第三講　名詞和數(shù)詞

第三講名詞和數(shù)詞●高考感悟/練真題·悟技法·鎖定目標(biāo)●單句語(yǔ)法填空1．[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷]Theyalsoneedtobereadytogive________(interview)inEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.2．[2023·全國(guó)甲卷]However,Carson'sthemeisamoreweighty________(warn)aboutenvironmentaldestruction.3．[2023·全國(guó)乙卷]Butforallitsancientbuildings,Beijingisalsoaplacethatwelesthefast-paceddevelopmentofmodernlife,with21st-centuryarchitectural________(wonder)standingsidebysidewithhistoricalbuildingsofthepast.4．[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]TheGPNP'smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.5．[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]“Hesavedmy________(son)life，”saidMrs.Brown.“Idon'tknowhowtothankhim.”6．[2022·浙江6月卷]JohnOlson,aformer________(photograph)andhisteamturnpaintingsintofullytextured3Dmodels.7．[2022·全國(guó)乙卷]AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthelargesttea-producingcountry,Chinahasa________(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.8．[2022·浙江6月卷]ForLuc,thismeans________(independent).“Thefeelingofbeingabletoseeitandtoformmyopinionislikebreakingdownanotherwallasablindperson.”9．[2021·全國(guó)乙卷]________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠(yuǎn)足)andacmodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.10．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]Historical______(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.●考點(diǎn)研析/破重點(diǎn)·析疑難·精準(zhǔn)清障●考點(diǎn)一名詞的數(shù)(一)可數(shù)名詞1．單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的規(guī)則變化情況方法例詞一般情況加-sstudent→students，teacher→teachers，doctor→doctors，table→tables以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾加-esglass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches；但stomach復(fù)數(shù)形式直接加s以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾變y為i再加-esfamily→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies續(xù)表情況方法例詞以-f或-fe結(jié)尾大都變f或fe為v，再加-es少數(shù)加-sthief→thieves，wife→wives，knife→knives，shelf→shelves，life→lives，belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs以-o結(jié)尾通常加-s有的加-esradio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos，hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes2.不規(guī)則變化變化規(guī)則例詞自身有特殊變化的名詞child→children，man→men，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，mouse→mice，phenomenon→phenomena，medium→media單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese，sheep，deer，series，means，works，species(二)不可數(shù)名詞1．常見的20個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞單詞詞義單詞詞義rubbish垃圾luggage行李information信息advice建議fun樂(lè)趣homework家庭作業(yè)progress進(jìn)步equipment設(shè)備bread面包wealth財(cái)富knowledge知識(shí)room空間work工作weather天氣music音樂(lè)news新聞；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck運(yùn)氣2.抽象名詞的具體化：具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用。這就是抽象名詞的具體化。抽象名詞具體化success成功asuccess一個(gè)(件)成功的人或事failure失敗afailure一個(gè)(件)失敗的人或事surprise驚訝asurprise一件令人驚訝的事情pleasure樂(lè)意apleasure一件樂(lè)事honour榮譽(yù)anhonour一件引以為榮的事考點(diǎn)二名詞所有格情況構(gòu)成示例表示有生命的名詞的所有格在詞尾加“'s”theboy'sbag,men'srooms若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s只在詞尾加“'”theworkers'struggle如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，且分別加“'s”，則表示“分別有……”；若只有后一個(gè)名詞加“'s”，則表示兩個(gè)“共有”。John'sandMary'srooms(兩間)；JohnandMary'sroom(一間)續(xù)表情況構(gòu)成示例省略格：在表示店鋪、教堂、診所的名稱或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞。atthedoctor's在診所；atmysister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的家表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)值、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命名詞的所有格在詞尾加“'s”來(lái)表示所屬關(guān)系，意為“……的”atwentyminutes'walk,atenmiles'journey,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worthof屬格：無(wú)生命的名詞的所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers雙重所有格of＋名詞“'s”結(jié)構(gòu)afriendofmyfather's,worksofLuXun's考點(diǎn)三派生名詞1.