牛津八下英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)

牛津八下英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如：Hehasturnedoffthelight.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過去，但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時(shí)間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(如：thismorning／month／year...，today等)連用。例如：Haveyoufoundyourpenyet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：Hehaslivedheresince1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)Ihavebeeninthearmyformorethan5years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(如：uptonow，sofar到目前為止)等。例如：Ihaveheardnothingfromhimuptonow.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見兩種句型：①主語＋have/hasbeen＋for短語②Itis＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句例如：HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.或ItisthreeyearssincehejoinedtheLeague.他入團(tuán)已三年了。3、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念英語中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過程的長短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,move,borrow,buy等。4、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語連用。表示"段時(shí)間"的短語有：fortwoyears,duringthepastthreeyears,sincelastyear,howlong等。如：IhavelearnedEnglishsinceIcamehere.自從我來到這兒就學(xué)英語了。2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"狀語連用。如：Itraindateightyesterdaymorning.(誤)rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而ateight表示"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come,begin,get等終止性動(dòng)詞來表示。上句可改為：Itbegantorainateightyesterdaymorning.(正)又如：-WhendidyougettoknowJack?-Twoyearsago.-Thenyou'veknowneachotherformorethantwoyears.-That'sright.5、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1.終止性動(dòng)詞可用來表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Thetrainhasarrived.火車到了。Haveyoujoinedthecomputergroup?你加入電腦小組了嗎？2.終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如：(1)他死了三年了。誤：Hehasdiedforthreeyears.正：Hehasbeendeadforthreeyears.正：Hediedthreeyearsago.正：Itisthreeyearssincehedied.正：Threeyearshaspassedsincehedied.(2)他來這兒五天了。誤：Hehascomehereforfivedays.正：Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.正：Hecameherefivedaysago.正：Itisfivedayssincehecamehere.正：Fivedayshaspassedsincehecamehere.(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動(dòng)詞，不能與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語連用。那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以采用下面的四種方法：(1)將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例：leave→beaway,borrow→keep,buy→have,begin/start→beon,die→bedead,moveto→livein,finish→beover,join→bein/beamemberof,opensth.→keepsth.open,fallill→beill,getup→beup,catchacold→haveacold。(2)將句中表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時(shí)間的狀語，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。(3)用句型"Itis+段時(shí)間+since..."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。(4)用句型"時(shí)間+haspassed+since..."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。3.終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：Hehasn'tleftheresince1986.Ihaven'theardfrommyfatherfortwoweeks.4.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成"not+終止性動(dòng)詞+until/till..."的句型，意為"直到……才……"。如：Youcan'tleavehereuntilIarrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。IwillnotgotobeduntilIfinishdrawingthepicturetonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺。5.終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，但不可以用于while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。when表示的時(shí)間是"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞)，也可以是"段時(shí)間"(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。而while表示的是一個(gè)較長的時(shí)間或過程，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：WhenwereachedLondon,itwastwelveo'clock.(reach為終止性動(dòng)詞)Pleaselookaftermydaughterwhile/whenweareaway.(beaway為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短語)6.終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與howlong連用(只限于肯定式)。如：誤：Howlonghaveyoucomehere?正：Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?正：Whendidyoucomehere?二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別1.一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。如：HevisitedGuilinin1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時(shí)間)2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Jillhasboughtanewcomputer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)3.兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過去時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語基本構(gòu)成是"助動(dòng)詞have/has+過去分詞"。如：Thefilmstartedat7o’clock.Hehasbeenateacherformanyyears.(2)一般過去時(shí)通常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday,lastweek,twoyearsago,justnow,in2002等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just,already,ever,never等副詞和thesedays,thisweek,since...,for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用?？纯匆韵碌膸捉M句子，有什么區(qū)別？①Haveyouseenthefilm?(A)Didyouseethefilm?(B)[說明]你看過這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。②Howhashedoneit?(A)Howdidhedoit?(B)[說明]他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。③HehaslivedinBeijingfor8years.(A)HelivedinBeijingfor8years.(B)[說明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)例析現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時(shí)態(tài)。