2024年強大的未來：從業(yè)者對向可再生能源公平過渡的見解報告（英文版）-Forum for the Future

POWERFUL

FUTURES

PractitionerInsightsontheJustTransition toRenewableEnergy

Authors

?AnnaBiswas-

ForumfortheFuture

-India

?AvelaPamla-

InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)

–SouthAfrica

?HolleWlokas-

InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)

–SouthAfrica

?JoséVega–

StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)LatinAmerica

-Colombia

?JuanPabloCárdenas-

InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)

-SouthAfrica

?MbeoOgeya-

StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)Africa

-Kenya

?MicheleFerenz-

ConsensusBuildingInstitute

–UnitedStates

?PinakiHalder–

Landesa

-India

?PochoyLabog-

Business&HumanRightsResourceCentre

–Philippines

?RafaelFonseca-

IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico

–Mexico

?RicardoCruz-

IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico

–Mexico

?YumnaaFirfirey-

InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)

–SouthAfrica

BookSprintinA?vaMerkez,Türkiye-June2024.

Fromlefttorightatthebackline:Yumnaa,José,Mbeo,Avela,Holle,Pinaki,Ricardo,Pochoy.

2JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

Frontline:Anna,JuanPablo,Michele,Rafael.

Contents

JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJust

TransitiontoRenewableEnergy4

CHAPTER1:

AJustTransitionto

RenewableEnergy5

CHAPTER2:

ResponsibleLandand

WaterManagement

10

Context1

1

Emerginggoodpractice1

1

EnvironmentalandSocialImpact

Assessments(ESIA)1

2

Sociallyandenvironmentallysensitive

siteprioritisation1

2

Free,Prior,andInformedConsent(FPIC)

applicationincustomarylands1

2

Fairlandprocurementpractices1

3

Promotesharedlanduses1

5

Waterplanning15

Waterefficiencymeasures15

Relevantstakeholderinsights1

6

CHAPTER3:

ResponsibleSupplyChain

Management

20

Context2

1

Emerginggoodpractices2

1

Socialimpactoftransitionminerals

mining2

2

Labourrightsandsafetyin

manufacturing2

4

Localsupplierdevelopment2

5

Relevantstakeholderinsights2

6

CHAPTER4:EffectiveCommunity

Engagement3

1

Context3

2

Emerginggoodpractices

33

Relevantstakeholderinsights3

6

CHAPTER5:EffectiveBenefitSharing

41

Context4

2

Emerginggoodpractices4

3

Howtogetbenefitsharingright4

3

Choosingabenefit-sharingscheme4

3

Designingbenefit-sharingschemesfor

long-termstrategicimpact4

4

Implementingabenefit-sharingschemefor

long-termimpact4

4

Monitoringbenefit-sharingschemeimpacts4

4

Opportunitiesforbenefitsharing4

5

Revenuesharingandsharedownership4

5

Skillsandlivelihoods4

6

Publicservicesandinfrastructure

51

Environmentalstewardship

52

CHAPTER6:Towardsamultistakeholder

governance5

6

Effectivepublicinstitutions5

7

Asociallyresponsibleprivatesector5

8

Resilientcommunities5

9

CHAPTER7:AboutJustRE

61

Emergingwaysofworking6

2

Coremembers6

3

TheResponsibleEnergyInitiative(REI)6

3

StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)6

4

INSPIRE6

5

IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico(ICM)6

6

JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

Asthetransitiontorenewableenergy(RE)increasesinpace,thechallengeofensuringthatitisjust,inclusive,andequitableisbecomingincreasinglypressing.AsorganisationsworkingintheGlobalSouth,wefelttheneedtocometogethertoworkjointlyonthiscollectiveobjective.Eachorganisation’sworkisattheforefrontofthesocialdimensionofrenewableenergydeploymentacrossLatinAmerica,Africa,andSouthandSoutheastAsia.Wehaveextensivelyexploredthischallenge,andidentifiedandformulatedresponsesalongsidethemanystakeholdersinvolved.

