2023-2024學年北京市豐臺區(qū)高一下學期期末英語試題（解析版）

高級中學名校試卷PAGEPAGE1北京市豐臺區(qū)2023-2024學年高一下學期期末英語試題第一部分知識運用（共兩節(jié),30分）第一節(jié)（共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分）閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項。Tenyearsago,IhadjuststartedmyfirstjobasaMedicalRepresentativeinasmalltowninIndia—butwas___1___everymomentofit.Ihadthe___2___topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot.Tomakemattersworse,Iwas___3___frommyoriginalplanofpursuing(追求)aPh.Dinbiology.Allthesethoughtswerecrowdingthroughmymind,asIwasdrivingmyscooteraroundthetownvisitingonedoctorafteranother.Atoneofthetrafficlights,Ihitaredandhadtowaitforthesignaltoturngreen.Inoticedthattherewasahugerocklyingnearthesquare—aresultofsomebody’scarelessness.Yetnobodythoughtit___4___togetoutofthevehiclesandmovetherocktotheedgeoftheroadwhereitwouldlie,harmless.SuddenlyInoticedayoungkidcrawlinghiswayacrosstheothersideoftheroad.Hemusthavehadaseriousinfectionofpolio(小兒麻痹癥)whenhewasababy.Hewascrawlingonbothhishandsand___5___hisbodybehindhim.Thisguycameuptotherockwithalookonhisfaceshowingthathedidnotbelieveinhishandicap(殘疾).Hewaslookingatthatrockwith___6___—asifsayingtothestone“Youareaninstrumentofmywill.”He___7___topushtherocktothesideoftheroad.Icanneverforgetthatlookofprideonhisface,showingthathehas___8___somethingthatable-bodiedpeoplelikemewereavoidingdoing.Andlookingatthiskidforthisbrieftime,IwasremindedhowsmallmytroubleswereinrespecttohisandhowmuchIwasworryingaboutthem.SincethenIhavenever___9___.IdidpursuemydreamoffinishingaPh.Dinthebiologicalsciences.Tothatunknownmessengerofhopeand____10____,thisistheovation(鼓掌)Iwishtogive—thoughbelatedly.1.A.expecting B.regretting C.missing D.wondering2.A.pressure B.desire C.pleasure D.chance3.A.passing B.developing C.departing D.starting4.A.difficult B.dangerous C.possible D.worthwhile5.A.dragging B.shaping C.lifting D.folding6.A.anxiety B.determination C.confusion D.amazement7.A.planned B.failed C.learnt D.managed8.A.recalled B.considered C.preserved D.accomplished9.A.calmeddown B.givenup C.brokenin D.workedout10.A.cooperation B.generosity C.courage D.enthusiasm〖答案〗1.B2.A3.C4.D5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述的是一位醫(yī)療代表在殘疾小孩的勇氣和希望激勵下，重新找回自我價值和追求夢想的故事?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：十年前，我剛開始我的第一份工作，在印度的一個小鎮(zhèn)擔任醫(yī)療代表——但我每時每刻都在后悔。A.expecting期待；B.regretting后悔；C.missing錯過；D.wondering想知道。根據(jù)下文“topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot”可知，作者很后悔干這個工作，因為無論是否有人需要作者的藥，作者都需要推銷。故選B?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：不管我的藥是否有需求，我都有推銷和銷售的壓力。A.pressure壓力；B.desire渴望；C.pleasure快樂；D.chance機會。根據(jù)下文“topromoteandgetsalesregardlessofwhethertherewasaneedformydrugsornot”可知，作者面臨的是推銷和銷售藥的壓力。故選A?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：更糟糕的是，我偏離了攻讀生物學博士學位的原計劃。A.passing經(jīng)過；B.developing發(fā)展；C.departing離開；D.starting開始。根據(jù)上文“Tomakemattersworse”可知，作者沒能按原計劃讀生物學博士學位，departfrom是固定短語，意為“背離”。故選C?！?題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，沒有人認為值得下車，把石頭搬到路邊，這樣它就可以安然無恙地躺在那里了。A.difficult困難的；B.dangerous危險的；C.possible可能的；D.worthwhile值得的。根據(jù)下文“getoutofthevehiclesandmovetherocktotheedgeoftheroadwhereitwouldlie,harmless”可知，沒有人會覺得把石頭搬到路邊是值得的。