考研基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法概要

考研英語(yǔ)(二)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)李紋編一、動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是整個(gè)句子的centre（中心）。 謂語(yǔ)centre非謂語(yǔ)（指不是謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞）英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞一般都是在中間，源在前對(duì)象在后是主動(dòng)；源在后對(duì)象在前是被動(dòng)。漢語(yǔ)的排列方式比英語(yǔ)的排列方式要多很多，兩者排列方式或語(yǔ)法是不一樣的，所以漢語(yǔ)比英語(yǔ)要復(fù)雜得多。另英語(yǔ)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的bysb.可被省略。如:他 打 人。 人被他打。n. v. n. n. n. v.他把人打了。n.

n.

v.打人了！(中文常可省略主語(yǔ))v.n.例:1)

He

is

hitting

a

girl.The

girl

was

hit

by

him.Please

don"t

hit

the

girl.There

is

an

apple

on

the

desk.The

bed

has

been

handed

down

in

the

family.If

you

happen

to

come

across

my

lost

paperswhile

you"re

looking

for

your

book,

please

letme

know

at

once

by

telephone.The

inconvenient

truth

is

that

if

we

don"tsolve

the

engineering

problem,we"re

helpless.一般英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行的常見(jiàn)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)一般將來(lái)時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)v.

/v.sam

/is

/are

+

Vp.p一般過(guò)去時(shí)vedwas

/

were

+

Vp.p一般將來(lái)時(shí)will

+

v.will

be

+

Vp.p過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would

+

v.would

be

+

Vp.p過(guò)去完成時(shí)had

+

Vp.phad

been

+

Vp.p現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have

/has

+

Vp.phave

/has

been

+

Vp.p將來(lái)完成時(shí)will

have

+

Vp.pwill

have

been

+

Vp.p現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am

/is

/

are

+

Vingam

/is

/are

+

being

+

Vp.p過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was

/were

+

Vingwas

/were

+

being

+

Vp.p動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)介紹二、定語(yǔ)前置定語(yǔ)+名詞（或代詞）+后置定語(yǔ)前置定語(yǔ)有:形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞后置定語(yǔ)有:以a-開(kāi)頭的形容詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句例:1）a

language

difficult

to

master

2）a

leaning

tower

about

180

feet

high3）a

man

alive4）the

first

beautiful

large

long

new

redChinese

concrete

bridgeDo

you

know

the

man

talking

with

a black

there?There

will

be

many

people

to

help

you.Have

you

read

the

book

written

by

Jules?The

teacher

criticized

the

student who

had

broken

the

window.分類三說(shuō)明、句子的分類例句簡(jiǎn)單句由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)或并列主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)或并列謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子。即一套主謂關(guān)系。Tom

and

I

found

her

there.We

all

breathe,

eat

and

work.并列句由并列連詞（and,so,but,or等）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。He

likes

eggs,

but

he

doesn’tlike

chickens.Work

hard

or

you

will

fallbehind.復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子I

believe

you

are

right.If

you

study

harder,

you

willpass

the

exam.句型種類簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)五種謂語(yǔ)部分謂基語(yǔ)本動(dòng)詞句型表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)S+Vi(主+謂)Patarrived.S+Vt+O(主+謂+賓)Sheplaysthe

piano.S+Link.V+C(主+系+表)Theyare(系動(dòng)詞)heroes.S+Vt+InO+DO(主+謂+雙賓)Iofferedhim

5

dollars.(人間物直)S+Vt+O+Oc(主+謂+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))Annmademecry.簡(jiǎn)單句一主一謂；Success

comes

out

of

various

factors.多主一謂；Persistence,

luck,

opportunity

and

directionplay

the

equally

vital

role

in

success.The

realization

of

dream

and

the

presentationof

value

are

what

working

can

offer

us.一主多謂；Museums

have

been

recording

the

history,transmitting

the

culture,

educating

peopleand

entertaining

the

public.并列句由并列詞將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句并列起來(lái)。連接詞如:and/but/or/so/for/when/while/then/still/notonly...butalso/yet/either…or/neither...nor/not...but...等。1）Theelectriccurrentmusthavebeenturnedoff,forthelightwentout.（不是狀語(yǔ)從句，陳述間接的、推測(cè)性的原因，不放句首）2）Heworkshardwhilehisbrotherisalazybone.HewasenjoyinghisKFCwhenafriendcame.NotthatJohndoesn"twanttohelpyou,butthatit"sbeyondhispower.Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.復(fù)合句三大:名詞性從句；（主/賓/表/同位） 形容詞性從句；（定）副詞性從句（狀）六?。褐髡Z(yǔ)從句；賓語(yǔ)從句；表語(yǔ)從句；同位語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句從句是不是句子？從句不是句子，從句是句子中的某一個(gè)成分。它們名稱是如何來(lái)的？由其位置得來(lái)其名稱。從句中什么最重要？引導(dǎo)詞最重要。（主語(yǔ)）從句+謂語(yǔ)...…vt./prep.+(賓語(yǔ))從句…be+(表語(yǔ))從句N.+（同位語(yǔ)）從句（完整句）N./pron.+(定語(yǔ))從句（不完整句）（狀語(yǔ)）從句,主句.That

+

完整句

=

N.（主/賓/表/同位）如:接受教育在當(dāng)代社會(huì)變得越來(lái)越重要。譯:Receivingeducationbecomesincreasinglyvitaincontemporarysociety.That+…iswell-known.=Itiswell-knownthat+…(形式主語(yǔ)從句)Somesaythat+…Thefocus