高二英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)之虛擬語(yǔ)氣講解

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載高二英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之虛擬語(yǔ)氣1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中（1）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式用were）”，而主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。如：IfIwereaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.Ifthehadtime,sheshouldgowithyou.（2）表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用“would/should/might/could+have+過(guò)去分詞”。如：Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceededinthecompetition.（3）表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)或should(wereto)+動(dòng)詞原形，而主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用would/should/couldmight+動(dòng)詞原形。如；Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thefootballmatchwouldbeputoff.（4）當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作相應(yīng)調(diào)整。如：Iftheyhadworkedhard,theywouldbeverytired.(從句說(shuō)的是過(guò)去，主句指的是現(xiàn)在)以下表格是虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)，主句和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式：條件狀語(yǔ)從句主句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反一般過(guò)去時(shí)或should(wereto)+動(dòng)詞原形Would/should/cold/might+動(dòng)詞原形有時(shí)侯在使用時(shí)可省略if,句子則可換成下列形式，即“were/had/should+主語(yǔ)”。如：WereIaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.Hadhetakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceeded.Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoBritain.2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于名詞性從句（1）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用。①“wish+賓語(yǔ)從句”表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，譯為“要是……就好了”等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；表示將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would/could+動(dòng)詞原形”；表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had+過(guò)去分詞”或“could(should)+have+過(guò)去分詞”。如：Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.IwishIhadknowntheanswer.IwishIcouldflylikeabird.②在表示建議、要求、命令等的動(dòng)詞suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insistrequest、command、order等后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形或是動(dòng)詞原形。如：Shesuggestedwe(should)leavehereatonce.Thedoctororderedsheshouldbeoperated.（2）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在同位語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用。作表示建議、要求、命令等的名詞advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。如：Hissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoShanghaiiswonderful.Myideaisthatthey(should)pay100dollars.（3）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用。在主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、理應(yīng)如此等。如：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.Itwasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)thatyoushouldbesocareless.Itwillbedesired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)thatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon.注意：這種從句表示的是事實(shí)。如果說(shuō)人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感，that從句也可用陳述句語(yǔ)氣。如：Itispitythatyoucan’tswim.3、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他場(chǎng)合的運(yùn)用（1）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在asif/asthough、evenif/eventhough等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；指將來(lái)狀況則用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。如：Hediditasifhewereanexpert.Evenifshewerehere,shecouldnotsolvetheproblem.（2）虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于定語(yǔ)從句中。這種從句常用于句型“Itis(high)time(that)…”中，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)或should+動(dòng)詞原形，意思是“(現(xiàn)在)該……”。如：It’stimethatIpickedupmydaughter.It’shightimeweweregoing.（3）虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中。如：IfonlyIwereabird.IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.（4）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在一些簡(jiǎn)單句中的運(yùn)用。①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說(shuō)話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌或語(yǔ)氣委婉，常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中。如：Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.Wouldyoubekindenoughtoclosethedoor?②用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中。如：Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?Iwouldrathernottellyou.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法條件從句有兩類，一是真實(shí)條件句，另一是虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生，是真實(shí)條件句，這種情況下謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如：Iftimepermits,we’llgofishingtogether.