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他用雙手匍匐著，身子拖在身后。A.dragging拖；B.shaping塑造；C.lifting舉起；D.folding折疊。根據(jù)上文“Hewascrawlingonbothhishands”可知，他用雙手爬，所以是拖著自己的身體。故選A。【6題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他堅定地望著那塊石頭，仿佛在對那塊石頭說：“你是我意志的工具?！盇.anxiety焦慮；B.determination決心；C.confusion困惑；D.amazement驚詫，驚奇。根據(jù)下文“Youareaninstrumentofmywill”可知，那個孩子很堅定地望著石頭。故選B?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他設法把那塊石頭推到路邊。A.planned計劃；B.failed失敗；C.learnt學習；D.managed設法做到。根據(jù)下文“Icanneverforgetthatlookofprideonhisface”可知，那個孩子是設法把石頭搬到了路邊，所以臉上才會有自豪。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我永遠不會忘記他臉上的驕傲，這表明他已經(jīng)完成了像我這樣健全的人避免做的事情。A.recalled回想起；B.considered考慮；C.preserved保護；D.accomplished完成。根據(jù)上文“He_____topushtherocktothesideoftheroad”可知，那個孩子設法把石頭搬到了路邊，所以是完成了健全人避免做的事情。故選D。【9題詳析】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：從那以后，我再也沒有放棄過。A.calmeddown平靜下來；B.givenup放棄；C.brokenin闖入；D.workedout解決。根據(jù)下文“IdidpursuemydreamoffinishingaPh.Dinthebiologicalsciences”可知，作者追逐自己的夢想，所以是沒有放棄。故選B?！?0題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：對于這位不為人知的希望和勇氣的使者，這是我想給予的掌聲——盡管來得有些遲。A.cooperation合作；B.generosity慷慨；C.courage勇氣；D.enthusiasm熱情。根據(jù)上文“He____topushtherocktothesideoftheroad”可知，那個殘疾的孩子把石頭搬到了路中間，可見他是一個有勇氣的人，向作者傳達了勇氣。故選C。第二節(jié)（共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分）閱讀下列短文,根據(jù)短文內容填空。在未給〖提示〗詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~,在給出〖提示〗詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內容或括號內所給詞的恰當形式填空。In2023,13.9millionpeople___11___(visit)theSpain’sCanaryIslands—that’ssixtimesmorethanthenumberofpeoplewhoactuallylivethere.Localssaytheyarenot___12___alltourismbecauseitcreatesjobsandmoney,buttheywanttheirgovernmenttoputalimitonthenumberoftourists.Theythinkthegovernmentshouldworkouthowmanytouristscanbesupported,sothattheCanariescanbecomeanexampleof___13___(sustain)tourism.〖答案〗11.visited12.against13.sustainable【語篇解讀】本文是一篇新聞報道，主要講述了加那利群島旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、當?shù)厝说膽B(tài)度以及他們對可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)的期望?！?1題詳析】考查時態(tài)。句意：2023年，有1390萬人參觀了西班牙的加那利群島，這是實際居住在那里的人數(shù)的六倍。由In2023可知，句子時態(tài)是一般過去時，空格處用過去式，故填visited?！?2題詳析】考查介詞。句意：當?shù)厝吮硎荆麄儾⒉环磳λ械穆糜螛I(yè)，因為它創(chuàng)造了就業(yè)機會和金錢，但他們希望政府限制游客的數(shù)量。由“becauseitcreatesjobsandmoney”可知，句子表示“當?shù)厝吮硎?，他們并不反對所有的旅游業(yè)”，空格處意為“反對”，用against，故填against?！?3題詳析】考查形容詞。句意：他們認為政府應該計算出可以支持多少游客，這樣加那利群島就可以成為可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)的一個例子?？崭裉幱眯稳菰~作定語，修飾名詞tourism，此處表示“可持續(xù)旅游業(yè)”，空格處意為“可持續(xù)的”，形容詞是sustainable。故填sustainable。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內容或括號內所給詞的恰當形式填空。Inspring,thousandsofbirdsflynorthtobreedinSiberia.Somebirdseatgrassshoots___14___starttogrowatthebeginningoftheseason.Thisfoodsourceisonlyavailableforafewweeksandrisingtemperatures___15___(cause)byclimatechangecansometimesmakethegrassgrowearlierthanusual.Thismeansthatsomebirdsarearrivingtoolatetoeatthegrass,___16___(leave)themwithoutafoodsource.Asmoreandmorelandisusedforfarming,thenaturalwetlands___17___birdsliketosearchforfoodaredisappearingtoo.〖答案〗14.that/which15.caused16.leaving17.where【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文，文章講述了影響遷徙鳥類覓食的因素：氣候變化和越來越多的土地被用于農(nóng)業(yè)?！?4題詳析】考查定語從句。