新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型歸納與變式演練專題07 閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)題（解析版）

專題07閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)題（解析版）文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)對于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。命題人員往往會要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求，閱讀文章以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。這類試題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。一、思維導(dǎo)圖二、方法點(diǎn)撥 1.設(shè)問方式和考題類型常針對文中細(xì)節(jié)提問，可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。1.是非題形式：true/false或except?AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_____.2.特殊疑問句形式：Accordingtothepassage,who/what/when/where/why/how…3.填空題形式，如：Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised_____ 2.題目類型1.Wh-細(xì)節(jié)型2.是非型3.計(jì)算型4.排序型5.圖標(biāo)型 3.細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)特征(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征同義替換指對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把loseone'sjob換成了beoutofwork。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成ofimportance；改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，如主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。信息歸納用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。正話反說把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。原文原詞利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。無中生有符合常識，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動。顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。正誤參半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。 4.定位詞尋找技巧1.定位詞的選用(1)特殊定位詞在很多題目當(dāng)中會出現(xiàn)人名、地名、數(shù)字、年份和大寫字母縮寫這五類特殊詞。因?yàn)樗鼈兊奶攸c(diǎn)是在一篇多數(shù)是英文小寫字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能夠做到精確定位。[示例1]HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears，Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity，andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold，aprojectmanager.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.分析：選D。本題可以根據(jù)特殊定位詞HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.”可知，HUNCH項(xiàng)目的目的是把學(xué)校教育與航天技術(shù)聯(lián)系在一起，故答案為D。(2)普通定位詞普通定位詞與特殊定位詞相比，出現(xiàn)的幾率更高。當(dāng)我們看到題中沒有特殊定位詞的情況下，要思考的就是在這道似乎沒有啥重點(diǎn)的詞語中挑選出最能幫助我們快速找到定位的詞語。可以當(dāng)做定位詞的首選是名詞，其次是動詞。[示例2]InSaveMoney：GoodFood，shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste，whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’slearntintopracticeinherownhome，preparingmealsforsons，Sam，14，F(xiàn)inn，13，andJack，11.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.分析：選C。由于比較醒目人名MattTebbutt和Susanna在文中出現(xiàn)多次，所以不能作為定位詞。本題可以利用題干中的動詞help來定位，從而找到原文信息“withthehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste”。2.挑選定位詞的注意點(diǎn)(1)文章中的高頻詞不能作為定位詞定位詞的最大優(yōu)勢就是可以縮小閱讀范圍，如果我們定位了一個(gè)在文章中處處可能出現(xiàn)的詞語，那就失去了定位的意義。(2)定位詞和文中詞有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換在實(shí)際做題過程中還要注意，不是所有的題目都可以用定位詞來定位的。而且如果是遇到細(xì)節(jié)信息定位題，很多時(shí)候定位詞的作用被削弱了，因?yàn)轭}目中的詞和文中的詞會以同義詞替換的形式出現(xiàn)。所以建議考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位詞，另外一方面要提高自己的閱讀詞匯量，尤其是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，這樣才能一擊必中，快速找到答案出現(xiàn)的地方解決問題。[示例1]CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington，D.C.Duration：3hoursThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington，D.C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!21.Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance?A.CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington，D.C.B.WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour.C.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington，D.C.D.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour.分析：選A。本題可以用同義詞定位：bookinadvance＝reserve“預(yù)約”。根據(jù)第一條自行車旅行路線中的“Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear！”可知，選擇這條自行車旅行路線需要提前預(yù)訂。 5.解題流程細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右，是最重要的得分點(diǎn)。細(xì)節(jié)理解題無論以怎樣的方式提問，考生都要記住一個(gè)解題原則——“本本主義”，一切從原文出發(fā)，無須讀很多段落甚至全文后去歸納總結(jié)、分析推理，正確答案就對應(yīng)原文的某一處具體信息?？梢杂脙刹椒ń忸}。一．直接信息題考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問題找答案”的方法，通過定位找題眼。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，然后仔細(xì)推敲，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定答案。簡言之，可采用“一找二定三比對”的方法。解題流程如下：做題小技巧：1.