Weenvisionenergytransitionswherejusticeisacoreprincipleofthedeploymentofrenewableenergy.Ourorganisationsandinitiativeshaveasignificanttrackrecordinourrespectiveregions,andwedecidedtojoineffortstoformtheGlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRe-newableEnergy(JustRE).TheAlliancechampionssociallyresponsiblerenewableenergyimple-mentationwithmeaningfulparticipationandbenefitsforcommunitiesacrosstheglobe.Wewillcollaborate,exchangeknowledge,andcoordinatestrategicallytopromoteajusttransitiontore-newableenergy.Thisbookisthefirstharvestofourcollectiveendeavours.

t

Thebookisprimarilywrittenbypractitionersforpractitioners,especiallythoseinanintermediarycapacityworkingwithvariousstakeholdersinthescalingofrenewableenergy.Bysharinginsightsandexperiencesfromlocalinitiatives,fosteringinternationalcollaboration,andhighlightingtheglobalimpactoftheseefforts,weaimtodemonstratethatajustandequitabledeploymentofrenewableenergyispossibleanddesirableforall.Webelievethatthroughthecollectiveeffortsdescribedinthesepages,practitionerscanfindsomeofthetoolsandinspirationneededtodrivemeaningfulchange.Wehopethatyoufindthisbookusefulinachievingthisoutcomeandinampli-fyingthevoicesofcommunitiesworldwide.

4JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

CHAPTER1:

AJustTransitionto

RenewableEnergy

Limitingtheincreaseinglobaltemperaturetobelow1.5°Cisurgentanddanger-ouslymovingoutofreach.

[1]

Meetingthistargetpresumesafourfoldincreaseintotalinstalledrenewablegenerationcapacitybetween2020and2030(reaching11,174GW)andatwelvefoldincreaseby2050(33,216GW),requiringanaverageannualadditionofroughly1,000GW.

[2]

AchievingthisgoaloffersasimultaneousopportunitytotackleinequalityandfostereconomicdevelopmentintheGlobalSouth.

5JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

LaGuajira,Colombia-?EduarMonsalve/StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)

Thebenefitsoftheenergytransitioncannotbeoverstated.Renewableenergyoffersenviron-mental,health,andsocioeconomicadvantages.Theseincludereducedairpollution,jobcreation,energyaccess,andenhancedenergysecurity

.[3],[4]

Nonetheless,aswithotherinfrastructure,renewablesarenotwithoutrisksofnegativeimpacts.Thesecanincluderiskstohumanrightsandhealthintheminingofrawmaterials,aswellasresettlementanddisplacementoflivelihoodactivitiesatutility-scaleREsites

.[5]

Forjustenergytransitions,itisessentialtomitigatenegativeandmaximisepositiveimpacts.

Whiledifferentconceptualapproachestothemeaningofjustenergytransitions(JET)exist,thecommonthreadsarelowcarbon,inclusivity,fairness,andeconomicresilienceatthenationalandlocallevels.Thefollowingfigurepresentsaselectionofconceptsdevelopedbyinternationalentities:

Figure1:JETdefinitions

“Greeningtheeconomyinawaythatisasfair

andinclusiveaspossibletoeveryoneconcerned,creatingdecentwork

opportunitiesand

leavingnoonebehind”[

6

]

InternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)

“Asystematictransitiontowardssustainable,lowcarbonenergyinsuch

awayastoensurethe

protectionofsociety,thesafeguardingofjobs,andenvironmentandthe

promotionofeconomicresilience”

[7

]

AfricaClimateFoundation(ACF)

“Justtransitionapproachensuresthatthe

affectedpeopleare

consideredbythosewhomakedecisions”[

8

]

InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD)

Buildingbeyondthepreviousconcepts,thisbooktakesanall-encompassingandsystemicapproachtojusticeandequityconcerns,

[9],[10],[11]

recognisingthemultipledimensionsacrosstime,space,andtheprojectlifecycleandtheneedforstructuralreform.Indoingso,thebookdrawsonexistingliteratureidentifyingfiveformsofjusticethatarerelevanttoajustenergytransition,asillustratedinFigure2.

