefinedpossibilityformewhohadbeenstrugglingalongwitheyesontheground,justtryingtomakeitthroughanotherdayofboredomandhardshipofbeingateenagegirl.PaulliftedmyeyesupsoIcouldseethestars.1.WhocreatedthecharacterPaulAtreides?A.Theauthorofthispassage. B.J.D.Sailinger.C.HoldenCaulfield. D.FrankHerbert.2.Whichcanbestexplaintheunderlinedword“hostile”inparagraph2?A.Sensitive. B.Unfriendly.C.Unbeneficial. D.Private.3.WhatdoesPaulimpresstheauthormost?A.Hissurvivalskills. B.Hisnoblebirth.C.Hiscouragetofacefear. D.Hisescapistattitude.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.TheplotofDunewasmorecomplicatedthanotherfictions.B.TheauthorlearnedmuchknowledgeofstarsroomDune.C.Paulhelpedtheauthorescapefromtherealworld.D.TheauthorchangedherattitudetowardslifeowingtoPaul.（24-25高三上·湖南·開學(xué)考試）Howoftenisyourmindquiet?Ifyou’reatypicalhumanbeing,theanswerisprobablyveryrarely.Formostofourdays,ourattentionisfocusedonexternalthings—thetasksofourjobs,TVprograms,orsocialmediainteractions.Inthemomentswhenourattentionisn’tfocusedexternally,it’susuallyfocusedonwhatiscalled“thought-chatter”—astreamofmentalassociationsconsistingofexpectationsofthefuture,memories,daydreams,andsoon.Butfromtimetotime,weallexperiencemomentswhenourthought-chatterquietsdown,orevendisappearsaltogether.Inthesemoments,weexperienceasenseofgreatwell-being.Wefeelasenseofinnerharmony.Wefeelasifwe’refreeofproblems,andfeelsatisfiedwithourlivesastheyare.Therearemanyactivitiesthathavetheeffectofquietingourminds,andsoproduceastateofwell-being.Forexample,thinkaboutwhathappenswhenyougowalkinginthecountryside.Youmightfeelstressedwhenyoustartout,butslowly,afteracoupleofmiles,yourmindbeginstosettledown.Thebeautyandstillnessofnatureattractsyourattentionandyou’renolongerinyourthought-chatter.Bytheendofthewalkyoufeelalmostlikeadifferentperson.Youfeelmorealive,andmuchhappier—largelybecauseyourmindisnowquiet.Thisiswhypeoplelovetolookatbeautifulworksofart.WhenpeopleseethepaintingsofMonetorvanGogh,theyexperienceamind-stoppingmoment,inwhichthey’retakenoutoftheirthinkingmindsandexperienceasenseofgreatwell-being.Thestrangethingis,though,thatmostofthetimethishappensunconsciously(不知不覺地).Weusuallydon’tassociatethiswell-beingwithaquietmind.Andweusuallydon’tthinkofaquietmindastheaimorresultoftheseactivities.Ourestimateofhowenjoyableanactivityismaydependonitsmind-stoppingcapacity.Inotherwords,theverybestperformances—andthemostrewardingactivities—arethosewhicharesoattractiveandintensethattheycancompletelystopourminds.I’mnotsayingthatinnerquietnessistheonlyreasonwhyweenjoytheseactivities.Nevertheless,weshouldcertainlybecomemoreawareoftheassociationofaquietmindwithwell-being.Andatthesametimeweshouldbeawarethatit’spossibleforustoconsciouslyanddirectlycreateaquietmind;ratherthanasabyproductofcertainactivities.Andintheendwemightdevelopapermanentquietmindandattainastateofongoingcontentmentandharmony.5.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthought-chatter?A.Itrequiresalotofpractice.B.Itmightbeunpleasantattimes.C.Itmightbeatalkwithafriend.D.Ithelpsreachastateofsilence.6.Whataretheexamplesofactivitiesmentionedinthetextmainlyabout?A.Whatactivitiesleadtowell-being.B.Whatcanbedonetoreducestress.C.Howwecanmakeourmindsquiet.D.Howmentalquietnessleadstowell-being.7.Howcanwedeterminehowmuchpleasureanactivitycangiveus?A.Byjudginghowmuchstressitcanincrease.B.Byjudgingwhetherittakesplaceunconsciously.C.Byjudgingtowhatextentitcanquietourminds.D.Byjudgingwhetheritassociateswithwell-being.8.Whatdoestheauthorintendtohighlightinthelastparagraph?A.Creatingaquietmindforalltime.B.Livingapeacefullifepermanently.C.Beinginharmonywithinnerquietness.D.Participatinginactivitiesforinnerquietness.