句意：有些鳥吃初春時節(jié)開始生長的草芽?？仗幰龑拗菩远ㄕZ從句，先行詞是grassshoots，指物，關系詞替代先行詞在從句中作主語，使用關系代詞that或which引導，故填that/which?！?5題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：這種食物來源只能供應幾個星期，氣候變化引起的氣溫上升有時會使草比平時生長得早。動詞cause和risingtemperatures之間是邏輯動賓關系，cause使用過去分詞形式作后置定語，故填caused。【16題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：這意味著有些鳥來的太晚了，沒有時間吃草，導致它們沒有食物來源。該空后內容是前句造成的意料之中的結果，leave使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作結果狀語，故填leaving?！?7題詳析】考查定語從句。句意：隨著越來越多的土地被用于農(nóng)業(yè)，鳥類覓食的天然濕地也在消失?？仗幰龑拗菩远ㄕZ從句，先行詞是thenaturalwetlands，關系詞替代先行詞在從句中作地點狀語，使用關系副詞where引導，故填where。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內容或括號內所給詞的恰當形式填空。DylanAllman,aged18,recentlyreceivedanawardforhisworktoprotecthedgehogs(刺猬).Theaward___18___(go)toinspiringpeoplewhomakechangesintheircommunity.Allman’smissionstartedfouryearsago___19___hebecameinterestedinthenumberofhedgehogsinhisgarden.Earlierthisyear,helaunchedaprogram,inwhichateamofvolunteersrescuedinjuredhedgehogsinpartsofWales.Allmanalsovisitedschoolstoteachpeopleabouthedgehogsandraisedmoney___20___(support)animalrescuecenters.〖答案〗18.goes19.when20.tosupport【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了DylanAllman因保護刺猬獲得獎項，Allman四年前啟動保護項目，救援受傷刺猬，普及知識并籌款支持動物救助中心?！?8題詳析】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：該獎項頒給那些在他們的社區(qū)中做出改變的鼓舞人心的人們。根據(jù)句中make可知，句子使用一般現(xiàn)在時，go與主語Theaward之間是主動關系，且主語Theaward是單數(shù)，謂語動詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填goes?！?9題詳析】考查定語從句。句意：Allman的任務始于四年前，當時他開始對花園里刺猬的數(shù)量感興趣?？仗幰龑拗菩远ㄕZ從句，描述fouryearsago這一時間發(fā)生的事件，關系詞在從句中作時間狀語，應用關系副詞when引導從句。故填when?！?0題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：Allman還參觀了學校，向人們傳授刺猬的知識，并籌集資金支持動物救援中心。句中已有謂語visited和raised，空處作非謂語動詞，且Allman籌集資金是為了支持動物救援中心，空處應用動詞不定式形式作目的狀語。故填tosupport。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié),38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題;每小題2分,共28分）閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項。A2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,ChinaThecityofShanghaihasbroughttogetherdiversepeoples,cultures,andeconomiesfromvariouspartsofChinaandaroundtheworld.Blendingculturalstudieswithsocialsciences,2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,Chinawillhelpyouunderstandthecity.Programdates:November8,2024toDecember21,2024Applyby:August25,2024ProgramStructureThissix-weekprogramincludestwocoursesonShanghai’sculturalhistoryandeconomicdevelopmentexperiences.Youstarteachweekwithtwodaysofseminars(研討會)designedtoletyouseeShanghaidifferently.OnWednesdaysandThursdays,thegroupmovestoafieldsiteforahands-onresearchpracticum(實踐操作課)incompanies,governmentoffices,andcommunities.Overtheweekend,youtryyourownhandsatexploringthecityanditseconomy,workingoncreativeprojectsand/orresearchpapers,withaflexiblefinalprojectformatthataccommodatesstudentpriorities.Theprogramcountsastwosemester-longcoursesofdegreecredit(學分),4creditseach.BothprogramcoursescancounttowardsEastAsianStudiescredit.AccommodationsYouwillliveinanon-campushotelinoneofChina’smostdistinguishedacademicinstitutions.Hotelservicesincludewi-fi,dailyhousekeeping,safeforstorageofvaluables,cafeteriaandgym.Apartfromallthepracticalconveniencesofastudentdistrict,thecampusalsoofferslibraryaccessandwillbeanidealbaseforyourcreativeandresearchprojects.ApplicationToapply,youmust:?Beatleast18yearsold?Havecompletedatleastoneyearofcollege?BeingoodacademicstandingStudentsenrolledatanyuniversityarewelcometoapply.TheWinter2024applicationwillbeavailableinearlyJuly.Eachprogramhasuniquerequirementsincludedintheonlineapplication.Beginningyourapplicationearlyisthebestwaytoensurethatyouhavesufficienttimetoreviewandcompletetheapplicationrequirementsbythedeadline.Ifyouhavequestionsabouttheapplication,pleasecontacttheHarvardStudyAbroadOfficebyemailatwinterabroad@.21.Ifyoutake2024HarvardWinterProgram,you_________.A.willliveinahotelnearHarvardcampusB.willspendtwelvedaysintotalonseminarsC.canget4creditstowardsEastAsianStudiesD.mustcompletearesearchpaperforaproject22.Ifyouwanttoapplyforthisprogram,youmust_________.A.beahighschoolseniorB.havereceivedhands-ontrainingC.haveworkexperienceincompaniesD.finishnolessthanoneyearofcollege23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tostressthevalueoftakingawinterprogram.B.Toattractmorepeopletoapplyforawinterprogram.C.ToshareamemorableexperienceatHarvardUniversity.D.TointroducerequirementsforafinalprojectatHarvardUniversity.〖答案〗21.B22.D23.B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應用文。主要介紹了2024年哈佛冬季上海項目的相關信息?！?1題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)ProgramStructure部分“Thissix-weekprogramincludestwocoursesonShanghai’sculturalhistoryandeconomicdevelopmentexperiences.Youstarteachweekwithtwodaysofseminars(研討會)designedtoletyouseeShanghaidifferently.(這個為期六周的課程包括兩門關于上海文化史和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展經(jīng)驗的課程。你每周都會參加為期兩天的研討會，讓你以不同的方式看待上海)”可知，如果你參加2024年哈佛冬季項目，你將在六周時間內每周參加為期兩天的研討會，即你將總計花12天時間參加研討會。故選B?！?2題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Application部分“Havecompletedatleastoneyearofcollege(已完成至少一年的大學教育)”可知，如果你想申請這個項目，你必須至少完成了一年的大學教育。故選D?！?3題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Blendingculturalstudieswithsocialsciences,2024HarvardWinterPrograminShanghai,Chinawillhelpyouunderstandthecity.(將文化研究與社會科學相結合，中國上海2024年哈佛冬季項目將幫助您了解這座城市)”、倒數(shù)第二段“TheWinter2024applicationwillbeavailableinearlyJuly.Eachprogramhasuniquerequirementsincludedintheonlineapplication.Beginningyourapplicationearlyisthebestwaytoensurethatyouhavesufficienttimetoreviewandcompletetheapplicationrequirementsbythedeadline.(2024年冬季應用程序將于7月初推出。在線申請中包含的每個程序都有獨特的要求。盡早開始申請是確保您有足夠時間在截止日期前審查和完成申請要求的最佳方式)”以及文章內容可知，本文詳細介紹了2024年哈佛冬季上海項目的日期、申請要求、課程結構、住宿信息等相關信息，其目的是吸引更多人申請參加該項目。故選B。B“Abirdwithabrokenwingwillneverflyashigh.”I’msurethatT.J.Warewasmadetofeelthiswayalmosteverydayinschool.Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.ImetT.J.forthefirsttimeataweekendleadershipprogram.Atthestartoftheprogram,T.J.wasliterallystandingoutsidethecircleofstudentswiththat“goahead,impressme”lookonhisface.Theicereallymelted(融化)whenthegroupsstartedbuildingalistofpositiveandnegativethingsthatoccurredatschoolthatyear.T.J.hadbrilliantthoughtsonthosesituations.TheotherstudentsinT.J.’sgroupwelcomedhiscomments.AllofasuddenT.J.feltlikeapartofthegroup,andbeforelonghewasbeingtreatedlikealeader.Thenextfollowingdays,T.J.wasveryactiveinallthesessions.LaterhejoinedtheHomelessProjectteam.Heknewsomethingaboutpoverty,hungerandhopelessness.Theotherstudentsontheteamwereimpressedwithhispassionateconcernandideas.Bytheendoftheprogram,thestudentselectedT.J.co-chairmanoftheteam.Manypeoplecouldn’tbelievethattheprincipal(校長)wouldallowthiscrucialbeginningtoathree-yearactionplantostayintheincapablehandsofT.J.Ware.Twoweekslater,T.J.andhisfriendsledagroupof70studentsinadrivetocollectfood.Theycollectedaschoolrecord:2,854cansoffoodinjusttwohours.Asthelocalnewspapercoveredtheeventwithafullarticle,T.J.startedshowingupatschooleverydayandansweredquestionsfromteachersforthefirsttime.Later,heledasecondproject,yielding9,000cansoffoodinonedayandtakingcareof70percentoftheneededfoodforthehomelessshelterforoneyear.T.J.remindsusthatabirdwithabrokenwingonlyneedsmending.Butonceithashealed,itcanflyhigherthantherest.T.J.gotajob.Hebecameproductive.Heisflyingquitenicelythesedays.24.Atfirst,whatwasT.J.knownforinthetown?A.Misbehaviorandrudeness. B.Popularityinhisgroup.C.Pooracademicperformance. D.Activenessinclassdiscussion.25.WhatchangedT.J.’sattitudetowardstheprogram?A.Gettingsupportfromtheprincipal. B.JoiningtheHomelessProjectteam.C.Beingtheco-chairmanoftheteam. D.Gaininggroupmembers’recognition.26.Whatcanbelearntfromthestory?A.Liketeacher,likepupil. B.Neverfishintroubledwater.C.Donotjudgeabookbyitscover. D.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.〖答案〗24.A25.D26.C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了曾經(jīng)的問題少年T.J.Ware在一次領導力培訓中發(fā)生改變，發(fā)揮領導才能，最終帶領團隊創(chuàng)紀錄地募集食物，證明了給予機會和支持能讓人展現(xiàn)出驚人的潛力和積極改變?！?4題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.(到高中時，T.J.已經(jīng)是鎮(zhèn)上最著名的搗蛋鬼了。他總是不禮貌，不回答問題，還經(jīng)常打架)”可知，起初，T.J.在鎮(zhèn)上總是不禮貌，不回答問題，還經(jīng)常打架，以行為不端和粗魯無禮而出名。故選A項?！?5題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theicereallymelted(融化)whenthegroupsstartedbuildingalistofpositiveandnegativethingsthatoccurredatschoolthatyear.T.J.hadbrilliantthoughtsonthosesituations.TheotherstudentsinT.J.’sgroupwelcomedhiscomments.AllofasuddenT.J.feltlikeapartofthegroup,andbeforelonghewasbeingtreatedlikealeader.(當這些小組開始列出當年在學校發(fā)生的積極和消極的事情時，冰真地融化了。T.J.對這些情況有很好的想法。T.J.小組的其他學生對他的評論表示歡迎。突然間，T.J.覺得自己是團隊的一員，不久之后，他就被當作領導者對待了)”可知，當小組的其他成員歡迎他的評論時，T.J.感覺自己成為團隊的一員，即獲得小組成員的認可使得T.J.對項目的態(tài)度發(fā)生轉變。故選D項?！?6題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段““Abirdwithabrokenwingwillneverflyashigh.”I’msurethatT.J.Warewasmadetofeelthiswayalmosteverydayinschool.Byhighschool,T.J.wasthemostcelebratedtroublemakerinhistown.Hewasalwaysimpolite,didn’tanswerquestionsandgotintolotsoffights.(“折斷翅膀的鳥永遠不會飛得那么高?！蔽腋铱隙ǎ琓.J.Ware在學校里幾乎每天都有這種感覺。到高中時，T.J.已經(jīng)是鎮(zhèn)上最著名的搗蛋鬼了。他總是不禮貌，不回答問題，還經(jīng)常打架)”、最后一段“T.J.remindsusthatabirdwithabrokenwingonlyneedsmending.Butonceithashealed,itcanflyhigherthantherest.T.J.gotajob.Hebecameproductive.(T.J.提醒我們，折斷翅膀的鳥只需要修理。但一旦它痊愈了，它就能飛得比其他動物高。T.J.找到了一份工作。他變得富有成效)”以及文章內容可知，起初，T.J.被視為問題學生，但通過領導力項目，他展現(xiàn)了自己的潛力和能力，最終做出了顯著的貢獻，T.J.的故事告訴我們不要僅憑外表或表面行為來評判一個人，這體現(xiàn)了“不要以貌取人”的道理。故選C項。