[12]

6JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

Figure2:Fiveformsofjustice

1.

Proceduraljustice

Itexploreslegal

processesandquestionsofjustice,includingtheideaofdueprocess,theruleoflawandhow

peoplearerepresentedindecisionmaking,howprocessesareinclusiveandinformationis

shared,andwho/whatinstitutionisresponsibleforchange.

2.

Distributionaljustice

Addressestheunjust

distributionofcostsandbene?tsfromupscalingrenewables(e.g.,

revenuesmanagement,socialandenvironmentalimpacts,issuesaroundtaxation).

3.

Recognitionjustice

Dealswiththe

recognitionand

protectionofrightsandidentitiesofdi?erentgroupsinsociety,

especiallyvulnerableandhistorically

marginalisedgroups.Italsoincludesemerging

notionsandrecognitionoftherightsofnatureand

non-anthropocentricentities.

4.

Restorativejustice

Itlooksattheimpactsoftheenergysector,

whetherintendedor

unintended,andstressesthattheyshouldbe

addressed.This

emphasisesthatanyinjusticecausedbytheenergysectorshouldbe

recti?ed(e.g.,

decommissioning

practices,foreseeableimpactsareincludedinprojectplanningand

permittingapplications).

5.

Cosmopolitanjustice

Underscoresthe

cross-bordere?ectsfromrenewableenergy

activitiesthatarecaused/accentuatedinacertaingeography,buta?ect

another.Hence,energydecisionmakersneedtobeconcernedaboutwhowillbea?ectedfroma

national,regionaland

internationalperspective,andconnectcountries

withinternationalenergyandclimatetargetstheyhavesigned.

Theconversationaboutjustenergytransitionhasfocusedonthephasing-outoffossilfuels,result-inginagapinresearchanddiscussionabouttheimpactsandbestpracticesinthephasing-inof

utility-scalerenewableenergy.[13],[14],[15]

Thepurposeofthisbookistocontributetofillingthisimport-antgapbyshowcasing—fromaGlobalSouthperspective—promisingemerginginclusivepracticesdrawnfromtheexperienceofJustREmembers.

Thisbookdiscussesrelevantissuesandsharespromisingpracticesrelatedtolandandwaterresources,supplychains,communityengagement,andbenefitsharing.Thesediscussionsarefol-lowedbyreflectionsonenablingfactors,includingpoliciesandpracticestandards,andanoutlookonfutureworkandtheroleofJustRE.

7JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

Whilethebookseeksanin-depthexplorationofcriticalaspectsoftheREchallenge,readersshouldbemindfulthatthebookdoesnotattempttofullycapturethenuancesandcomplexitiesofthewholeREsector.Thebookcentresonexamplesofpracticefromutility-scaleRE(solar,wind,andgeothermal).However,weacknowledgethecruciallyimportantroleofdistributedenergyresources,gridtransmissionanddistribution,energyefficiency,andothertechnologiesandinnovationsintheprocesstowardsasustainableandjustenergysystem.Readersareencouragedtocriticallyapproachtheinformationpresented,recognisingthatitrepresentsasnapshotofexperiencesandper-spectivesfromdifferentcontexts.

TheAllianceexperts,representingvariousGlobalSouthregions,havecollaboratedthroughtheBookSprints

[16]

methodologytodevelopthisbook.Thebookgathersinvaluablepracticeinsights,capturingexperiencesandlessonslearnedinREdeploymentacrosstheGlobalSouthandofferingpracticalguidanceandreal-worldexamplestoinformandinspirefuturesustainableREinitiatives.Thebookthusdrawsonthedeepandwide-rangingexpertiseoforganisationsactivelyengagedinutility-scaleREimplementationinColombia,India,Kenya,Mexico,thePhilippines,andSouthAfrica.Theorganisationsinvolvedprovidepolicyandindustrypracticeadvice,support,andcapacitybuildinginallyshipwithproject-affectedcommunities.

