影像診斷學(xué)X線成像課件

影像診斷學(xué)X線成像ppt課件匯報人：xxx20xx-03-15目錄X線成像基本原理與設(shè)備X線檢查技術(shù)與臨床應(yīng)用胸部X線診斷腹部X線診斷骨與關(guān)節(jié)X線診斷其他部位X線診斷X線成像基本原理與設(shè)備01X線性質(zhì)X線具有波粒二象性，即既有粒子特性，又有波動特性；穿透能力強，可穿透人體不同zu織器官。X線產(chǎn)生當(dāng)高速電子撞擊靶物質(zhì)時，產(chǎn)生X線輻射，其能量與電子能量和靶物質(zhì)原子序數(shù)有關(guān)。X線產(chǎn)生及性質(zhì)人體zu織結(jié)構(gòu)差異01不同zu織結(jié)構(gòu)對X線的吸收和透過率不同，形成密度差異。02X線片形成透過人體的X線被探測器接收，經(jīng)處理后形成數(shù)字信號，再轉(zhuǎn)換成圖像。03影像特點X線片為二維圖像，具有整體性和重疊性；密度分辨率高，可顯示細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)。X線成像原理以下附贈各項管理制度英文版（不需要可刪）急救藥品、器材管理制度:1.Rescuedrugsandequipmentshouldbe"fivefixed"(fixedquantityandvariety,designatedplacement,designatedpersonstorage,regulardisinfectionandsterilization,regularinspectionandmaintenance)and"twotimely"(timelyinspectionandmaintenance,timelyreceiptandsupplementation).Theitemisclearlymarkedandcannotbeusedarbitrarily.2.Thenecessaryrescueequipmentiscomplete,ingoodperformance,andinstandbycondition.3.Therescuedrugsarecomplete,withcleardruglabelsandnodiscoloration,deterioration,expiration,ordamage.Theyshouldbeplacedandusedintheorderofdrugexpirationdates(fromrighttoleft).4.Emergencydrugsanditemsforeachdepartment'srescuevehicleshallbeuniformlyequippedaccordingtorequirements.Specializedemergencydrugsanditemsmustbereviewedandapprovedbythedepartmentdirectortodeterminethetype,quantity,specifications,anddosagetobeequipped.Rescuevehiclesmustbeplacedindesignatedlocationsandmanagedbydesignatedpersonneltoensuresafetyandeaseofuse.5.Afterusingrescuedrugsandequipment,theyshouldbefullyreplenishedwithin24hours.Iftheycannotbereplenishedduetospecialreasons,theyshouldbenotedonthehandoverregistrationformandreportedtotheheadnurseforcoordinationandresolutiontoensuretimelyuseduringpatientrescue.6.Thereisaregistrationbookfortheprovisionofdrugsandequipment.Ensureconsistencybetweenaccountsandmaterials,andhandoverbetweenshifts.7.Managementofsealedrescuevehicles:Beforesealing,theheadnurse(ornurseincharge)andanothernurseshallcountthedrugsandequipmentaccordingtotheregistrationbookofdrugandequipmentequipment,verifytheiraccuracy,andsealthemwithaseal.Twopeopleshallsignandfillinthesealingtime.Nurseschecktheconditionofthesealsoncepershiftandcompletethehandover.Theresponsiblenursescheckonceaweek,andtheheadnurseandresponsiblenursesopenthesealsandinspectthedrugsandequipmentintheambulanceonceamonth,withrecordskept.8.Nonsealedrescuevehiclemanagement:Eachshiftshallcountthedrugsandequipmentaccordingtotheregistrationbookandcompletethehandover.Theresponsiblenurseshallinspectonceaweek,andtheheadnurseshallinspectonceeverytwoweeksandkeeprecords,ensuringthattheaccountsmatchthematerials.護理文書書寫制度:

