上海洛基國(guó)際英語 本科學(xué)、專科高級(jí)英語-重點(diǎn)語法剖析系列十

上海洛基國(guó)際英語--------本科學(xué)、專科高級(jí)英語——重點(diǎn)語法剖析系列十Andwecouldcalltheadministratorifweweretrappedinthelift.B:Ourmayeasilyinfluctuatingintheearthquake.Toavoidunnecessaryconfusion,weshouldkeepthecalmmindandmastertheinformationfromthegovernmentanddisasterpreventionmechanismbytheradio.Don’ttrustanyirresponsiblegossipandtakeanyirrationalaction.C:Thecarwouldbeoutofcontrolduringtheshakingsothatwecan’tgraspthesteeringwheel.Soweshouldparkthecarataroadsideassoonaspossible,avoidingthecrossroads.4.as與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別

(1)as與thesame,such,so,as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。如：Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在句末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí)。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。5.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別(1)如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything,nothing,little,all,everything時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that；(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next，last,only,very修飾時(shí)，用that；(4)非限定性定語從句只能用which引導(dǎo)；(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。6.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句，相當(dāng)于who…not,that…not這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、復(fù)合句——名詞性從句一個(gè)句子起名詞的作用，在句中做主語、賓語／介詞賓語、表語、同位語，那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。1.what/whatever的用法考生應(yīng)把握：what是關(guān)系代詞，它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引導(dǎo)主語從句又在從句中做主語)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引導(dǎo)表語從句又在從句中做表語)2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyonewho，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語還是做賓語。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在從句中做主語)3.有關(guān)同位語從句的問題(1)下列名詞常用做同位語的先行詞：appeal,belief,conclusion,condition,conviction,doubt,evidence,fact,fear,feeling,ground(s),hope,idea,likelihood,message,news,opinion,order,plan,point,possibility,problem,promise,reply,proof,proposal,question,rumor,sign,story,suggestion,suspicion,theory,thought,truth,trouble,understanding,worry。如：Ihavenodoubtthathewillovercomeallhisdifficulties.Onesignthatyouaremakingprogressinanartsuchaspaintingorphotographyisthatyoubegintorealizehowmuchthereistolearn.(2)引導(dǎo)詞通常為that,但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why,when,where,how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義，其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如：Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.Thefactthatshewasafewminuteslateisnoreasonfordischargingher.(3)同位語從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開，注意識(shí)別。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.(4)同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：●從意義上看，同位語從句說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，定語從句則對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行限定、修飾；●從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不在從句中充當(dāng)任何語法成分，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中必須充當(dāng)一定的句子成分；●從先行詞的詞義特點(diǎn)看，同位語從句的先行詞表達(dá)的是抽象內(nèi)容，這類詞數(shù)量有限，而定語從句的先行詞則沒有任何限制。4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)主語從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(2)whether一般多用于賓語從句的肯定式，而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以連在一起用，而ifornot則不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語從句，if則不能；(5)賓語從句提至謂語前面時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位語從句也用whether引導(dǎo)；(7)后接不定式時(shí)，只能用whether。5.動(dòng)詞believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的賓語從句如為否定式，一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，這一點(diǎn)在翻譯時(shí)要注意與漢語表達(dá)的區(qū)別十五、復(fù)合句——副詞性(狀語)從句副詞在句中起狀語