若針對特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,舉例子,名人名言出題,只需要閱讀符號，例子,名言前后的內(nèi)容，然后與選項(xiàng)核對。2.在出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)鍵詞，如however、but、moreover、therefore、thus時(shí)，要特別注意句子前后意義的轉(zhuǎn)折，遞進(jìn)，因果等關(guān)系。3.細(xì)節(jié)題的答案一般是同義替換項(xiàng)或者同義轉(zhuǎn)換項(xiàng)4.選項(xiàng)中有絕對語氣詞的一般不是答案。如：must,never,themost,all,merely,only,haveto,any,no,completely,none,等。但不是絕對，也有例外。5.注意選項(xiàng)中的副詞，形容詞和介詞短語等與原文是否一致。如：must,may,often,should,usually,might,most,moreorless,likely,all,never，few等存在程度不同，經(jīng)常被偷換，往往被忽視。6.細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：與原文內(nèi)容相反；與原文內(nèi)容一半相符，一半不同；敘述過于絕對化；原文沒有提及.例子1…Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor)．…33．WhatmadeGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A．Savingupforherholiday.B．Raisingmoneyforapoorgirl.C．Addingthemoneytoherfund.D．Givingthemoneytoasickmother.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：Georgia,sell,objects鎖信息定位：用Georgia，sell，objects尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金)(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).第二步：比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A為她的假期儲蓄。曲解文意B為一個(gè)貧困女孩募捐。曲解文意C把錢放入她的基金。同義替換D把錢送給一個(gè)生病的媽媽。無中生有[分析]選C比對選項(xiàng)和信息句可知，女兒愿意賣幾件玩具，是因?yàn)槲覀兂兄Z把錢放入她的求學(xué)基金；選項(xiàng)和原文中均出現(xiàn)fund一詞，故為直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。二．間接信息題相比直接信息題，命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，有時(shí)還需要進(jìn)一步的加工或整理。例子2…Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質(zhì)),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質(zhì)).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.…24．Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：cherries鎖信息定位：用cherries尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.第二步：比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A它們含有蛋白質(zhì)。張冠李戴B它們富含維生素A。張冠李戴C它們口感好。同義替換D它們含有豐富的抗氧化物質(zhì)。張冠李戴[分析]選C根據(jù)該段最后一句“Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC．”可知，原文中的theyaresodelicious被替換成選項(xiàng)中的Theyhaveapleasanttaste，為間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。三．概括、歸納信息題是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時(shí)經(jīng)常使用的手段之一?？忌紫葢?yīng)依據(jù)題干指向，找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間，然后嘗試用自己的語言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí)，然后再看選項(xiàng)，挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。例子3…Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.…30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：6,000鎖信息定位：用6,000尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.第二步：比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位A大約6800種。6800為現(xiàn)在世界現(xiàn)存語言數(shù)量。張冠李戴B大約3400種。世界語言總量的一半即為3400。信息歸納C大約2400種。2400為非洲語言數(shù)量。張冠李戴D大約1200種。數(shù)字1200在原文中沒有出現(xiàn)，也無法做出有效歸納。無中生有[分析]選B根據(jù)本段第一句“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”可知，目前世界上有大約6800種語言；再根據(jù)最后一句“Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知，目前世界上一半的語言的使用人數(shù)少于6000，也就是說有大約3400種語言的使用人數(shù)少于6000。根據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù)的歸納概括可知B項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。四．正誤判斷題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目，說其繁瑣，因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿渌愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各個(gè)角落。對于這類題目，考生要靜下心來，看清范圍，確定方向，找到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的對應(yīng)信息后，謹(jǐn)慎排除，綜合選優(yōu)。例子4FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50-metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitors'lane(賽道)．CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatisnotjustspicy(辛辣),buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreedayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate-coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething'sforsure—ifyoudon'tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn'tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld'sBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBu?olhostsLaTomatina—theworld'slargestfoodfight.Aweek-longcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek'sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight-startersgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.…59．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B．Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C．ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.D．AnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.[解題示范]第一步：定信息區(qū)間選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞信息區(qū)間AThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetition第一段第四句BMorethan10,000Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshow第二段倒數(shù)第二句DAnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginning第三段第二句第二步：逐一比對定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位AStilton滾動奶酪比賽的主要獎(jiǎng)品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。獎(jiǎng)品是acompleteStiltoncheese。張冠李戴B一萬多名中國人參加FieryFoodandBBQFestival。參加者來自世界各地。曲解文意C在FieryFoodandBBQFestival上，成千上萬種辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上萬種食物。同義替換D在LaTomatina節(jié)日的開始，會舉行一場激動人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”。“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾，而不是節(jié)日的開始。曲解文意[答案]C三、高考真題2022年6月新高考1卷BProducingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.26.WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.【答案】25.B26.D27.A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M(fèi)現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費(fèi)而采取的努力?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生產(chǎn)沒人吃的食物會浪費(fèi)用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費(fèi)成為一個(gè)環(huán)境問題。事實(shí)上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費(fèi)是一個(gè)國家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國?！?”可知，根據(jù)文中的說法，浪費(fèi)食物的一個(gè)后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B?！?6題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復(fù)原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D?！?7題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每個(gè)人都可以在減少浪費(fèi)方面發(fā)揮作用，無論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說)”可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來避免浪費(fèi)食物。故選A。2022年6月新高考1卷DHumanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution. C.Itsquantity. D.Itsdevelopment.33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.【答案】32.D33.C【解析】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因?yàn)轱嬍车母淖儗?dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，學(xué)者CharlesHockett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見?，F(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的DamianBlasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢產(chǎn)生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重點(diǎn)是在語言的演變上。故選D項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因?yàn)楣糯赡耆说南骂€結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項(xiàng)。2022年6月全國甲卷BGoffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.Thisindicatesthat24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.【答案】24.B25.C【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(雖然人們不知道這些鳥在野外會使用工具，但事實(shí)證明，它們在關(guān)在籠子里時(shí)就能熟練地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.(研究人員給了這些鳥5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正確的“鑰匙”會讓堅(jiān)果出來)”可知，在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過使用工具從盒子里取出堅(jiān)果的。故選B?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個(gè)圓形的物品放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里)”結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可知，一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個(gè)球放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里”的任務(wù)。故選C。2022年6月全國甲卷CAftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins. B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare. D.Afriend’sinvitation.30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher. B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved. D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.【29題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTieradelFuego.(正是在智利，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己可以在最后一刻買到從火地島附近島嶼前往南極洲的廉價(jià)船票)”可知，是折扣的票價(jià)讓Ginni決定去南極洲旅行的。故選C?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.(意識到這是一塊寶貴的土地，應(yīng)該受到人類的尊重，這是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行結(jié)束后，Ginni認(rèn)為南極洲應(yīng)該得到很好的保護(hù)。故選C。2022年6月全國甲卷DAndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat. B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell. D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.