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞后綴例詞-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration慶祝(活動(dòng))discuss→discussion討論；論述decide→decision決定invite→invitation邀請(qǐng)explain→explanation解釋-er/-orgather→gatherer收集者，采集者teach→teacher老師direct→director導(dǎo)演conduct→conductor指揮；售票員-mentpunish→punishment懲罰achieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對(duì)待；治療-ance/-enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)exist→existence存在；生活prefer→preference偏愛-ure/-turefail→failure失敗；倒閉press→pressure壓力depart→departure離開；出發(fā)mix→mixture混合；混合物-inghear→hearing聽力，聽覺begin→beginning開始續(xù)表后綴例詞-yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)，痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向，趨勢(shì)2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage不足，短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利，流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私，私密-domfree→freedom自由wise→wisdom明智；智慧-encedifferent→difference差異silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness仁慈，友好careless→carelessness粗心大意rich→richness富有；豐富-thstrong→strength力氣；優(yōu)勢(shì)long→length長(zhǎng)度warm→warmth溫暖；熱情grow→growth成長(zhǎng)-y/-ty/-ityhonest→honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)difficult→difficulty困難safe→safety安全cruel→cruelty殘忍disable→disability缺陷；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任即學(xué)即練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．[2023·北京卷]Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotect________(city)fromcoastalwinds.2．[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷]SinceJune2017,rightbeforethe________(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorefortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.3．[2023·全國(guó)甲卷]Thebees,________(butterfly)andmanyotherinsectslookedlovelyandbeautifulonthestamps.4．[2022·全國(guó)甲卷]CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental________(protect)．5．[2022·浙江1月卷]Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe________(invite).6．[2021·浙江卷6月]Beautifullyrestored(修復(fù))toits1860appearance,thehousewasAbrahamandMaryLincoln'shomefor17years.In1844theyboughtitfor$1，200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir________(marry)ceremonyin1842.7．[2021·北京卷]Whydowedream?Scientistsaren'tpletelysure,andtheyhavediverse________(idea)．8．[2021·浙江卷1月]Itiscalculatedbydividinga________(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared.andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.9．[2021·全國(guó)乙卷]Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobeeeducatedabouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe________(develop)ofthelocalareas.10．[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷]Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe________(human)are.考點(diǎn)四數(shù)詞的基本用法數(shù)詞屬于高考試題中不?？疾榈睦潼c(diǎn)，主要涉及基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的基本用法及區(qū)別，序數(shù)詞前的修飾詞以及分?jǐn)?shù)的正確表達(dá)等。1．基數(shù)詞(1)名詞性數(shù)詞hundred,thousand,million等前有數(shù)詞或several時(shí)不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，其后所跟的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前不加of，表“一百，一千，一百萬(wàn)”時(shí)需加one或不定冠詞a。如表不確切的數(shù)目應(yīng)用hundreds/thousands/millionsof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞。(2)用以表示年齡時(shí)，逢十的基數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)之前應(yīng)加物主代詞，如inherforties“在她四十多歲時(shí)”。2．序數(shù)詞(1)序數(shù)詞前一般要加上定冠詞或物主代詞等限定詞。Itwasthe/myfirstvisittoEurope.那是(我)第一次去歐洲。(2)分?jǐn)?shù)的分母部分用序數(shù)詞，分子用基數(shù)詞，分子為1時(shí)，分母用序數(shù)詞的單數(shù)形式，分子為2及以上時(shí)，分母用序數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。即學(xué)即練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．[2023·全國(guó)甲卷]Fableswerepartoftheoraltraditionofmanyearlycultures,andthewell-knownAesop'sfablesdatetothe________(six)century,B.C．2．Hawkingrefusedtoacceptthepredictionsthathewouldonlyliveforafewyearsafterdevelopingaformofmotorneuronediseaseinhisearly________(twenty)．3．Withnewtechnologiesintroduced，thepanymade________(two)asmanyputersastheyearbeforelast.●小試牛刀/夯基礎(chǔ)·提技能·高效備考●Ⅰ.語(yǔ)法填空[2024·江蘇省蘇州市調(diào)研卷]WhilemostwesternersknowthestoryofHuaMulanthroughananimatedfilm,she1.________(be)apopularcharacterofChineselegend(傳說(shuō))foroverathousandyears.Oneofthemostfamousstoriesaboutheris2.________1917BeijingOpera,MulanJoinstheArmy.Traditionally,nowomen3.________(allow)toperforminoperas,somenplayedalltheroles.ThoughwomenwerenolongerprohibitedbythetimeMulanJoinstheArmywasfirstperformed,4.________wasstillmonformentoperformfemaleroles,sothepartofHuaMulanwasmostfamouslyplayedbythemaleactor,MeiLanfang(1894—1961)．Inshort,thestoryisaboutagirl,HuaMulan,5.________fatheriscalleduptowar.AsHuaMulanworriesthatherfatheristooelderlytofight,shedecidestodressasamanandgo6.________hisplace.Aftermanyyearsofwar,sheisofferedarewardforherservice,butshe7.