TheAllianceaimstofosterknowledgesharingandcollaborationamonglike-mindedorgan-isationstoguideJET'sprogressintheGlobalSouth.Definedbyaprofounddedicationtoequity,inclusivity,andcommunityself-determination,JustREmembersarecommittedtoadvancingjustenergytransitionsglobally.TheAllianceiscommittedtoplacingthesevaluesattheforefronttoenablethecreationandroll-outofsustainableREprojectsandguaranteethedistributionoftheirbenefitsacrossallrelevantparties.

JustREseekstocatalysetransformativechangeintheREsectorbycreatingspacesfordialogue,facil-itatingknowledgesharing,fosteringpartnerships,andidentifyingactionablestrategiesthatbuildoncollectiveandadaptivelearning.Atthetimeofwriting,JustREisinitspilotyear,buildingmomentumtowardsalonger-termvision.Oncetheappropriatefoundationislaid,theAlliancewillseektoexpandintoabroaderplatform,accessibletoorganisationsandstakeholdersworkinginand/orontheGlobalSouththatsharethegoalsofbuildingmorejustsocieties,economies,andenergysystems.

8JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

8NorthernCape,SouthAfrica-HolleWlokas-INSPIRE

REFERENCES

[

1]UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,2023,

Conferenceofthe

PartiesservingasthemeetingoftheParties

totheParisAgreement

2

]InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,2023,

WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook

3

]UnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy,

EnvironmentalImpactsofCleanEnergy|

DepartmentofEnergy

[AccessedinJune2024]

4

]InternationalRenewableEnergy

Agency,2017,

RenewableEnergyBenefits:

UnderstandingtheSocio-Economics

[

5]StockholmEnvironmentInstitute,2022,

Considerationsforajustandequitable

energytransition

[

6]UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,2023,

Whatisjusttransition?Andwhyisit

important?

[

7]TheAfricanClimateFoundation,2022,

Just

EnergyTransitionsandNaturalGasInAfrica:

BalancingClimateActionAndStructural

Transformation

[

8]InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment,2024,

JustTransition

[

9]StockholmEnvironmentInstitute,2022,

Sevenprinciplestorealizeajusttransitionto

alow-carboneconomyforinstance

[

10]UnitedNationsGlobalCompact,2023,

JustTransitionandRenewableEnergy:

ABusinessBrief

[

11]ClimateJusticeAlliance,

JustTransition:

AframeworkforChange

[

12]RaphaelHeffron,2023,

Energyjustice—

thetriumvirateoftenetsrevisitedandrevised

[

13]GranthamResearchInstituteonClimateChangeandtheEnvironment,2024,

Whatis

thejusttransitionandwhatdoesitmeanfor

climateaction?

[

14]AutumnSpanne,2021,

JustTransition:

History,Principles,andExamples

[

15]JustTransitionCentre,2017,

Just

Transition:AReportfortheOECD

[

16]BookSprints,2019,

Home

9JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

CHAPTER2:

ResponsibleLandand

WaterManagement

CHAPTERHIGHLIGHTS

Utility-scalerenewableenergyprojectsrequiresignificantlandandwaterresources.Thelandacquisitionprocesscanexacerbateexistinginequalitieswithincommunities,sodevelopersshouldprotecttherightsandinterestsofalllandusersandowners,includingminorityandmostvulnerablegroupslikeIndigenouscommunities.Goodsocialpracticesrelatedtolandincludefairleasing,acknowledgingandincorporatingcommunities’knowledgeoftheterritorytominimisenegativeimpactsandmaximisepositiveoutcomes,andadequatelyidentifyingthemostsuitablesitesfortheprojectusingtechnicalandsocialindicators.Additionally,concurrentlanduses,suchasagrivoltaicsandanimalgrazing,canaddresslandcompetitionwhilegeneratinglocalbenefits.Regardingwateruse,itisessentialtoassesswateravailability,consideringdemandandsupplyovertheprojects’lifetime.Thisshouldbedoneholisticallytoensurethesitedoesnotcompetewithotheruses.

10JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

QuiNh?n,Vietnam-JuanPabloCárdenas-INSPIRE

ThedevelopmentofREsignificantlyimpactspeople’srightsandaccesstomultiplenaturalresources.Inthischapter,wediscussthechallengesassociatedwithlandandwatermanagementarisingfromthedeploymentofutility-scaleRE.WealsoexploreemergingresponsesandcaseswherethesehavebeenappliedandsharesomelearningsfromJustRE’sexperience.

Context

Onshoresolarandwindprojectsrequiresignificantland.Unfortunately,competitionoverlandisintensifyingasrenewableenergyprojectsincrease.Windprojectstypicallyrequire0.2to0.8hectarespermegawatt(MW),whilesolarprojectstypicallyrequire1.2to2hectares

[1]

permegawatt(MW).Theworld’slargestsolarproject,currentlybeingbuiltinIndia,willcover726squarekilometres,anareathesizeofSingapore

.[2]

YetREisstillsometimesunderstoodtobelessland-intensivethanthecur-rentfossilfuel-dominatedenergysystems(especiallywhenconsideringdistributedREandenergyefficiency)

.[3]

Atthesametime,windandsolarprojectscanallowformultipleuseswithinthesamelandarea,suchasagriculturalactivitiesthatcanbeco-locatedwiththeenergyinfrastructure.

Landacquisitionprocessesareacommondriverofconflictbetweendevelopers,govern-ments,andlocalcommunities,includingIndigenousgroups.

[4]

Thechallengeisparticularlyacutewhenlandrightsarecustomaryorwhenidentifyinglegitimatetenurerightsholdersiscomplex.ThisisoftenthecaseincountriesintheGlobalSouth,wheremultiplelandtenuresystems,formalandinformal,mayexistinparallelandwherereformprocessesandgovernmentrecordsrelatingtolanduseandrightsareoftenincomplete.

Existinginequalitieswithincommunitiescanbeexacerbatedbylandacquisitionprocesses.Forexample,inIndia,REcompaniesfrequentlyengageintransactionswithformallandowners,negotiatingfinancialcompensationforlandtobeallocatedforprojectuse.Thiscancreategreatereconomicandsocialdisparitiesbetweenlandowners,whoreceivefundsandstatus,andtheland-less,wholoseaccess-and-userights,makingthemmorevulnerable.Thesecompensationpracticesoftenexcludewomenfromconsultationsandagreements,eventhoughtheyplayasubstantialroleinagriculturaleconomies

.[5]

Solarprojectsalsoneedasignificantamountofwaterforcleaning.Competitionforwateruseisconsequentlyheightened,especiallyinwater-stressedareas.Usingchemicalsonrenewableenergyprojectsites,suchasdustsuppressantsanddielectricfluids,cancontaminategroundwater

.[6]

Emerginggoodpractice

SeveralgoodpracticesforinclusivelandandwaterresourcemanagementareemerginginthecontextofREdevelopment.Thereismuchtolearnfromotherinfrastructuresectorsandsocialpractitioners’experience.Below,wesharesomehighlightsofgoodpracticetosupportotherslookingforpossiblecoursesofactioninlandandwater.

11JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

EnvironmentalandSocialImpactAssessments(ESIA)

Establishingrobustenvironmentalandsocialimpactframeworksisessentialforeffectivelandandwatermanagement

.[7]

ESIAsanalyseaplannedproject'spositiveandnegativeconsequencesbasedonadeepcontextualunderstandingandcommunityengagement.Theseinstrumentsprovideanupdatedandcomprehensiveinformationinventoryfromwhichtodevelopasetofactionsthatmax-imisetheproject’spositiveimpactsandminimisethenegativeones

.[8]

ESIAsrepresentinternationalgoodpractice,asexemplifiedbytherequirementsofinternationalfinancialinstitutionssuchastheInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC)

[9]

andtheWorldBank.TheseorganisationsprovideextensivestandardsandguidelinestoeffectivelyconductESIAs,whichcanbeadoptedandadaptedbycoun-triesandcorporationstofittheirparticularneeds.