【答案】33.D【解析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章通過作者和悉尼人士的交流介紹了悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題。【33題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSydneyferryboatsforaliving.(30歲出頭的AndrewReynolds是個(gè)快樂的小伙子，他在悉尼擔(dān)任渡輪領(lǐng)航員為生)”、第三段“I’llmisstheseoldboats.(我會想念這些舊船的)”以及第五段“Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(雙體船更快，但它們不那么優(yōu)雅，駕駛起來也不有趣)”可知，渡輪領(lǐng)航員AndrewReynolds喜歡老式渡船。故選D項(xiàng)。2022年6月全國乙卷BIn1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff’sgranddaughter.InWickenden’sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls’decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牽涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.24.WhydidDorothyandRosamondgototheRockyMountains?A.Toteachinaschool. B.TostudyAmericanhistory.C.Towriteabook. D.Todosightseeing.26.WhichpartofWickenden’swritingishair-raising?A.TheextremeclimateofAuburn. B.ThelivingconditionsinElkhead.C.TherailroadbuildingintheRockies. D.ThenaturalbeautyoftheWest.答案】24.A26.C【解析】這是一篇書評。本文簡要介紹了DorothyWickenden的書籍并對其進(jìn)行了評價(jià)。【24題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.-DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood-traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.(1916年，來自紐約奧本市的兩個(gè)富裕家庭的女孩——DorothyWoodruff和RosamondUnderwood——來到落基山脈的一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)，在一間只有一個(gè)房間的學(xué)校教書。)”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脈是為了去學(xué)校里教書。故選A項(xiàng)。【26題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentaileddrillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段與鐵路建設(shè)有關(guān)，這涉及到在令人眩目的暴風(fēng)雪中鉆穿落基山脈。)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脈的鐵路建設(shè)這一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故選C項(xiàng)。2022年6月全國乙卷DFirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖).Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers(制造商)sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.Howeversomehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?ATocollectmoneyforschools. B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth. D.Toencourageresearchineducation.33.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets. B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction. D.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.34.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks. B.Milk-baseddrinks. C.Fruitjuices. D.ClassicCoke.【答案】32.C33.D34.D【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了英國政府對軟飲料征收的糖稅來解決兒童以及青少年的健康問題，同時(shí)該收入用于學(xué)校體育?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.（該稅于2016年4月首次宣布，適用于每100毫升含糖超過5g的軟飲料，旨在幫助減少兒童肥胖）”可知，征收糖稅的目的是幫助兒童減少肥胖，保護(hù)兒童健康。故選C項(xiàng)。【33題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.（此前，制造商已經(jīng)降低了商店中銷售的超過一半的軟飲料的含糖量，以避免納稅）”可知，一些飲料公司通過降低了產(chǎn)品的含糖量來避稅。故選D項(xiàng)。【34題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如經(jīng)典可口可樂，已經(jīng)接受了糖稅，并拒絕改變，因?yàn)閾?dān)心會惹惱消費(fèi)者。果汁、以牛奶為原料的飲料和大多數(shù)酒精飲料是免稅的，每年生產(chǎn)不到100萬升的小公司也是免稅的）”可知，糖稅主要來自經(jīng)典可口可樂這些高糖品牌。故選D項(xiàng)。2022年6月北京卷BMynameisAlice.Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyananxietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.ForalmostayearIstruggledon,constantlystaringatthiswallthatfacedme.Myperfectionisttendencieswerethemainrootofthis:IwantedtobeperfectatwhateverIdid,whichobviouslyinlifeisnotpossible,butitconsumedme.Oneday,IattendedapresentationbywildlifeconservationistGrantBrownatmyhighschool.Hispresentationnotonlyawedandinspiredme,butalsohelpedemergeaninnerdesiretomakeadifferenceintheworld.Ijoinedapre-presentationdinnerwithhimandthatsmallersettingallowedmetoslowlybuildupmycouragetospeakone-on-onewithhim—anideathathadseemedcompletelyimpossible.Thisfirstcontactwaswheremystorybegan.Amonthlater,BrowninvitedmetoattendtheWorldYouthWildlifeConference.Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirstinaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.ShortlyafterIreceivedhisinvitation,applicationstojointheYouthforNatureandtheYouthforPlanetgroupsweresentaroundthroughmyhighschool.Idecidedtocommittocompletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.IamwritingthisjustsixmonthssincemyjourneybeganandI’verealisedthatmybiggestobstacle(障礙)thiswholetimewasmyself.Itwasthatvoiceinthebackofmyheadtellingmethatonephrasethathasstoppedsomanypeoplefromreachingtheir