涉及的考點(diǎn)有：一、考查其構(gòu)成"助動(dòng)詞have(has)+動(dòng)詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：1.Kate'sneverseenChinesefilms，____?A.hasn'tsheB.hassheC.isn'tsheD.isshe2.Hisunclehasalreadypostedthephotostohim.(改為否定句)Hisuncle______postedthephotostohim______.析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問句中，故填hasn't,yet。3.-AnnhasgonetoShanghai.-So______herparents.A.hasB.hadC.didD.have析："so+助/系/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語為herparents是復(fù)數(shù),故選D。二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞(一)當(dāng)句中有never,ever,just,already,yet,before等時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：1.-Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?-______you______yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishD.Have;finished2.-______you______anywherebefore?-Yes,butIcan'trememberwhereI______A.Did;surf;surfedB.Have;surfed;surfedC.Did;surf;havesurfedD.Have;surfed;havesurfed析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故1題選D，2題選D。(二)當(dāng)句中有"for+段時(shí)間"或"since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間"等時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，要改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如：1.HisbrotherhasbeentoStoneForesttwice______hecametoYunnan.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.for析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而從句用的是一般過去時(shí)，故選C。2.Tom______theCDplayerfortwoweeks.A.haslentB.hasborrowedC.hasboughtD.hashad析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時(shí)間"的短語連用，故選D。3.I______aletterfromhimsinceheleft.A.didn'treceiveB.haven'tgotC.didn'thaveD.haven'theard析：據(jù)since可知，應(yīng)排除A、C，"hearfromsb.=receive/get/havealetterfromsb."意為"收到某人的來信"，故選B。三、考查have/hasbeen(to,in)/have/hasgone(to)的區(qū)別。如：1.-Haveyouever______LintongtoseetheTerraCottaWarriors?-Yes,Ihave.A.wenttoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beento析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項(xiàng)意為"去某地了"，C項(xiàng)意為"一直呆在某地"，D項(xiàng)意為"去過某地"，符合題意，故選D。2.Myparents______Shangdongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：1.Sun'saunthasgonetherefortenyears.(改成正確的句子)2.Susanhasbeeninthiscityformorethantenyears.(改為同義句)________morethantenyears____Susan______tothiscity.析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過去時(shí)，故填I(lǐng)tis,since,came。3.Iwon'tgototheconcertbecauseI____myticket.A.lostB.don'tloseC.havelostD.iscoming析：因我丟了票的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，而且對現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會(huì)的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的含意，故選C?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)題及答案一、單項(xiàng)選擇。1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey________what'shappenedtohim.Ａ.knewＢ.haveknownＣ.mustknowＤ.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?Ａ.alreadyＢ.neverＣ.everＤ.still3、HaveyoumetMrLi______？Ａ.justＢ.agoＣ.beforeＤ.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.Ａ.iswritingＢ.waswritingＣ.wroteＤ.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.Ａ.haschanged;wellＢ.changed;goodＣ.haschanged;betterＤ.changed;better6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.Ａ.was;studyingＢ.will;studyＣ.has;studiedＤ.are;studying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.Ａ.knowＢ.hadknownＣ.haveknownＤ.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.Ａ.willseeＢ.haveseenＣ.sawＤ.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?Ａ.willtheygoＢ.didtheygoＣ.dotheygoＤ.havetheygone10、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.Ａ.Did;do;finishedＢ.Have;done;finishedＣ.Have;done;havefinishedＤ.will;do;finish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.Ａ.joinedＢ.hasjoinedＣ.wasinＤ.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.Ａ.wereＢ.havebeenＣ.havebecomeＤ.havemade13、—Howlonghaveyou____here?—Abouttwomonths.Ａ.beenＢ.goneＣ.comeＤ.Arrived14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.Ａ.hasbegunＢ.hadbegunＣ.hasbeenonＤ.began15It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.Ａ.isＢ.hasＣ.willＤ.was16、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.Ａ.hasgoneＢ.wentＣ.willgoＤ.hasbeen17、Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.Ａ.havebeeninＢ.havebeentoＣ.havegonetoＤ.havebeen18、Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,?A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey19、hasMrWhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived20Hisuncleformorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1、Hehasneversurfed,_______________?（改成反意疑問句）2、Theyhavebeenheresince2000.(對劃線部分提問)___________havetheybeenhere?3、Theoldman_________lastyear.He_________forayear(die)（動(dòng)詞填空）4、Thisfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Thisfactory___________________fortwentyyears.5、MissGaoleftanhourago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)MissGao_______________________________anhourago.6、HermotherhasbeenaPartymemberforthreeyears.（同義句）Hermother_______thePartythreeyears________.7、TheGreenFamilymovedtoFrancetwoyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)_______twoyears________theGreenfamilymovedtoFrance.8、Thebushasarrivedhere.Itarrivedtenminutesago.(把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)___________________________________________三、

