鐵道概論 課件 5- 線(xiàn)路

授課內(nèi)容（英文）：線(xiàn)路Chapter1RailwayLine

鐵路線(xiàn)路是機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛和列車(chē)運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)。鐵路線(xiàn)路是由路基、橋隧建筑物和軌道組成的一個(gè)整體工程結(jié)構(gòu)。

Railwaylineisthebasisoflocomotiveandtrainoperation.Therailwaylineisanintegralstructurecomposedofroadbed,bridgeandtunnelengineeringandrail.roadbedrailsleeperballastbed本章內(nèi)容：§1.1概述§1.2鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面和縱斷面§1.3鐵路路基及橋隧建筑物§1.4軌道§1.5限界Content：1.1Overview1.2Railwaylineplaneandverticalsection1.3Railwayroadbedandbridgebuilding1.4Track1.5Gauge一、鐵路的勘測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)在建筑一條鐵路之前，必須進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究和勘探工作，并從若干個(gè)可供比較的方案中選出一個(gè)最優(yōu)方案來(lái)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。鐵路建設(shè)的三個(gè)階段：

前期工作階段：主要進(jìn)行方案研究、初測(cè)和初步設(shè)計(jì)工作。

基本建設(shè)階段：主要進(jìn)行定測(cè)、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)，最后進(jìn)行工程施工、驗(yàn)交投產(chǎn)。

投資效果反饋：鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)若干年后，有建設(shè)單位會(huì)同有關(guān)部門(mén)，對(duì)工程質(zhì)量、技術(shù)指標(biāo)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等考察驗(yàn)證，以評(píng)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)和施工質(zhì)量?！?.1概述RailwaySurveyanddesignPriortotheconstructionofarailway,investigationandexplorationmustbecarriedout,andanoptimalschemecanbeselectedfromanumberofalternatives.Preliminarywork:themainprogramresearch,preliminarytestandpreliminarydesign.Theconstructionphase:themainmeasurement,technicaldesignandconstructiondesign,thefinalconstruction,inspectionandcommissioning.Investmenteffectfeedback:afterseveralyearsofrailwayoperation,theconstructionunitwiththerelevantdepartmentsevaluate

thequalityoftheproject,technicalindicatorsandeconomicbenefits

soastojudgethequalityofdesignandconstruction.§1.1Overview二、鐵路等級(jí)及主要技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

鐵路主要技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括：正線(xiàn)數(shù)目、限制坡度、最小曲線(xiàn)半徑、牽引種類(lèi)、機(jī)車(chē)類(lèi)型、機(jī)車(chē)交路、車(chē)站分布、到發(fā)線(xiàn)有效長(zhǎng)度和閉塞類(lèi)型等。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是確定鐵路能力大小的決定因素，一條鐵路選用不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)線(xiàn)的工程造價(jià)和運(yùn)營(yíng)質(zhì)量有重大影響，同時(shí)又是確定設(shè)計(jì)線(xiàn)的工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和設(shè)備類(lèi)型的依據(jù)。LinelevelandtechnicalstandardsThemaintechnicalstandardsofrailwayline:the

number,

limitslope,

minimum

curve

radius,

the

station

distribution,

the

effective

length

ofdeparture

line,

traction

type,

locomotive

type,

locomotive

road,

block

type.Thesestandardsaretoidentifythefactorsdeterminingthecapacityofrailway,arailwaywithdifferentstandardshavegreatinfluenceonthequalityoftheconstructioncostandoperationdesignline,anddeterminethedesignlineengineeringstandardsandtypesofequipment.GradeI——Playakeyroleintherailwaynetwork,thelong-termtrafficvolumeisgreaterthanorequalto20Mt。GradeII——Playakeyroleintherailwaynetwork,thelong-termtrafficvolumeislessthan20Mtyears，Orplaythecontact,auxiliaryroleintherailwaynetwork,long-termtrafficvolumeisgreaterthanorequalto10Mt.GradeIII——Foraregionalservice,withthenatureofregionaltransport,long-termtrafficvolumeislessthan10Mt?！?.2鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面和縱斷面鐵路線(xiàn)路在空間的位置是用它的中心線(xiàn)來(lái)表示的。1.2TheplaneandlongitudinalsectionofarailwaylineThepositionofarailwaylineinspaceisrepresentedbyitscenterline.§1.2§1.2鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面和縱斷面railsleeperballastbedroadbedroadshoulder§1.2鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面和縱斷面