1.Nursingstaffstrictlyfollowthelatestrequirementswhenwritingnursingmedicalrecords.2.Thecontentofnursingrecordsshouldbeobjective,truthful,accurate,timely,complete,andstandardized.3.Allnursingdocumentsshouldbewrittenwithablueblackorcarboninkpen.4.AllnursingdocumentsshouldbewritteninArabicnumeralsfordateandtime,withdatesinyears,months,anddays,usinga24-hoursystem,specifictominutes.5.WritingshoulduseChinese,medicalterminology,andcommonlyusedforeignlanguageabbreviations;Completerecorditems;Thetextisneat,thehandwritingisclear,andthelayoutisclean;Accurateexpression,fluentsentences,simpleandconcise:correctformatandpunctuation,notypos.6.Whenerrorsoccurduringthewritingprocess,doublelinethemonthewrongwords,keeptheoriginalrecordclearanddistinguishable,signthemodifier,indicatethemodificationtime,continuetowritethecorrectcontent,anddonotusescraping,sticking,paintingorothermethodstocoveruporremovetheoriginalhandwriting.Eachpageshouldbemodifiednomorethantwotimes,otherwisetheoriginalrecorderwillpromptlycopyagain(exceptformodificationsmadebysuperiors).7.Nursingrecordswrittenbyinternnurses,probationarynurses,orunregisterednursesshouldbereviewedandsignedbynurseswithlegalprofessionalqualificationsinthismedicalinstitution.8.Furthertrainingnursescanonlywritenursingdocumentsafterbeingrecognizedbythemedicalinstitutionreceivingthetrainingfortheirworkability.9.Superiornursingstaffhavetheresponsibilitytoreviewandmodifythewrittenrecordsofsubordinatenursingstaff.Whenmakingmodifications,reddoublelinesshouldbeusedtomarkerrors,writethemodifiedcontent,signandindicatethemodificationtime.10.Temperaturerecords,medicalorders,patientcarerecords,andsurgicalinventoryrecordsshouldbearchivedontime.03輔助設(shè)備如濾線器、體位固定器等，用于提高影像質(zhì)量和操作便利性。01X線機包括X線管、高壓發(fā)生器、控制臺等部件，用于產(chǎn)生和調(diào)節(jié)X線。02探測器將透過人體的X線轉(zhuǎn)換成可見光或電信號，再進行處理和顯示。X線設(shè)備簡介防護措施采用屏蔽防護、距離防護和時間防護等措施，減少輻射危害。輻射危害X線輻射對人體有一定危害，如皮膚損傷、造血系統(tǒng)抑制等。安全規(guī)范遵守操作規(guī)范，合理設(shè)置照射條件，保護患者和工作人員安全。輻射防護與安全X線檢查技術(shù)與臨床應(yīng)用0201透視技術(shù)通過X線透視設(shè)備，實時觀察人體內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，如胸透、胃腸透視等。02攝影技術(shù)利用X線攝影機，拍攝人體內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的靜態(tài)圖像，如胸片、四肢骨片等。03高千伏攝影采用高電壓、小電流、長時間曝光，獲得層次豐富、對比度高的X線圖像。