（24-25高三上·湖南·開學(xué)考試）Insomepartsoftheworldpeoplearelikelytoplanforthefuture,whileinotherspeoplearemorelikelytoliveinthemoment.Insomesocietiespeopleprefermorepersonalspace;inotherstheyarecomfortablebeinginclosequartersinpublic.Thereareanumberoftheoriesaboutwhereculturaldifferencesbetweensocietiescomefrom.Inagrowingnumberofcases,researchershavefoundthathumancultureanbeshapedbykeyfeaturesoftheenvironmentsinwhichpeoplelive.Ecologyincludesbasicphysicalandsocialcharacteristicsoftheenvironment—suchfactorsashowrichaplaceisinresources,howcommoninfectious(傳染性的)diseasesare,howheavilypopulatedaplaceis,andhowmuchthreatthereistohumansafety.Variablesliketemperatureandtheavailabilityofwatercanbekeyecologicalfeatures.Forover200societies,ourlabatArizonaStateUniversitygatheredcomprehensivedataonninekeyfeaturesofecology—suchasrainfall,temperature,infectiousdiseaseandnaturalresources—anddozensofaspectsofhumanculturalvariation—includingvalues,strengthofsocialnorms(社會規(guī)范),personality,motivationandinstitutionalcharacteristics.Withthisinformation,wecreatedtheEcoCulturalDataset.Usingthisdataset,wewereabletogeneratearangeofestimatesforjusthowmuchofhumanculturalvariationcanexplainedbyecology.Weranaseriesofstatisticalmodelslookingattherelationshipbetweenourecologicalvariablesandeachofthe66culturaloutcomeswetracked.Foreachoftheculturaloutcomes,wecalculatedtheaverageamountoftheculturaldiversityacrosssocietiesthatwasexplainedbythiscombinationofninedifferentecologicalfactors.Wefoundthatnearly20%ofculturalvariationwasexplainedbythecombinationoftheseecologicalfeatures.Importantly,ourstatisticalestimatestakeintoaccountcommonissuesincross-culturalresearch.Therewilllikelybeunmeasuredsimilaritiesbetweensocietieswithsharedhistoricalrootsandtraditions.Ecologyisn’ttheonlyreasonpeoplearoundtheworldthinkandbehavedifferently.Butourworksuggeststhat,atleastinpart,ourenvironmentsshapeourcultures.9.Whichbestexplainswhypeoplearecomfortablebeinginclosequartersinpublic?A.Theyarefriendlytoeachother. B.Theylikestayinginpublicplaces.C.Theyenjoyspendingtimewithothers. D.Theyliveinaplacewithcoldtemperatures.10.WhatdoweknowabouttheEcoCulturalDataset?A.It’sacombinationofhumansandnature. B.It’sacombinationofecologyandculture.C.It’sacomparisonbetweentheoryandpractice. D.It’sacomparisonbetweenecologyandculture.11.Whatdidtheauthor'slabwanttofindout?A.Whereculturaldifferencescomefrom. B.Whetherecologicalfeaturesaffectculture.C.Howstrongtheecology-cultureconnectionis. D.Whyculturaldifferencesbetweensocietiesexist.12.Whatistheconclusionoftheauthor’sstudy?A.Sharedtraditionsleadtoculturalsimilarities.B.Thereareculturaldifferencesbetweensocieties.C.Culturesareshapedbytheenvironmentspeoplelivein.D.Culturaldifferencespartlycomefromecologicalfactors.心理效應(yīng)題1+3篇【名師點津】“心理效應(yīng)題”的最優(yōu)處理方法：第一、該類文章多出現(xiàn)在C篇或D篇位置，屬于說明文，多用來介紹心理學(xué)術(shù)語或現(xiàn)象。第二、重點抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段過長，關(guān)注Now,But,However之后才是關(guān)鍵。第三、結(jié)合題干鎖定原文答題區(qū)間，圈劃關(guān)鍵詞句，尤其是學(xué)會用括號法破解長難句。第四、比對選項細(xì)微差別，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思維法”，去偽存真確定答案?！靖呖颊骖}】(2023新課標(biāo)I卷第32題)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,the