如果時(shí)間允許，我們就一起去釣魚(yú)。如果假設(shè)的情況是不存在的或不大可能發(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。如：Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemetthatfamousprofessor.如果你昨天來(lái)，你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到那位著名的教授了。（隱含的事實(shí)是：你昨天沒(méi)來(lái)，也沒(méi)見(jiàn)到那位著名教授）。在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主從句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。注：主句中的should只用于第一人稱，但在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中，should常被would代替；從句中的should可用于各種人稱。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：IfIwereyou,Ishould(would,could,might)tellhimthetruth.要是我是你，我就會(huì)告訴他真相了。（事實(shí)上我不是你）Ifshehadtime,shewould(could,might)helpme.如果她有時(shí)間，她就會(huì)幫我了。（事實(shí)上她沒(méi)有時(shí)間）表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Ishould(would,could,might)havetelephonedyou.如果昨天我知道了你的電話號(hào)碼，我就會(huì)給你打電話了。（事實(shí)上我昨天不知道你的電話號(hào)碼。）Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’t(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你聽(tīng)了我的建議，你就不會(huì)考試不及格。（事實(shí)上你根本沒(méi)聽(tīng)我的。）表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：Ifitshouldrain,thecropswould(could,might)besaved.假如天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。---WhatwouldhappenifIputthepaperonthefire?---Itwouldburn.---我若把只放在火上會(huì)怎么樣？---紙會(huì)燒著。注：在表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的條件從句中，wereto+動(dòng)詞原形比較正式，常用于書面語(yǔ)中。如：IfyouweretogotoBeijing,youwould(could,might)haveachancetovisitTianAnMenSquare.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的其它用法虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法在“Itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary)that…”這類句型中，that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意義。如：ItisimportantthateveryBeijinger(should)beabletospeakEnglish.重要的是每個(gè)北京人能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。Itisnecessarythathe(should)besenttohospitalatonce.有必要馬上把他送醫(yī)院。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，或?qū)?lái)的主觀愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(be的過(guò)去式用were)表示。如：IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。（可惜不知道。）Iwishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。（只是愿望，實(shí)際根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。）表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用had+過(guò)去分詞。如：Iwish(that)Ihadn’twastedsomuchtime.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。（實(shí)際上已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)掉了。Hewishes(wished)hehadn’tlostthechance.他真希望沒(méi)有失去機(jī)會(huì)。（事實(shí)上機(jī)會(huì)已經(jīng)失去了，他感到惋惜。）表示對(duì)將來(lái)的主觀愿望：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為“would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”，此時(shí)要注意，主句的主語(yǔ)與從句的主語(yǔ)不能相同，因?yàn)橹骶涞闹髡Z(yǔ)所期望的從句動(dòng)作能否實(shí)現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語(yǔ)的態(tài)度或意愿（非動(dòng)作名詞除外）。如：Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止。Iwishyouwouldbequiet.我希望你安靜一些。在suggest（建議）,demand(要求),order(命令),propose(建議),insist（堅(jiān)持要做）,command(命令),request(要求),desire(希望)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，表示建議，要求，命令等。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)startthemeetingatonce.我建議馬上開(kāi)會(huì)。Thegraduateinsistedthathe(should)gotoworkinthesouth.這位即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生堅(jiān)持要到南方去工作。注：當(dāng)suggest表示暗示，主語(yǔ)為something；insist表示堅(jiān)持觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，后接的賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)用真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣。比較：Hissilencesuggestedthatheagreedwithmydecision.他的沉默暗示著他贊成我的決定。HesuggestedthatI(should)sticktomydecision.他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。Heinsiststhatdoingmorningexercisesdoesgoodtopeople’shealth.他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為做早操對(duì)健康有益。Heinsiststhathe(should)domorningexerciseseveryday.他堅(jiān)持他每天都要早操虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句中的用法當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為advice,suggestion,order,proposal等詞時(shí)后接表語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某人建議、勸告、命令等的內(nèi)容。如：MyadviceisthatyoushouldpractisespeakingEnglishasoftenaspossible.我的建議是你盡可能經(jīng)常地練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。Theorderfromthecommanderwasthatthetroopsshouldsetoffforthefrontimmediately.司令官的命令是部隊(duì)立即開(kāi)拔去前線。