線(xiàn)路中心線(xiàn)在水平面上的投影，叫做鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面(俯視)，表明線(xiàn)路的直、曲變化狀態(tài)；線(xiàn)路中心線(xiàn)展直后在鉛垂面上的投影，叫鐵路線(xiàn)路的縱斷面（側(cè)視），表明線(xiàn)路的坡度變化。線(xiàn)路平面線(xiàn)路縱斷面§1.2Thehorizontalplaneprojection

ofcenterlineiscalledtherailwaylineplane(overlooking),whichindicateschangestateofstraightandcurvedline;Theprojectionintheverticalplaneofstraighteningcenterlineiscalledtherailwaylineprofile(sideview),indicatingthelineslopechanges.planelongitudinalsection一、鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面及平面圖線(xiàn)路的平面由直線(xiàn)、曲線(xiàn)（圓曲線(xiàn)及緩和曲線(xiàn)）組成。1、曲線(xiàn)要素

鐵路線(xiàn)路在轉(zhuǎn)向處所設(shè)的曲線(xiàn)，圓曲線(xiàn)基本組成要素有：曲線(xiàn)半徑R，曲線(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)角α，曲線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)L，切線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度T；

緩和曲線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度L0——直線(xiàn)與圓曲線(xiàn)之間的過(guò)渡線(xiàn)。一、鐵路線(xiàn)路的平面及平面圖Theplaneofthelineconsistsofastraightline,acurve(acircularcurveandagentlecurve).1Curveelements

ThebasicelementsofthecircularcurvearecurveradiusR,curveangleα,curvelengthL,tangentlengthT;

TransitioncurvelengthL0-thetransitionlinebetweenthecircularandcurvestraightlineHGF（1）外軌超高

為了平衡離心力，使內(nèi)外兩股鋼軌受力均勻，垂直磨耗均等，旅客不因離心加速度而感到不適，將外軌抬高一定程度。外軌超高3、曲線(xiàn)地段的特點(diǎn)HGF(1)extrarail

Inordertobalancethecentrifugalforce,bothinternalandexternalrailreceiveevenforce,verticalwear,andmakethevisitorsnotfeeluncomfortableduetocentrifugalacceleration,theouterrailiselevatedtoacertainextent.superelevation3Characteristicsofthecurveline

為防止輪對(duì)被軌道楔住或擠翻鋼軌，對(duì)于小半徑曲線(xiàn)的軌距要適當(dāng)加寬(R≤350m時(shí)，≤15mm

)

，以使機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛能順利通過(guò)曲線(xiàn)，并使鋼軌與車(chē)輪間的橫向力最小，減少輪軌間的磨耗。（2）軌距加寬Inordertopreventthewheelsetfrombeingwedgedorpushedovertherail,thegaugeofthesmallradiuscurveshouldbewidenedappropriately(R≤350m≤15mm)sothattherollingstockcansmoothlypassthroughthecurveandmakethegapbetweentherailandthewheelwithinminimumlateralforce,reducingthewearbetweenthewheelandrail.(2)gaugewideningρ=∞ρ=R緩和曲線(xiàn)直線(xiàn)圓曲線(xiàn)為了使列車(chē)安全、平順地由直線(xiàn)運(yùn)行到圓曲線(xiàn)(或由圓曲線(xiàn)運(yùn)行到直線(xiàn)）而在直線(xiàn)與圓曲線(xiàn)之間設(shè)置一個(gè)曲率半徑逐漸變化的曲線(xiàn)稱(chēng)為緩和曲線(xiàn)。4、緩和曲線(xiàn)(1)設(shè)置緩和曲線(xiàn)的原因ρ=∞ρ=R緩和曲線(xiàn)直線(xiàn)圓曲線(xiàn)Inordertomakethetrainsafe,smoothrunningfromthestraightlinetothecircularcurve(orfromthecircularcurvetoastraightline),setacurvaturecurvewithgradualchangebetweenthestraightlineandthecircularcurvewhichiscalledthetransitioncurve.4transitioncurve(1)thereasonsforsettingtransitioncurve275、曲線(xiàn)路段對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)的影響限制列車(chē)運(yùn)行速度；增加輪軌磨耗；增加軌道設(shè)備；增加軌道養(yǎng)護(hù)維修費(fèi)用。285ImpactofthecurvesectiontotheoperationLimitthetrainrunningspeed;Increasewheel/railwear;Increasetrackequipment;Increasetrackmaintenancecost.曲線(xiàn)附加阻力：機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛在曲線(xiàn)上運(yùn)行時(shí)的阻力大于同樣條件下直線(xiàn)上運(yùn)行的阻力，其增大部分叫曲線(xiàn)附加阻力，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)曲線(xiàn)阻力。產(chǎn)生原因：機(jī)車(chē)、車(chē)輛在曲線(xiàn)上運(yùn)行時(shí)，輪軌間的縱向和橫向滑動(dòng)、輪緣與鋼軌內(nèi)側(cè)面的摩擦增加，同時(shí)，由于轉(zhuǎn)向架轉(zhuǎn)向和側(cè)向力作用，上下心盤(pán)等部分摩擦加劇。6、曲線(xiàn)附加阻力