CForyears,scientistshavebeentryingtofigureoutwhether“brainworkouts”suchaspuzzles(字謎)andonlinecognitivegamescouldstrengthenourmindsandslowtheprocessofaging.Now,astudyhasfoundthatregularlyattemptingacrosswordmayhelpslowdeclineinsomepeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment(障礙),anearlystageoffalteringmemorythatcansometimesprogresstodementia(癡呆癥).Whilethestudydidn'tinvestigatewhethercrosswordsbenefityoungeradultswhoarenotdealingwithcognitivedecline,itsuggeststhatkeepingyourmindactiveasyouagemaybenefityourbrain.Andtheresearchoffershopetothosediagnosedwithmildcognitiveimpairmentthattheymaybeabletostaveofffurtherdeclinesinthememory,languageproblemsanddecision-makingthatarethehallmarkofthecondition.TheAmericanAcademyofNeurologyestimatesthatmildcognitiveimpairmentaffectsabout8percentofpeopleages65to69;10percentofpeopleages70to74;15percentofpeopleages75to79;25percentofthoseages80to84;andabout37percentofpeople85andolder.Theresearch,whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstituteonAging,recruited107adultsages55to95withmildcognitiveimpairment.For12weeks,theywereallaskedtoplayoneoftwotypesofgames,fourtimesaweek—spendingeither30minutesonLumosity,apopularcognitivetrainingplatform,or30minutesattemptingadigitalcrossword.After12weeks,theparticipantswerereevaluatedandgiven"booster"dosesofgameplaysixmoretimesduringthe78-weekexperiment.Bytheendofthestudy,participantsweregivenstandardassessmentsusedtomeasurecognitivedecline,andfriendsandfamilyreportedontheirday-to-dayfunctioning.MRIscansalsowereusedtomeasurebrainvolumechanges.Researchersfoundthatinkeymeasurements—cognitivedeclinescores,functionalskillsandbrainvolumechanges—theregularcrosswordplayersfaredbetterthanthegameplayers.Thefindingsurprisedthescientistsbehindthestudywhohadexpectedthatchallengingweb-basedbraingames,whichwerespecificallydesignedtoboostcognitivefunction,wouldofferthemostbenefit.“Ourstudyshowsthatinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment,crosswordpuzzlesbeatthecomputerizedgamesonmultiplemetrics,”saidMuraliDoraiswamy,aco-authorofthestudy.“So,ifyouhavemildcognitiveimpairment,whichisdifferentfromnormalaging,thentherecommendationwouldbetokeepyourbrainactivewithcrosswordpuzzles.”Peoplewithhigherdegreesofcognitiveimpairmentappearedtobenefitthemostfromdoingthecrossword,whichwasdesignedtobeamoderatelydifficultpuzzlecomparabletotheThursdaygame.Thestudyhaslimitations.Someoftheparticipantsmayhavejustbeenmorefamiliarwithcrosswordsandthat'swhytheyrespondedbettertothepuzzlesthantoLumosity'scomputergames.Moreyearsoffollow-upalsoareneededtodeterminewhetherinterventionssuchascrosswordpuzzlescan“trulypreventdementia,”Doraiswamysaid.27.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"staveoff"inParagraph3probablymean?A.Promote. B.Prevent. C.Experience. D.Cause.28.Paragraph4iswrittento_________.A.showaconcerningcondition B.comparedifferentgroupsC.presentreal-lifeexamples D.proveanassumption29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.One'sdegreeofcognitiveimpairmentdependsonhowoldheis.B.Solvingcrosswordpuzzlesisarecommendationtoelderlypeople.C.Theefficiencyofpuzzlesinpreventingdementiahasbeenproved.D.Crosswords'effectsarelinkedtohowseriouscognitiveimpairmentis.30.Whatmakesthefindingsofthestudyfarfromconclusive?A.Thelackofvariables. B.Theweaknessesofassessments.C.Theinsufficiencyoftimespan. D.Thesubjects'preferenceforgames.