漢譯英。1、吉姆已做完作業(yè)，他現(xiàn)在有空了。______________________________________________________________2、他昨天收到一封信。______________________________________________________________3、我父親以前到過長城。______________________________________________________________4、她還沒有看過那部新電影。______________________________________________________________5、她去過上海。______________________________________________________________6、他這些天上哪兒去了？______________________________________________________________參考答案：一、單項(xiàng)選擇。1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的】、作對現(xiàn)在造的影響，或過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，重點(diǎn)在于對現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大，往往無時(shí)間狀語，需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理，正確答案是Ｂ。2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already（已經(jīng)），just（剛剛，正好），ever（曾經(jīng)），never（從來，也不；從不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等連用。故2應(yīng)選B。3、C4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與recently（近來），sofar（到目前為止），inthepast/“l(fā)ast+一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語連用。因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時(shí)間，句中的動(dòng)作是從過去某一時(shí)間或時(shí)刻開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。故4應(yīng)選D。5、C6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)常與“for+時(shí)間段或since+過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用（含從句，從句過去時(shí)）。故6應(yīng)選C。7、C8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還與once（一次），twice（兩次），threetimes（三次），severaltimes（幾次）等表示重復(fù)次數(shù)的詞語連用。故8應(yīng)選B。9、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)容易混淆，就是因?yàn)樗鼈兯硎镜膭?dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去，但二者又有區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于陳述一件過去的事情，與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系的發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作，它不與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語（如yesterday,lastweek,amomentago等）連用。故9的正確答案為B。10、B11、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來代替。故11的正確答案依次為：D。12、B13、A14、C15、A。16、“have/hasgoneto+地點(diǎn)”表示“某人去了某地（還未回來）”，指主語所指的人不在這兒。“have/hasbeenin+地點(diǎn)”表示“在某地呆了多長時(shí)間”，常與表示時(shí)間的狀語連用?！癶ave/hasbeento+地點(diǎn)”表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地（但現(xiàn)在已不在那兒）?！惫?6的正確答案為A。17、A18、D19、C20、C二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1、hashe?2、Howlong3、died,hasbeendead4、hasbeenopen5、hasbeenaway6、joined；ago7、Itis,since8、Thebushasbeenherefortenminutes.三、漢譯英。1、Jimhasfinisheddoinghishomeworkalready.Heisfreenow.2、Hereceivedaletteryesterday.3、MyfatherhasbeentotheGreatWallbefore.4、Shehasn'tseenthenewfilmyet.5、ShehasbeentoShanghai.6、Wherehashebeenthesedays？(UNIT2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（注意whenwhileas引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。）(UNIT3)被動(dòng)語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)“三步曲”被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)的題目。因此,有必要對被動(dòng)語態(tài)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。第一曲:掌握被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"助動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動(dòng)詞be的變化上,同時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致?，F(xiàn)將初中階段常見的幾種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)總結(jié)如下:1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):am/is/are+done(指及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,下同)如:Englishisusedallovertheworld.2.一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):was/were+done如:Thepicturewaspaintedtwoyearsago.3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):am/is/are+being+done如:Theflowersarebeingwateredbythemnow.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):have(has)+been+done如:Theroomhasbeencleaned.5.一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):will/begoingto+be+done如:Theworkwillbefinishedtomorrow.6.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+done如:Yourhomeworkmustbehandedintoday.其它幾種特殊句型：Itissaidthat……..Itiswellknownthat…….Itisreportedthat……..havesthdone第二曲:掌握主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),應(yīng)走好以下三步:1)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語;2)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)語態(tài)形式變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)形式;3)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語,組成介詞短語,放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞之后。在無須說明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),by短語可以省略。