Curveadditionalresistance:locomotivevehiclesrunningonthecurveoftheresistanceisgreaterthanthesameconditions,theresistanceofrunningontheline,theincreaseinpartcalledthecurveofadditionalresistance,referredtoascurveresistance.

Reason:when

locomotives,vehiclesrunningonthecurve,thefrictionbetweentheverticalandhorizontalsliding,theinneredgeofthewheelandtherailincreases,whileduetothesteeringwheelandlateralforce,theupperandlowerpartofthediskfrictionintensifies.6

Curveadditionalresistance

用一定的比例尺，把線(xiàn)路中心線(xiàn)及其兩側(cè)的地面情況投影到水平面上，就是鐵路線(xiàn)路平面圖。線(xiàn)路平面圖和縱斷面圖是鐵路勘測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)、施工和運(yùn)營(yíng)的重要文件。7、鐵路線(xiàn)路平面圖線(xiàn)路平面圖Usingacertainscale,therailwaylineplanistoovershadowthecenterlineandbothsidesofthegroundtothehorizontalplane.Lineplansandprofilesareimportantdocumentsforsurveying,constructingandoperatingtherailway.7

railwaylineplan線(xiàn)路平面圖線(xiàn)路縱斷面由平道、坡道及設(shè)于變坡點(diǎn)處的豎曲線(xiàn)組成。二、鐵路線(xiàn)路的縱斷面及縱斷面圖1、變坡點(diǎn)、坡段、坡度、豎曲線(xiàn)坡度指以坡段終點(diǎn)對(duì)起點(diǎn)的高差與兩點(diǎn)之間水平距離的比值.

用i‰表示。Theverticalsectionofthelineiscomposedofaflattrack,arampandaverticalcurveatthepointofslope.IIthelongitudinalandverticalsectionofrailwaylines1variableslopepoint,slopesegment,slopeandverticalcurveSlopereferstoratiobetweenheightdifferenceandthehorizontaldistancebotharefromtheendoftheslopetothestartingpoint,indicatedbyi‰.坡道坡度及坡道附加阻力示意圖2rampadditionalresistanceQ坡道阻力是機(jī)車(chē)、車(chē)輛的重力沿軌道下坡方向的分力。數(shù)值上=i（N/KN）=i有正負(fù)區(qū)分Schematicdiagramofslopegradientandadditionalresistance2rampadditionalresistanceQRampresistanceiscomponentofthelocomotive’sgravityalongthetrackofthedownhilldirection.Numericalvalueof=i(N/KN)=iTherearepositiveandnegativediscriminations三、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志1、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志的作用

（1）里程標(biāo)(公里標(biāo)、半公里標(biāo))

公里標(biāo)從鐵路線(xiàn)路起點(diǎn)開(kāi)始，每走一公里設(shè)置一個(gè)；半公里標(biāo)設(shè)于線(xiàn)路的半公里處。2、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志的類(lèi)型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)線(xiàn)路的標(biāo)志是為線(xiàn)路的維修和養(yǎng)護(hù)和司機(jī)和車(chē)長(zhǎng)等工作上的需要而設(shè)置的。IIILinesigns1