特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在狀語(yǔ)從句中由asif或as，though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示比較或方式時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞形式用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be→were)或had+過(guò)去分詞。如：Theteachertreatsthestudentasifhewereherownchild.這位老師帶這位學(xué)生就象她的親生孩子一樣。HespeaksasifhehadbeentotheUnitedStates.他說(shuō)得好象他真的到過(guò)美國(guó)似的。在Itistime(that)…;I’drather(that)…句型中從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意思是“該干某事了，時(shí)間已經(jīng)有些晚了”“我寧愿/希望”。如：Itistimethatwedidsomethingtostoppollution.該我們做些什么制止污染的時(shí)候了。ItistimethatFatherpickedupLilyfromthekindergarten.該父親去幼兒園接莉莉的時(shí)候了。I’dratheryoutoldmethetruth.我真希望你告訴我真相。I’dratherIdidn’tseeyouagain.我寧愿不再見(jiàn)著你。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法在名詞advice,suggestion,order,proposal等后接的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式為“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，說(shuō)明“建議”，“勸告”，“命令”等的具體內(nèi)容。如：Theordercamethattheworkshouldbefinishedtwodaysaheadoftime.提前兩天完成工作的命令傳來(lái)了。Reluctantlysheacceptedtheirproposalthatsheshouldbeoperatedon.她勉強(qiáng)接受了他們要她去接受手術(shù)的建議。注意：有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和結(jié)果與主句中的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)動(dòng)作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。如：Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbeabletofinishtheworknow.如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)了我的話，現(xiàn)在就能完成這份工作了。（從句說(shuō)明過(guò)去，主句說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。）IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetoherbirthdayparty.如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會(huì)了。（從句說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在，主句說(shuō)明過(guò)去。）Ifyouhadn’tlentmesomemoney,Icouldn’thaveboughtthenewhouseandmostlikelyIwouldbestilllivinginthedangeroushousenow.假若你不借錢給我，我不可能買下這幢新房，很可能現(xiàn)在還住在危房里。（從句說(shuō)明過(guò)去，主句說(shuō)明過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在。）條件從句中省去if的情況在if引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，?？梢允÷詉f，將had,were或should提至句首。如：HadIseenthefilm,Iwouldhavediscusseditwiththemlastnight.假如我看了那部電影，昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。WereIabird,Icouldflyfreely.假如我是一只小鳥(niǎo)，我就能自由翱翔。Shoulditrainnextweekthefarmerswouldhaveagoodharvest.要是下周能下雨的話，農(nóng)民們就能有個(gè)好收成了。語(yǔ)法專練——虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishI______thebookfromwhichitwasmade.A.havereadB.hadreadC.shouldhavereadD.arereading2.Youarelate.Ifyou_____afewminutesearlier,you_____him.A.come;wouldmeetB.hadcome;wouldhavemetC.come;willmeetD.hadcome;wouldmeet3.Thetwostudentstalkedasifthey_____friendsforyears.A.shouldbeB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen4.ItisimportantthatI_____withMr.Williamsimmediately.A.speakB.spokeC.willspeakD.tospeak5.Ifthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot_____.A.havelaidtherefortwohoursB.havebeenliedtherefortwohoursC.haveliedtherefortwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohours6.Let’ssayyoucouldgothereagain,how_____feel?A.willyouB.shouldyouC.wouldyouD.doyou7.Ican’tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughhe_____everything.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.hadknown8._____thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor9.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvance,I_____himattheairport.A.wouldmeetB.wouldhadmetC.wouldhavemetD.wouldhavemeet10.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhe________mehow.A.teachesB.willteachC.hastaughtD.wouldteach11.Iwouldhavetoldhimtheanswerhaditbeenpossible,butI_____sobusythen.A.hadbeenB.wereC.wasD.wouldbe12.Hesuggestedthatthey_____useatrickinsteadoffighting.A.shouldB.wouldC.couldD.might13.MyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathe_____there.A.notwentB.won’tgoC.notgoD.nottogo14.WouldyouratherI_____tobuyanewbike?A.decidedB.willdecideC.havedecidedD.shalldecide15.Youlooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou_____.A.gotosleepB.fellasleepC.gotobedD.wenttobed16.Ifshecouldsew,_____.A.shemakeadressB.shewouldhavemadeashirtC.shewillmakeashirtD.shewouldhadmadeacoat17._____today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves18.IfI_____you,I_____moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallpayB.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpayD.were;wouldpay19.Thelawrequiresthateveryone_____hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadC.haveD.willhave20.Itisstrangethathe_____so.A.wouldsayB.wouldspeakC.shouldsayD.willsp