請看示范:主動(dòng)語態(tài):Mybrotherrepairedthatbikeyesterday.主語謂語動(dòng)詞賓語其余部分被動(dòng)語態(tài):Thatbikewasrepaired(bymybrother)yesterday.主語謂語動(dòng)詞by+賓語其余部分對于主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)方法的考查,主要在句型轉(zhuǎn)換題目中出現(xiàn)。只要能夠按照上面介紹的方法去做,一般是能夠做對的。第三曲:注意主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的幾種特殊句型1.含有短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般來說,只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。另外,許多不及物動(dòng)詞加上介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞,相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,后面也可加賓語。在變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),注意不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,常見的這類短語動(dòng)詞有:takecareof,lookafter,takeoff,lookat,sendfor,lookup等。如:Theoldpeopleshouldbetakengoodcareof.2.含有雙賓語的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句時(shí),應(yīng)將其中一個(gè)賓語改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語,另一個(gè)賓語仍保留在原處。一種情況是把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)橹髡Z,直接賓語(指物)不變。另一種情況是把直接賓語(指物)變?yōu)橹髡Z,間接賓語(指人)不變,這時(shí),間接賓語前通常加介詞to,有時(shí)加for。如:Myfathergavemeanewbookonmybirthday.→Iwasgivenanewbook(bymyfather)onmybirthday.(間接賓語作了主語)Anewbookwasgiventome(bymyfather)onmybirthday.(直接賓語作了主語)3.帶有復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)帶有復(fù)合賓語(賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語)的主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),只把賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語,原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語不動(dòng)。同時(shí),如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),必須加上不定式符號(hào)to,這類動(dòng)詞有make,let,see,hear,watch等。如:WefindEnglishveryuseful.→Englishisfoundveryuseful.賓語賓補(bǔ)Ioftenhearhimsinginhisroom.→Heisoftenheardtosinginhisroom.賓語賓補(bǔ)4.有的動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式可以表示被動(dòng)意義,這類動(dòng)詞有:wash,sell,smell,taste,sound,feel等。如:Thebookssellwell.Thefoodtastesgood.以上四種情況在中考題目中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),同學(xué)們在碰到類似題目時(shí),應(yīng)首先分析屬于哪種情況,然后再根據(jù)掌握的知識(shí)來做題。二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)歸納1.主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)和主動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如：WespeakEnglish.（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)）English_______________byus.［分析］此句主動(dòng)語態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，因此，答案應(yīng)是isspoken。2.注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是：am/is/are+p.p；一般過去時(shí)是：was/were+p.p；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是：have/has/been+p.p；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是：am/is/are/+being+p.p；含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be+p.p。有詩曰：被動(dòng)語態(tài)須注意，謂語不離“be”“p.p”。主謂一致別忘記，“進(jìn)行”易丟一個(gè)“be”。（注：p.p過去分詞）。如：Wemusttakegoodcareofoureyes.（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)）Oureyesmust___________goodcareof.［分析］此句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must，那么，我們根據(jù)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be+p.p.”的公式可知，答案應(yīng)是betaken。3.注意句中主謂語的一致關(guān)系。如：Tea______（grow）insoutheastofChinaandIndia.［分析］此句中主語tea是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。而此句說明的又是一自然現(xiàn)象，因此就應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。所以，答案應(yīng)是isgrown。4.注意復(fù)合賓語的變化。如：Theycouldn”tmakethecowgo.（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)）［分析］thecowgo在句中作make的復(fù)合賓語。一般情況下，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后，賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、所處位置原封不動(dòng)地保存下來，但make/have/let/see/watch/hear等后原可省的to要還原回來。顯然，此句中，thecowgo中省去的to應(yīng)還原回來，因此答案應(yīng)是Thecowcouldn”tbemadetogo.5.注意雙賓語的變化。如：MrSmithshowedthestudentstwopicturesyesterday.（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)）Twopictures________________thestudentsbyMrSmith.［分析］變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，雙賓語中的任何一個(gè)皆可變?yōu)橹髡Z，一般變直接賓語，但間接賓語前必須加上介詞to或for。此句中顯然是把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，那么，間接賓語前須加上介詞to，所以答案應(yīng)是wereshownto。6.注意短語動(dòng)詞中的“小詞”。如：Theoldmenandthechildren____inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcareB.mustbetakengoodcareC.mustbetakengoodcareofD.musttakegoodcareof［分析］短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，應(yīng)當(dāng)做一個(gè)詞來看待，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后，“小詞”不能丟棄。因此，此題答案應(yīng)是C。被動(dòng)語態(tài)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1.