Roleoflinesigns

1)milestone(kilometermark,halfkilometermark)

Kmmarkisfromtherailwaylinestartingpoint,eachoneissetforeachkilometer;halfamilemarkislocatedinthepointofhalfakilometer.2TypeandlocationofthelinesignsThelinemarkissetforthelinemaintenanceandconservationworkbetweenthedriverandcommander.（2）曲線(xiàn)標(biāo)

為曲線(xiàn)的技術(shù)參數(shù)，在上面標(biāo)明曲線(xiàn)的有關(guān)要素(曲線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度、緩和曲線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度、曲半徑、超高、加寬)。該標(biāo)設(shè)置于圓曲線(xiàn)的中部，示意圖如下：2、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志的類(lèi)型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)Thestandardsettingandthemiddleofthecircularcurve,thediagramisasfollows:2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns

Asthetechnicalparametersofthecurve,itmarkstherelevantelementsofthecurve(curvelength,easecurvelength,radiusofcurvature,high,widening).2)Curvelabels（3）坡度標(biāo)

表示該坡道的坡度大小及坡段長(zhǎng)度，并用箭頭表示上坡和下坡。坡度標(biāo)設(shè)在變坡點(diǎn)處。2、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志的類(lèi)型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)(3)slopestandardRepresentstheslopeoftherampandthelengthoftheslope,anduphillanddownhillareindicatedbyanarrow.Theslopeislocatedattheslopepoint.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns（4）橋梁標(biāo)設(shè)在橋梁中心里程（或橋頭）處，標(biāo)明橋梁編號(hào)和中心里程。2、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志的類(lèi)型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)Locatedatthebridgecentermileage(orbridgehead),itindicatesthebridgenumberandcentermileage.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns(4)bridgestandard（5）管界標(biāo)

設(shè)在鐵路局、工務(wù)段、領(lǐng)工區(qū)、養(yǎng)路工區(qū)、供電段、電力段的管轄地段的分界點(diǎn)處，兩側(cè)標(biāo)明所向的單位名稱(chēng)。2、線(xiàn)路標(biāo)志的類(lèi)型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)(5)Landmarks

Locatedinthedemarcationpointofrailwaybureau,publicworkssection,collarworkarea,roadmaintenancearea,powersupplysection,powersection,bothsidesofitindicatethenameoftheunit.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns

通常，把垂直于線(xiàn)路中心線(xiàn)的路基橫截面稱(chēng)為路基橫斷面，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)路基斷面。按照路基所處的地勢(shì)情況與橫斷面的形狀，路基斷面可以分為6類(lèi)：一、路基的斷面形式

1、路堤

路基設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高高于地面標(biāo)高，用土、石填筑而成的路基。路堤斷面簡(jiǎn)圖

鐵路路基是軌道的基礎(chǔ)，承受并傳遞軌道的重量及列車(chē)的動(dòng)載荷?！?.3鐵路路基及橋隧建筑物

roadbedrailsleeperballastbed§1.3RoadbedandBridgeBuildingRoadbedisthefoundationoftrack；Roadbedbearsthepressureofthetrack,andpasstotheground.ICross-sectionformofroadbedUsually,theverticalcross-sectionoftheroadcenterlinecalledtheroadbedcross-section,referredtoasroadbedcross-section.Inaccordancewiththeroadbedinwhichthesituationandtheshapeofthecross-section,roadbedcross-sectioncanbedividedintosixcategories:

Embankment：Thelinedesignishigherthanthenaturalground,formedbyfilling.Itis

composed

ofthetopofroadbed(includingtheshoulder),slope,berm,andsoilpit(verticaldrainageditch),etc.