________(turn)itdownsothatshecangohome.Itisonlymuch8.________(late)thatthefriendsshemadeduringthewardiscoversheisnotaman.HuaMulanisasymboltomanyChinesepeoplebecauseshestronglyillustratesvaluesthattheyappreciate.Asaloyaldaughter,shefightsfirstforherfamily,andthenforhercountry,9.________(show)braveryandpleteselflessnessinheractions,winningpraiseand10.________(admire)fromothers,andbringinggreathonortoherfamily.Ⅱ.寫作運(yùn)用完成下面短文，注意本部分語(yǔ)法的運(yùn)用。Towhomitmayconcern：1．________________________________(我是你的一個(gè)顧客).IorderedasetofBookwormSeriesonyourwebsitetwoweeksago,butIdidn'treceivethemuntilyesterday.2.________________________________(令我十分失望的是),thebooksweresopoorlypackedupthat3.________________________________________(其中一本書的書皮破損了).Tomakemattersworse,itisnotapleteset,asIfoundonebookmissing.I'msorrytohavereceivedsuchpoorservice,andIbelieveIhaveeveryrighttoaskyoutodealwiththisproblem.Ihopethatyoueitherreturnmymoney4.________________________________(或者給我派送一套新書).Besides,I'dliketobeinformedoftheprocessofyourdealingwithmyplaint.5．________________________________(期盼你的回復(fù)).Yours，LiHua專題二需要“變形”的名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞第三講名詞和數(shù)詞高考感悟1．答案與解析：interviews考查名詞的數(shù)。句意：他們還需要準(zhǔn)備好用英語(yǔ)接受國(guó)際記者的采訪。空處應(yīng)填名詞作賓語(yǔ)，interview意為“采訪”為可數(shù)名詞，不止一段采訪，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2．答案與解析：warning考查名詞。形容詞weighty后接名詞形式。根據(jù)句中不定冠詞a可知，用單數(shù)形式。3．答案與解析：wonders考查名詞?？仗帪槊~形式；根據(jù)下文的“historicalbuildingsofthepast”可知，空處為名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。4．答案與解析：populations考查名詞。設(shè)空處和and后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞homes并列在句中作賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞population(種群)的復(fù)數(shù)形式。5．答案與解析：son's考查名詞所有格。句意：他拯救了我兒子的生命。根據(jù)句意，life與提示詞son之間是所屬關(guān)系，故應(yīng)該使用名詞所有格。6．答案與解析：photographer考查名詞。此處表示JohnOlson之前是一名攝影師。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格前有冠詞“a”和形容詞“former”修飾，此處應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞photographer的單數(shù)形式。故填photographer。7．答案與解析：responsibility考查名詞。不定冠詞a后接可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式。故填responsibility。8．答案與解析：independence考查名詞。句意：對(duì)盧克來(lái)說(shuō)，這意味著獨(dú)立。不可數(shù)名詞independence作mean的賓語(yǔ)。9．答案與解析：Activities考查名詞的數(shù)。本空作主語(yǔ)，且本句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是range，故主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是名詞復(fù)數(shù)activities，空格位于句首，首字母應(yīng)大寫。10．答案與解析：accuracy考查名詞。句意：歷史的準(zhǔn)確性很重要，但娛樂(lè)也很重要。此處做主語(yǔ)，位于形容詞historical之后，應(yīng)使用名詞，意為“歷史的準(zhǔn)確性”。故填accuracy?？键c(diǎn)研析考點(diǎn)三即學(xué)即練1．答案與解析：cities考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。此處應(yīng)用名詞city作賓語(yǔ)，為可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2．答案與解析：arrival考查名詞?？涨笆枪谠~，空后是介詞，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作介詞before的賓語(yǔ)，arrive的名詞形式是arrival，不可數(shù)名詞。3．答案與解析：butterflies考查名詞的數(shù)。句意：根據(jù)上文Thebees可知，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4．答案與解析：protection考查名詞。根據(jù)句意和空前的形容詞environmental可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞protection，作賓語(yǔ)，protection表示“保護(hù)”時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞。5．答案與解析：invitation考查名詞。此處需填入名詞作動(dòng)詞decline的賓語(yǔ)。6．答案與解析：marriage考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)句意可知，此處要用名詞marriage作ceremony的定語(yǔ)，表示“結(jié)婚儀式，結(jié)婚典禮”。故填marriage。7．答案與解析：ideas考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意：他們有各種各樣的觀點(diǎn)?？梢奿dea應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填ideas。8．答案與解析：person's考查名詞所有格。句意：它的計(jì)算方法是用一個(gè)人的體重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之間被認(rèn)為是健康的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，person是修飾weight的，用person的名詞所有格person's。故填person's。9．答案與解析：development考查名詞?？崭裨诠谠~the之后，應(yīng)填名詞development“發(fā)展”。10．答案與解析：humans考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。本空作賓語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)we的同位語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)該用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。考點(diǎn)四即學(xué)即練1．答案與解析：sixth考查數(shù)詞。句意：寓言是許多古代文化口述傳統(tǒng)的一部分，而著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世紀(jì)。century(世紀(jì))前面有定冠詞the，前面要用序數(shù)詞形式。2．答案與解析：twenties考查數(shù)詞。句意：霍金拒絕接受他在二十出頭時(shí)患了運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元病后只能活幾年的預(yù)言。inone'stwenties“在某人二十多歲時(shí)”。3．答