常規(guī)X線檢查技術(shù)123通過特殊裝置使X線束在人體某一層面內(nèi)掃描，獲得該層面的清晰圖像。體層攝影利用X線的幾何放大原理，將小物體或結(jié)構(gòu)放大后拍攝，以便更清晰地觀察細(xì)節(jié)。放大攝影通過計算機處理，將造影劑充盈的血管從周圍zu織中分離出來，清晰顯示血管形態(tài)和病變。數(shù)字減影血管造影（DSA）特殊X線檢查技術(shù)用于消化道造影，可顯示消化道輪廓和內(nèi)壁結(jié)構(gòu)。鋇劑碘劑空氣用于血管造影和泌尿系統(tǒng)造影，可顯示血管和尿路形態(tài)及病變。用于腦室造影和關(guān)節(jié)造影，可顯示腦室和關(guān)節(jié)腔形態(tài)及病變。030201造影劑及其應(yīng)用呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病如肺炎、肺結(jié)核等，X線表現(xiàn)為肺部陰影、空洞等。消化系統(tǒng)疾病如消化道潰瘍、消化道腫瘤等，X線表現(xiàn)為龕影、充盈缺損等。骨骼系統(tǒng)疾病如骨折、骨腫瘤等，X線表現(xiàn)為骨質(zhì)破壞、骨膜反應(yīng)等。泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病如尿路結(jié)石、腎腫瘤等，X線表現(xiàn)為結(jié)石影、腎盂腎盞變形等。各類疾病X線表現(xiàn)胸部X線診斷03滲出性病變增殖性病變表現(xiàn)為密度較高的結(jié)節(jié)狀或梅花狀陰影，邊緣較清楚。纖維化病變表現(xiàn)為條索狀、網(wǎng)狀或蜂窩狀陰影，常伴有肺容積縮小。表現(xiàn)為邊緣模糊、密度均勻的片狀或斑片狀陰影，可累及肺葉或肺段。鈣化性病變表現(xiàn)為邊緣銳利、密度極高、形狀不一的陰影，常見于肺結(jié)核愈合后。肺部基本病變X線表現(xiàn)肺炎可見肺葉或肺段實變，可伴有胸腔積液。肺結(jié)核可見肺尖部浸潤影、空洞形成及播散病灶，常伴有鈣化。肺癌可見孤立性結(jié)節(jié)或腫塊，邊緣常有分葉和毛刺，可伴有阻塞性肺炎和肺不張。肺膿腫可見圓形透亮區(qū)及氣液平面，內(nèi)壁光整或略有不規(guī)則。肺部常見疾病X線診斷01020304心臟增大可見心影向兩側(cè)擴大，常見于高血壓、心肌病等疾病。主動脈硬化可見主動脈結(jié)突出、鈣化，主動脈壁增厚。肺動脈高壓可見肺動脈段突出，肺門血管影增粗。心包積液可見心臟呈燒瓶狀，搏動減弱或消失。心臟與大血管X線診斷胸腔積液可見肋膈角變鈍或消失，胸腔下部均勻致密影。氣胸可見肺zu織被壓縮至肺門，呈團塊狀陰影，氣胸側(cè)透亮度增加。胸膜肥厚可見胸膜呈條狀、帶狀或幕狀增厚，密度增高。縱隔腫瘤可見縱隔影增寬，輪廓飽滿或突出，常伴有氣管、食管等受壓移位。胸膜腔及縱隔疾病X線診斷腹部X線診斷04腹部積氣可見腹部腸管內(nèi)氣體增多，立位片可見膈下新月形游離氣體影。腹部積液平臥位腹部呈蛙腹?fàn)?，立位片可見腹部密度均勻增高，腸管漂浮其中。腹部鈣化影可見腹部點狀、片狀或弧形鈣化影，常見于結(jié)石、結(jié)核等疾病。腹部腫塊影可見腹部局限性密度增高影，形態(tài)不規(guī)則，邊緣可能清晰或模糊。腹部基本病變X線表現(xiàn)胃炎和胃潰瘍胃內(nèi)可見龕影或充盈缺損，周圍黏膜皺襞糾集，胃壁柔軟度改變。腸梗阻立位片可見階梯狀氣液平面，臥位片可見腸管擴張充氣，并可見多個小氣液平面。胃腸道穿孔立位片可見膈下新月形游離氣體影，側(cè)臥位水平投照可見氣體位于腹膜后間隙。胃腸道腫瘤可見胃腸道內(nèi)充盈缺損或龕影，形態(tài)不規(guī)則，邊緣可能呈分葉狀。胃腸道常見疾病X線診斷肝硬化可見肝臟縮小，肝葉比例失調(diào)，肝裂增寬，門靜脈高壓等表現(xiàn)。膽結(jié)石可見膽囊內(nèi)或膽管內(nèi)高密度影，形態(tài)多樣，可呈圓形、橢圓形或泥沙狀。胰腺炎可見胰腺腫大，密度不均，胰周脂肪層消失，并可見胰管擴張等表現(xiàn)。脾腫大可見脾臟增大，密度均勻增高，側(cè)位片可見脾臟超過前腹壁水平。肝膽胰脾常見疾病X線診斷腎結(jié)石和輸尿管結(jié)石腎積水膀胱結(jié)石和腫瘤前列腺增生和腫瘤泌尿系統(tǒng)常見疾病X線診斷可見腎區(qū)或輸尿管走行區(qū)高密度影，形態(tài)多樣，可呈圓形、橢圓形或桑椹狀?？梢姲螂變?nèi)充盈缺損或高密度影，形態(tài)不規(guī)則，邊緣可能呈分葉狀或毛刺狀?？梢娔I盂腎盞擴張積水，呈手套狀或喇叭口狀改變，嚴(yán)重時可壓迫腎實質(zhì)造成腎萎縮?？梢娗傲邢僭龃螅芏染鶆蛟龈呋騤u部突出于膀胱內(nèi)形成充盈缺損。骨與關(guān)節(jié)X線診斷05骨質(zhì)疏松骨質(zhì)軟化骨質(zhì)破壞骨質(zhì)增生硬化骨與關(guān)節(jié)基本病變X線表現(xiàn)01020304骨小梁減少、變細(xì)，骨皮質(zhì)變薄，骨髓腔增寬，骨密度減低。骨密度減低，骨小梁和骨皮質(zhì)邊緣模糊，承重骨骼變形。ju部骨密度減低，骨小梁稀疏或形成骨質(zhì)缺損，甚至骨皮質(zhì)中斷。單位體積內(nèi)骨量增多，骨皮質(zhì)增厚，骨小梁增粗、增多、密集?？梢姽钦劬€，為骨質(zhì)斷裂所致的透亮線，可呈橫形、縱形、斜形、螺旋形、"T"形或"Y"形等。構(gòu)成關(guān)節(jié)的骨端脫出正常位置，并可發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)囊撕裂、韌帶