路基設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高低于地面標(biāo)高，通過(guò)挖掘而形成的路基。路塹實(shí)物圖

路塹斷面簡(jiǎn)圖一、路基的斷面形式2、路塹

Cutslope

：Thelinedesignislowerthanthenaturalground,formedbyexcavation.Itiscomposedofroadbedtop,sideditch,slope,spoilpileandcutditch.physicalmapCuttingsectiondiagramICross-sectionformofroadbed路基設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高與地面標(biāo)高相同，軌道直接鋪設(shè)在經(jīng)過(guò)處理的天然地面上。半路堤斷面簡(jiǎn)圖不填不挖路基斷面簡(jiǎn)圖4、半路堤在山岳地區(qū)，通過(guò)部分填筑而形成的路基。一、路基的斷面形式3、不填不挖路基

roadbeddesignelevationandgroundelevationisthesame,thetrackislaiddirectlyonthetreatednaturalground.半路堤斷面簡(jiǎn)圖不填不挖路基斷面簡(jiǎn)圖4Halfembankment

Inmountainousareas,theroadbedisformedbypartialfilling.3RoadbedwithoutfillinganddiggingICross-sectionformofroadbedCuttingsectiondiagramCuttingsectiondiagram

5、半路塹

在山岳地區(qū)，通過(guò)部分挖掘而形成的路基。半路塹斷面簡(jiǎn)圖半路塹實(shí)物圖一、路基的斷面形式5halfcutting

Inthemountainousarea,formedbypartialexcavationoftheroadbed。PhysicalpictureICross-sectionformofroadbedCuttingsectiondiagram二、路基的組成路基邊坡

鐵路路基本體組成路基路基本體路基頂面路肩路基附屬設(shè)施2.ComponentsofroadbedroadbedslopeCompositionofroadbedbasicbodyroadbedroadbedbodyroadbedtopsurfaceShoulderroadbedauxiliaryfacilities1、路基頂面

路基頂面即路基的頂部，是鋪設(shè)軌道的工作面。根據(jù)路基頂面形狀，路基頂面的形狀，分為有路拱、無(wú)路拱兩種形式。

路基頂面的寬度是指從路基一側(cè)的路肩邊緣到另一側(cè)路肩邊緣之間的距離。無(wú)路拱路基斷面有路拱路基斷面路基頂面寬度示意圖二、路基的組成1roadbedtopsurfaceItisusedforlayingtracks.

Accordingtothetopshapeoftheroadbed,itisdividedintowithcrownandwithoutcrown.

Thewidthofthetoproadbedisthedistancefromtheedgeoftheshoulderonthesideoftheroadbedtotheedgeoftheothershoulder.AsectionofroadbedwithcrownDiagramofroadbedtopsurfacewidth2.ComponentsofroadbedAsectionofroadbedwithoutcrown2、路肩與路基邊坡路肩：路基頂面兩側(cè)無(wú)道床覆蓋的部分。路基邊坡：路肩邊緣以外的斜坡。路基路肩與邊坡示意圖

路肩的作用：1）抵抗路基核心部分在受壓力時(shí)向外發(fā)生擠動(dòng)、變形，加強(qiáng)路基的穩(wěn)定性；2）防止道渣滾落于路基坡面，保持道床完整；3）便于設(shè)置必要的線(xiàn)路、信號(hào)標(biāo)志；4）供鐵路現(xiàn)場(chǎng)作業(yè)人員行走，便于進(jìn)行工作。二、路基的組成2ShoulderandroadbedslopeShoulder:thetopofroadbedcoveringpartoftheroadonbothsides.Roadbedslope:theoutsideedgeoftheslopeshoulder.Diagramofshoulderandroadbedslope

Theshoulderfunction:1)Helpthecorepartoftheroadbedtoresisttheoutwardextrusion,deformation,strengthenthestabilityoftheroadbed;2)Preventslagfallingontheslopeofroadbed,keeptrackofcomplete;3)Easytosetthenecessarylines,signalsigns;4)Usedfortherailwayfieldoperationspersonneltowalk,easytowork.2.Componentsofroadbed3、路基附屬設(shè)施排水溝

路基附屬設(shè)施的作用：保證路基的強(qiáng)度與穩(wěn)定。

①排水設(shè)施地面排水設(shè)施→匯集地表雨水，引到路基以外。

例如：排水溝（見(jiàn)圖）、截水溝等。地下排水設(shè)施→截?cái)?、疏?dǎo)地下水，排出路基。二、路基的組成3roadbedauxiliaryfacilitiesDrainageditch