〖答案〗27.B28.A29.D30.C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，定期嘗試填字游戲可能有助于減緩一些輕度認知障礙患者的衰退?！?7題詳析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Andtheresearchoffershopetothosediagnosedwithmildcognitiveimpairment(這項研究給那些被診斷患有輕度認知障礙的人帶來了希望)”由此可推知下文theymaybeabletostaveofffurtherdeclinesinthememory意思是“他們可能能夠避免記憶力、語言問題和決策能力的進一步下降”，可知staveoff意思是阻止，預防，和prevent同義，故選B。【28題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“TheAmericanAcademyofNeurologyestimatesthatmildcognitiveimpairmentaffectsabout8percentofpeopleages65to69;10percentofpeopleages70to74;15percentofpeopleages75to79;25percentofthoseages80to84;andabout37percentofpeople85andolder.(美國神經(jīng)病學學會(AmericanAcademyofNeurology)估計，在65歲至69歲的人群中，約有8%的人患有輕度認知障礙；70-74歲的人占10%；15%的人年齡在75到79歲之間；年齡在80到84歲之間的人占25%；大約37%的85歲及以上的人。)”和第五段“Theresearch,whichwasfundedbytheNationalInstituteonAging,recruited107adultsages55to95withmildcognitiveimpairment.(這項研究由美國國家老齡研究所(NationalInstituteonAging)資助，招募了107名年齡在55歲至95歲之間、患有輕度認知障礙的成年人。)”可推知寫第四段是為了說明研究對象的相關情況，故選A?！?9題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段““Ourstudyshowsthatinpeoplewithmildcognitiveimpairment,crosswordpuzzlesbeatthecomputerizedgamesonmultiplemetrics,”saidMuraliDoraiswamy,aco-authorofthestudy.(“我們的研究表明，在輕度認知障礙的人群中，填字游戲在多個指標上都勝過電腦游戲，”該研究的合著者穆拉利·多雷斯瓦米(MuraliDoraiswamy)說。)”可推知填字游戲的效果與認知障礙的嚴重程度有關。故選D。【30題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Moreyearsoffollow-upalsoareneededtodeterminewhetherinterventionssuchascrosswordpuzzlescan“trulypreventdementia,”Doraiswamysaid.(Doraiswamy說，還需要更多年的隨訪來確定填字游戲等干預措施是否能“真正預防癡呆”。)”可知還需要更多年的隨訪來確定填字游戲等干預措施是否能“真正預防癡呆”，也就是時間不足，故選C。DAPerspectivearticlepublishedinNaturethisweeksaysthatAIsystemsposeafurtherrisk:thatresearchersenvisionsuchtoolsaspossessedofsuperhumanabilitieswhenitcomestoobjectivity,productivityandunderstandingcomplexconcepts.ScientistsplanningtouseAI“mustevaluatetheserisksnow,whileAIapplicationsarestillnascent(未成熟的),becausetheywillbemuchmoredifficulttoaddressifAItoolsbecomedeeplyembeddedintheresearchpipeline”,writeco-authorsLisaMesseriandMollyCrockett.Inthisarticle,MesseriandCrockettputtogetherapictureofthewaysinwhichscientistsseeAIsystemsasenhancinghumancapabilities.Inone‘vision’,whichtheycallAIasOracle,researchersseeAItoolsasabletotirelesslyreadanddigestscientificpapers,andsosurveythescientificliteraturemoreexhaustivelythanpeoplecan.InbothOracleandanothervision,calledAIasArbiter,systemsareperceivedasevaluatingscientificfindingsmoreobjectivelythandopeople,becausetheyarelesslikelytocherry-picktheliteraturetosupportadesiredhypothesisortoshowfavouritisminpeerreview.Inathirdvision,AIasQuant,AItoolsseemtosurpassthelimitsofthehumanmindinanalyzingvastandcomplexdata.Inthefourth,AIasSurrogate,AItoolssimulate(模擬)datathataretoodifficultorcomplextoobtain.Informedbyanthropologyandcognitivescience,MesseriandCrockettpredictrisksthatarisefromthesevisions.Oneistheillusionofexplanatorydepth,inwhichpeoplerelyingonanotherperson—or,inthiscase,analgorithm—forknowledgehaveatendencytomistakethatknowledgefortheirownandthinktheirunderstandingisdeeperthanitactuallyis.AnotherriskisthatresearchbecomesskewedtowardsstudyingthekindsofthingthatAIsystemscantest—theresearcherscallthistheillusionofexploratorybreadth.Forexample,insocialscience,thevisionofAIasSurrogatecouldencourageexperimentsinvolvinghumanbehaviorsthatcanbesimulatedbyanAI—anddiscouragethoseonbehaviorsthatcannot,suchasanythingthatrequiresbeingembodiedphysically.There’salsotheillusionofobjectivity,inwhichresearchersseeAIsystemsasrepresentingallpossibleviewpointsornothavingaviewpoint.Infact,thesetoolsreflectonlytheviewpointsfoundinthedatatheyhavebeentrainedon,andareknowntoadoptthebiases(偏見)foundinthosedata.