—How

long

_____

at

this

job?

—Since

1990.

A.

were

you

employed

B.

have

you

been

employedC.

had

you

been

employed

D.

will

you

be

employed2.

—What

happened

to

the

priceless

works

of

art?

—________.

A.

They

were

destroyed

in

the

earthquakeB.

The

earthquake

was

destroying

themC.

They

destroyed

in

the

earthquakeD.

The

earthquake

destroyed

them

3.

If

city

noises

______

from

increasing,

people______

shout

to

be

heard

even

at

the

dinner

table

20

years

from

now.A.

are

not

kept;

will

have

to

B.

are

not

kept;

have

to

C.

do

not

keep;

will

have

to

D.

do

not

keep;

have

to

4.—Do

you

like

the

material?

—Yes,

it

______

very

soft.

A.

is

feeling

B.

felt

C.

feels

D.

is

felt

5.

I

need

one

more

stamp

before

my

collection

______.

A.

has

completed

B.

completes

C.

has

been

completed

D.

is

completed

6.

All

the

preparations

for

the

task

_____

,

and

we're

ready

to

start.A.

completed

B.

complete

C.

had

been

completed

D.

have

been

completed

7.

Hundreds

of

jobs

______

if

the

factory

closes.A.

lose

B.

will

be

lost

C.

are

lost

D.

will

lose

8.

A

new

cinema______

here.

They

hope

to

finish

it

next

month.

A.

will

be

built

B.

is

built

C.

has

been

built

D.

is

being

built

9.

After

the

class，the

students

went

out

of

the

classroom

one

by

one,

but

only

Mary______.

A.

left

B.

had

left

C.

was

leaving

D.

was

left

10.

The

teacher

told

the

students

that

they______

to

be

useful

men

to

the

country.

A.

were

all

expected

B.were

all

expecting

C.

all

were

expected

D.

all

expected

11.

He_____in

a

shower

last

night

and

got

wet

through.A.

caught

B.

was

caught

C.

had

caught

D.

caught

up

12.

The

thief______

when

he

was

stealing

a

wallet

from

a

woman.A.

happened

to

notice

B.

was

taken

place

to

notice

C.

was

happened

to

be

noticed

D.

happened

to

be

noticed

13.

He______

and

was

made

to

repeat

it.A.

didn't

understand

B.

didn't

be

understoodC.

wasn't

understand

D.

wasn't

understood

14.