①drainagefacilities：Facilitiesforsurfacewater→Bringingtogetherthesurfacerain,leadingtotheoutsideoftheroadbed.E.g.verticalditches,drainageditchandsoonFacilitiesforgroundwater：→Cutoff,dredgegroundwater,dischargefromroadbed.Roleofroadbedauxiliaryfacilitiesistoensurethestrengthandstabilityofroadbed.路基邊坡度沖刷防護(hù)②防護(hù)設(shè)施路基邊坡坡面防護(hù)→增強(qiáng)路基邊坡的抗風(fēng)化能力。

例如：植被防護(hù)、砌石防護(hù)等。路基邊坡沖刷防護(hù)→用于濱河、河灘、水庫(kù)地段防護(hù)。例如：植被防護(hù)、拋石防護(hù)等。3、路基附屬設(shè)施Roadbedslopeerosionprotection②Protectionfacilityslopeprotection→enhancetheweatheringresistanceofroadbedslope

Forexample:vegetationprotection,masonryprotection.slopeerosionprotection→forflood,reservoirprotection,riversidearea.Forexample:vegetationprotection,riprapprotection,etc.3roadbedauxiliaryfacilities擋土墻加固工程通過(guò)修建加固結(jié)構(gòu)物或其它措施，使路基獲得穩(wěn)定。

例如：擋土墻、扶壁、擋棚等。山體擋棚3、路基附屬設(shè)施Retainingwall

strengthentheconstructionofreinforcedstructuresorothermeasurestoensurethestabilityoftheroadbed.Forexample:retainingwall,buttress,

stopshedMountainstopshed3roadbedauxiliaryfacilities

橋梁，在鐵路架空的部位承托軌道。內(nèi)昆線(xiàn)金沙江大橋三、橋梁Bridge

isusedtosupportrailintheoverheadpartsofrailway.NeikunlineJingshajiangBridgeIIIBridge1、橋梁的作用與分類(lèi)作用：供鐵路線(xiàn)路跨越水流、山谷或其它建筑物的設(shè)施?？缭胶恿鳌绾訕?。跨越山谷——跨谷橋。跨越鐵路、公路——跨線(xiàn)橋?？缭绞袇^(qū)、工業(yè)區(qū)、農(nóng)作物區(qū)——旱橋?？绾訕?隴海線(xiàn)渭河橋)1Roleandclassification

ofthebridge橋梁的型式很多，根據(jù)橋梁受力情況，分為5類(lèi)：梁橋、拱橋、剛架橋、懸橋和組合體系橋等。Role:Afacilityforarailwaylinethatspanswater,valleys,orotherbuildings.Acrosstheriver-acrosstheriverbridge.Acrossthevalley-acrossthevalleybridge.Acrosstherailway,highway–overpassbridge.Acrosstheurbanareas,industrialareas,cropareas-drybridge.acrosstheriverbridge(LonghailineWeihebridge)Bridge,accordingtothebridgeforce,isdividedintofivecategories:beambridge,archbridge,rigidframebridge,suspensionbridgeandcombinationsystembridge.1Roleandclassification

ofthebridge跨谷橋(南昆線(xiàn)八渡3號(hào)大橋)

旱橋(西康線(xiàn))跨線(xiàn)橋acrossthevalleybridge(NankunlineBaduNO.3bridge)

drybridge(Xikangline)overpassbridge跨河橋組成部分簡(jiǎn)單圖

2、橋梁組成結(jié)構(gòu)我們以跨河橋?yàn)槔?，其組成部分為：橋面、橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)；橋墩、橋臺(tái)；墩臺(tái)及基礎(chǔ)。

橋梁由上部結(jié)構(gòu)（橋跨）和下部結(jié)構(gòu)（橋墩、橋臺(tái)、墩臺(tái)基礎(chǔ)）組成。軌道傳來(lái)的力，通過(guò)橋墩、橋臺(tái)、基礎(chǔ)，傳遞至基底面上。simplegraphofbridgeacrosstheriver

2

StructureofbridgeWetakethebridgeacrosstheriverasanexample,thecomponentsare:bridgedeck,bridgespanstructure;pier,abutment;pierandfoundation

Bridgeiscomposedbythesuperstructure(bridgespan)andthelowerstructure(piers,abutments,pierfoundation).Theforcefromthetrack,throughthepier,abutment,foundation,passestothebasesurface.