“There’sariskthatweforgetthattherearecertainquestionswejustcan’tanswerabouthumanbeingsusingAItools,”saysCrockett.Theillusionofobjectivityisparticularlyworryinggiventhebenefitsofincludingdiverseviewpointsinresearch.Ifyou’reascientistplanningtouseAI,youcanreducethesedangersthroughanumberofstrategies.Oneistomapyourproposedusetooneofthevisions,andconsiderwhichtrapsyouaremostlikelytofallinto.AnotherapproachistobedeliberateabouthowyouuseAI.DeployingAItoolstosavetimeonsomethingyourteamalreadyhasexpertiseinislessriskythanusingthemtoprovideexpertiseyoujustdon’thave,saysCrockett.31.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichmightscientistsagreewith?A.Humanintelligencecan’tbeovershadowedinanalyzingdata.B.PrejudicehasbeenruledoutbyAItoolsinscientificevaluation.C.Studieswithdesiredhypothesisareusuallyfavoredinpeerreview.D.AIcanconductarelativelythoroughoverviewofthepriorresearch.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“skewed”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Declining. B.Partial. C.Dynamic. D.Irrelevant.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.RelyingonAItofillgapsintheteam’sknowledgeismuchpreferable.B.AIisn’tlimitedtotheoutlookandbiasespresentwithinitstrainingdata.C.InstantactionsmustbetakentorateAI’srisksbeforeitisfullyintegratedintoresearch.D.UserscountingheavilyonAItendtounderestimatetheirinsightofaconcept.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ACallforConsideredUseofAIinScienceB.TheUnseenBiasesofAIinSocialScienceC.AI’sRoleinEnhancingHumanExpertiseD.HowAIIsShapingScientificDiscovery〖答案〗31.D32.B33.C34.A【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。主要討論了人工智能在科學研究中的應用可能帶來的風險，包括對人工智能超人能力的錯覺，以及由此產(chǎn)生的研究偏向和客觀性幻象。作者呼吁科學家人工智能工具尚處于初級階段時評估并應對這些風險，提出通過識別使用人工智能的潛在陷阱和有意識地應用人工智能來減少危險的策略?！?1題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Inone‘vision’,whichtheycallAIasOracle,researchersseeAItoolsasabletotirelesslyreadanddigestscientificpapers,andsosurveythescientificliteraturemoreexhaustivelythanpeoplecan.(在一個“愿景”中，他們將人工智能稱為甲骨文，研究人員認為人工智能工具能夠不知疲倦地閱讀和消化科學論文，因此比人類更詳盡地調查科學文獻。)”以及“Inathirdvision,AIasQuant,AItoolsseemtosurpassthelimitsofthehumanmindinanalyzingvastandcomplexdata.Inthefourth,AIasSurrogate,AItoolssimulate(模擬)datathataretoodifficultorcomplextoobtain.(在第三種愿景中，AIasQuant，人工智能工具在分析龐大而復雜的數(shù)據(jù)方面似乎超越了人類思維的極限。在第四個中，人工智能作為替代物，人工智能工具模擬太難或太復雜而無法獲得的數(shù)據(jù)。)”可知，人工智能工具可以更詳盡地調查科學文獻，分析龐大而復雜的數(shù)據(jù)，并模擬太難或太復雜而無法獲得的數(shù)據(jù)，由此可推知，科學家可能同意的觀點是人工智能能夠對先前的研究進行相對全面的概述。故選D項?！?2題詳析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段“AnotherriskisthatresearchbecomesskewedtowardsstudyingthekindsofthingthatAIsystemscantest—theresearcherscallthistheillusionofexploratorybreadth.(另一個風險是，研究對于研究人工智能系統(tǒng)可以測試的東西變得skewed——研究人員稱之為探索廣度的錯覺。)”可知，研究可能會偏向于人工智能系統(tǒng)能夠