The

pupils

here_____

all

kinds

of

exercises

every

day

in

the

past

few

weeks.A.

kept

busy

doing

B.

keep

on

doingC.

have

kept

busy

doing

D.

have

been

kept

busy

doing

15.

—What

were

you

doing

when

Tom

came

to

see

you?

—I

_____on

my

overcoat

and

______

to

visit

a

friend

of

mine.A.

have

just

put;

leaving

B.

was

put;

was

leftC

.had

just

put;

was

leaving

D.

was

putting;

left

16.

They

said

good-bye,

hardly

knowing

that

they

______again.A.

were

never

met

B.

will

never

meet

C.

never

met

D.

were

never

to

meet

17.

—What

happened

to

the

postman?

—I

don't

know.

He______

around

here

for

a

long

time.A.

hasn't

seen

B.

didn't

see

C.

wasn't

seen

D.

hasn't

been

seen

18.

Don't

get

that

ink

on

your

shirt,

for

it______.A.

won't

wash

out

B.

won't

be

washed

out

C.

isn't

washed

out

D.

doesn't

wash

away

19.—Do

you

know

anyone

in

Paris?

—No.

I'll

make

friends

once______.A.

I'm

settled

B.

I

have

settled

C.

I'll

be

settled

D.

I'm

settling

20.

Not

having

finished

his

homework,

______

to

watch

TV.A.

Mother

forbade

him

B.

so

he

was

forbidden

C.

and

he

wanted

D.

he

was

forbidden

21.

—Bob,

you______

on

the

phone.

—______.A.

are

needed;

I'm

coming

B.

are

wanted;

ComingC.

are

called;

I'll

come

D.

are

rung

up;

Thanks

22.

E-mail,

as

well

as

telephones,

______

an

important

part

in

daily

communication.

A.

is

being

played

B.

are

playing

C.

have

played

D.

is

playing

23.

Jackson______

to

work

in

government

office

though

he

hated

serving

there.

A.

wanted

B.

was

wanted

C.

was

wanting

D.

had

wanted

24.

Your

cough

ought

______

before

it

gets

worse.

A.

to

see

B.

to

be

seen

C.

to

see

to

D.

to

be

seen

to25.

—I'm

going

away

for

the

weekend.

—But

you

_____you______

out

to

dinner

with

me.

A.

say;

will

come

B.

say;

cameC.

said;

would

come

D.

have

said;

will

made

26.

I

don't

know

what

decisions

______

at

the

conference

as

John

hasn't

reported

to

me

yet.A.

would

make

B.

will

make

C.

are

made

D.

were

made

27.

—Would

you

have

come

to

his

help,

had

you

been

free?

—Yes.

But

I______

engaged.A.

was

B.

were

C.

had

been

D.

would

be

28.

All

the

preparations

for

the

task

______,

and

we're

ready

to

start.A.

completed

B.

completeC.

had

been

completedD.

have

been

completed答案與分析

1.

B

從答語Since

1990我們可以知道，說話人問的是一段時(shí)間，since表示"從

過去一直到現(xiàn)在"，因此本空用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

2.

A

本題考查時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)與習(xí)慣表達(dá)。第一個(gè)說話人問的是發(fā)生在the

priceless

works

of

art的事情，因此回答時(shí)為了有所側(cè)重，將they放在主語的位置上，

they與destroy間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，在這里敘述過去的事情，因此最佳答案是A。

3.

A

在真實(shí)條件狀語從句中，主句應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。還

要注意city

noises和keep是被動(dòng)關(guān)系

4.C

從形式上看，該句很像是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，結(jié)果選D的考生有一些。而實(shí)際上

feel是摸起來的意思，與后面的soft是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。作為此意講時(shí)，feel沒有被

動(dòng)語態(tài)，也不可用作進(jìn)行時(shí)，故A、D、B項(xiàng)不可選。本題區(qū)分度為0.357，

通過率為35%。

5.