Somecountriesintegratesocialandenvironmentalassessmentsintoasingleprocess,whileothersconductthemseparately.Integratedassessmentscanprovideamoreholisticviewofaproject’simpacts,consideringtheinterplaybetweensocial,livelihood,andenvironmentalfactors.Sectoralplanningtoolsthatconsiderthelong-term,cumulativesocial,economic,andenvironmentalimpactsofmultipleREprojectsinthesamegeneralareaarealsoessential.ThepreparationofStrategicEnvironmentalAssessments(SEAs)canserveasabasisforaregionalplanningapproachthattakesaccountofthecombinedeffectsofdifferentindustryplayersusingsitesclosetoeachother.

Sociallyandenvironmentallysensitivesiteprioritisation

Siteselectionforutility-scaleREprojectsrequirescarefulconsiderationofthepotentialimpactsonlandandwaterresources.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattominimiseimpacts,projectsshouldprioritiselandthatisbarren,uncultivable,orculturallyandecologicallynon-significant.However,nouniversaldefi-nitionsforidentifyingsuchlandsexist,andsometimes,landisofficiallyclassifiedas“wasteland”whenusedbasedoncustomaryarrangements.

Communityengagementanddialogueareessentialforresponsiblesiteselection.Integratingthelocalknowledgeofcommunitiescanhighlightappropriateapproachesforsafeguardingtraditionallandpracticesandculturalamenities,ensurelocallyleddevelopmentinitiatives,andmitigateadverseREprojectimpactsonthecommunity.Usingtoolsincorporatingtechnicalandsocialindicatorscanhelpidentifythemostappropriatesiteforaproject.AnexampleistheSiteRightTool

[10]

inIndia.Thisspatialmappinginstrumentconsidersfactorslikesolarirradiance,windpatterns,andecologicalandsocioculturalfactorssuchasspecieshabitatsandancestralorspirituallocations.However,itiscrucialtonotethatthesetoolshavelimitations,suchasrelyingonofficialdatathatmaynotreflectcommunityunderstandingofresourceusepatterns.Theyarenotsubstitutesforcommunityengagement(seeChapter4).

Free,Prior,andInformedConsent(FPIC)applicationincustomarylands

Respectingthelandrightsoflegitimatetenureholdersisessential,includingwherelandandpropertyrightsarecustomary,collective,ornotformallyrecorded.Landownershipvariesineachcountry,butadherencetointernationalstandardssuchastheFree,Prior,andInformedConsent(FPIC)shouldbeappliedwhencustomaryland—individualorcollective—isconsideredforrenewableenergyinstallations.FPICensuresthattherightsandinterestsofalllandusersarerespectedandprotected(forinstance,ForestRightsAct2006

[11]

andLARRAct2013

[12]

inIndia).OneexampleofaninternationalframeworkforFPICistheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)169convention,

[13]

whichprovidesaconsensus-buildingframeworkthroughconsultationonIndigenousandTriballands.

12JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy

EstablishinganIndigenousconsultationframeworkisanenablingfactorforcommunityengagement,fairbenefitsharing,fairresourcemanagement,andinequalityreduction.Thiscanbeachievedbycreatinganationallegalframeworkandprinciples,guidelines,andproceduresforitsimplementation.

Article32,par.2,oftheUnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples,providesthatstatesmustconsultwiththeIndigenousPeoplesingoodfaithtoobtaintheirFPICbeforeapprovinganyprojectaffectingtheirlandsorterritoriesandotherresources.Article32describestheFPICpro-cess,which,ifproperlyimplemented,affordssafeguardsforIndigenousPeoples.

EstablishingaclearnationallegalframeworkforFPIChelpsbuildtrustamongallpartiesinvolved.Properlyestablishedconsultationmechanismsandprotocolscanhelpaddresstherootcausesofconflictsandpreventnewonesfromarising.Apriorandinformedengagementwithcommunitiescanalsocreatetheconditionsformoreequitablebenefitsharingandensuretangiblebenefitsforthecommunities

.[14]

SeveralcountrieshaveintegratedFPICintonationallegislation.Forinstance,in