D

該題的考查目標(biāo)是時(shí)間狀語從句中時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法。從原題的主句時(shí)

態(tài)看出，從句中應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。而complete與collection構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，

所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。故D最佳。本題區(qū)分度為0.451，通過率為4l%。

6.

D

All

the

preparations與complete之間應(yīng)為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故排除A、B。依據(jù)

we're

ready

to

start，故排除C。

7.B此題是在if引起一個(gè)狀語從句中，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句中用一般將來時(shí)，

而且句意為被動(dòng)，故B為最佳。

8.

D

從后面的提示看，這項(xiàng)工程沒有完工，故應(yīng)正在建設(shè)之中，而且是被動(dòng)

語態(tài)，故D為最佳。

9.

D

leave既可作"離開"解，又可作"留下"解。本題明顯含有"Mary被留在教室

里

(by

the

teacher)"之意。

10.

A

此句用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示"他們被期待、被指望……"，all常置于be動(dòng)詞或

第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。

11.

B

表示"淋雨"、"碰上陣雨"時(shí)，若"雨"作主語，用主動(dòng)形式，動(dòng)詞用

catch；若"人"作主語，則用be

caught

in結(jié)構(gòu)。

12.

D

happen，take

place不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但happen

to

(碰巧)

之后的不定式可

以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。本題的notice與主語thief是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用不定式的被動(dòng)

形式。

13.

D

從He...was

made

to

repeat

it可推斷他的話未被理解，故用被動(dòng)形式。

14.

D

keep

sb.busy

doings

sth.表示"使某人忙于"，完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式應(yīng)為have

been

kept

busy

doing

sth.。

15.

C

前-個(gè)動(dòng)作在

"Tom來看"時(shí)已完成，后一個(gè)正要去做。

16.

D

were

(was)

to

do

sth.表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的事。

17.

D

從時(shí)間狀語for

a

long

time可知，到說話時(shí)為止長時(shí)間沒見到郵遞員了。

故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

18.

A

"won't

wash

out"意思是"不會(huì)洗掉"。用來說明主語的特征。

19.

A

settle作"安家"解時(shí)，既可用settle，也可用be

settled。本題是由once即

(一

旦)引起的時(shí)間狀語從句，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。

20.

D

本題前半部分是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)作原因狀語。根據(jù)分詞作狀語，其

邏輯主語必須與句子主語相一致的原則，排除A。B、C兩項(xiàng)分別有連詞so

和and，故不對。

21.

B"有你的電話"英語應(yīng)說you

are

wanted

on

the

telephone。答語用coming表

示"我就來(=I'm

coming.)"

22.

D

as

well

as連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和as

well

as前的主語一致。

23.

B

盡管Jackson不愿意在政府部門工作，但是政府部門卻相中了他。

24.

D

題意為"趁著咳嗽得不很厲害，你應(yīng)該馬上就醫(yī)才是。"

25.C

因?yàn)橹骶涞闹^語動(dòng)詞用的是過去時(shí)態(tài)，所以從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該用過去時(shí)態(tài)

的一種，這里是間接引語形式。

26.

D

make與decisions是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，at

the

conference告訴我們，(會(huì)上)作出決

定已成事實(shí)，只不過John尚未報(bào)告究竟作出什么樣的決定，故本題用過

去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

27.

A

此題的關(guān)鍵是but，I

was

engaged意思是"我當(dāng)時(shí)很忙。"

28.

D

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。從and

we're

ready

to

start

可知，一切準(zhǔn)備工作已經(jīng)就緒，可以開始工作了。(UNIT5)直接引語變間接引語一、句式的變化1.陳述句變?yōu)橐詔hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句?！瞭hat在口語中常省略〕Shesaid,“Ourtrainwillarriveinfiveminutes.”Shesaid(that)theirtrainwouldarriveinfiveminutes.Hesaid,“I’mverybusy.”Hesaid(that)hewasverybusy.2.一般疑問句變成if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.Theteachersaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodme?”Theteacheraskedifwehadallunderstoodhim.If/whether的用法主要區(qū)別點(diǎn):a.whether可與or(not)連用Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.b.與介詞連用：Wearetalkingaboutwhetherhewillwin.c.與不定式連用：Ican’tdecidewhethertogowithyou.3.特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛蓋ho/what/when等疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。Georgesaid,“WhenwillyougetbackfromShanghai,Mike?”GeorgeaskedMikewhenhewouldgetbackfromShanghaiHesaid,“Whereareyougoing?”HeaskedwhereIwasgoing.4.祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式。〔表示命令時(shí)常用tell;表示請求時(shí)常用ask。Don’t變?yōu)閚ot〕Theteachersaidtotheboy,“Openthewindow.”Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthewindow.Hisfathersaidtohim,“Don’tleavethedooropen.”Hisfathertoldhimnottoleavethedooropen.5.反意疑問句，變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。Sheaskedme,“Youhaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?”Sheaskedmeif/whetherIhadseenthefilm.6.選擇問句，變?yōu)閣hether…or…Iaskedhim,“Willyoustayathomeorgotoafilmtonight?”Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldstayathomeorgotoafilmthatnight.7.直接引語是感嘆句時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)可用what或how引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可用that引導(dǎo)。Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!”Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化附：時(shí)態(tài)不變的幾種情況：1.Hesays,“I’mverybusytoday.”Hesays(that)heisverybusytoday.Hewillsay,“Ihavewateredtheflowers.”Hewillsay(that)hehaswateredtheflowers.2.直接引語如果是客觀真理，事實(shí)，格言等內(nèi)容時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例：Hesaid:“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”他說：“光傳播的速度要比聲音快得多?！盚esaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound3.直接引語是書信、新聞報(bào)道等相關(guān)內(nèi)容時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。4.直接引語說的是一個(gè)人習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。5.轉(zhuǎn)述正在進(jìn)行的對話時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。6.直接引語有具體的表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。7.when和since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)→過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過去時(shí)→過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過去完成時(shí)三、時(shí)間狀語的變化now→then lastmonth→themonthbeforetoight→thatnight today→thatdaythreedaysago→threedaysbeforetomorrow→thenextdaythisweek→thatweeknextmonth→thenextmonth yesterday→thedaybeforethedayaftertomorrow→intwodays例：Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”她說，“我昨天去那兒了。”Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.她說她前一天去那兒了。四、人稱的變化①直接引語的主語為第一人稱時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語要和主句的主語保持一致。Hesaid:“IwillgotoBeijingtomorrow.”HesaidthathewouldgotoBeijingthenextday.②直接引語的主語為第二人稱時(shí)，要和主句的賓語保持一致。例：Hesaidtome:“Youwillleavetomorrow.”HetoldmethatIwouldleavethenextday.③直接引語是第三人稱為主語時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)不變。例：Hesaidtome:“Mysisterwillleavetomorrow.”Hetoldmethathissisterwouldleavetomorrow.Hesaidtous:“Theywanttocome.”Hetoldusthattheywantedtogo.五、其它變化指示代詞的變化this→that these→thoseShesaid:“Iwillcomethismorning.”她說，“我今天上午來?！盨hesaidthatshewouldgothatmorning.她說她那天上午去。地點(diǎn)狀語的變化here→thereHesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago.他說：“我姐姐三天前在這兒?！盚esaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore.他說他姐姐三天前去那兒。謂語動(dòng)詞的變化come→goShesaid,“Iwillcomeheretomorrow.”她說，“我明天來這?！盨hesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.她說她第二天去那兒。中考賓語從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析賓語從句是中考的考點(diǎn)，也是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)將賓語從句的常見錯(cuò)誤作一歸納、分析。一、連接詞的錯(cuò)誤例1：He

asked

___

there

was

a

bookshop

in

the

street?

A.

that

B.

what

C.

how

D.

whether錯(cuò)解：A剖析：ask

表明了賓語部分