隧道，鐵路穿越山嶺所開(kāi)鑿的地下通道。其底部承托著軌道，四周承受著圍巖的壓力。隧道也可以代替橋梁，從河道、海峽下穿過(guò)，即水下隧道。內(nèi)昆線(xiàn)安邊2號(hào)隧道四、隧道Tunnel:

Anundergroundtunnelcutthroughamountain.Itsbottomsupportstheorbitandbearsthepressureofthesurroundingrock.Tunnelcanalsoreplacethebridge,passingfromtheriverandchannel,thatis,underwatertunnel.內(nèi)昆線(xiàn)安邊2號(hào)隧道IVTunnel1、隧道的基本組成

隧道是修筑在地層內(nèi)的建筑物，鐵路隧道結(jié)構(gòu)由主體建筑物和附屬建筑物組成。

主體建筑物——洞門(mén)、洞身襯砌。作用是保持隧道的穩(wěn)定，保證列車(chē)的安全運(yùn)行。

附屬建筑物——避車(chē)洞、防排水設(shè)施、通風(fēng)設(shè)施。為隧道安全、養(yǎng)護(hù)與維修隧道的需要而設(shè)置。1Basiccomponentsoftunnel

Thetunnelisbuiltintheformationofthebuilding,therailwaytunnelstructureiscomposedbythemainbuildingandattachedbuildings.

Themainbuilding–holegate,holelining.Theroleistomaintainthestabilityofthetunneltoensurethesafeoperationofthetrain.

Attachedbuildings-avoidingcavitation,drainagefacilities,andventilationfacilities.It’ssetforthetunnelsafety,maintenanceandmaintenanceneeds.大瑤山隧道洞門(mén)秦嶺隧道的洞身襯砌1、隧道的基本組成大瑤山隧道洞門(mén)秦嶺隧道的洞身襯砌1Basiccomponentsoftunnel

涵洞，設(shè)置在路基下的過(guò)水建筑物。設(shè)在路堤下面的填土中，是用以通過(guò)水流的一種建筑物。承受通過(guò)路基傳來(lái)的動(dòng)力載荷，以及路基土體的土壓力。涵洞五、涵洞

Culvertislocatedintheunderwaterbuildingsunderroadbed.Setinthefillingbelowtheembankment,isusedtoflowthroughabuilding.Towithstandthepowerloadcomingfromtheroadbed,andtheearthpressureofthesubgradesoil.涵洞VCulvert鋼軌§1.4軌道一、軌道的組成及作用防爬設(shè)備軌枕道床聯(lián)結(jié)零件道岔Wheelset§1.4Track1CompositionandroleoftrackAnticlimbingequipmentsleeperballastConnectingpartsturnout作用：軌道起著機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛運(yùn)行的導(dǎo)向作用，直接承受由車(chē)輪傳來(lái)的巨大壓力，并把它傳遞給路基或橋隧建筑物。Role:trackofthelocomotivevehiclesplaysaguidingrole,directlybearstheenormouspressurefromthewheel,andpassesittotheroadbedorbridgeandtunnelconstruction.

1）支承和引導(dǎo)車(chē)輪；2）為車(chē)輪滾動(dòng)提供阻力較小的表面；3）承受車(chē)輪的作用力并傳布于軌枕；4）在電氣化鐵路和自動(dòng)閉塞區(qū)段，作為軌道電路使用。1.鋼軌的功用二、鋼軌2.鋼軌的特點(diǎn)鋼軌的作用要求它應(yīng)當(dāng)具備足夠的剛度、韌度、硬度、頂面粗糙等特點(diǎn)。

剛度——抵抗由動(dòng)荷載引起的撓曲變形；韌度——防止動(dòng)荷載引起鋼軌折斷；

硬度——防止被車(chē)輪壓陷或磨損太快；

頂面粗糙度——有利于機(jī)車(chē)的牽引力、制動(dòng)力的實(shí)現(xiàn)。1)supportingandguidingthewheels;

2)providinglessresistancetorollingofthewheelsurface;

3)bearingtheforceofthewheelandspreadinthesleeper;

4)usedintheelectrifiedrailwayandautomaticblocksectorasatrackcircuit.1.Functionofrail：Rail2.

Characteristicsofrail：Theroleoftherailrequiresitshouldhavesufficientrigidity,toughness,hardness,rough

topsurfaceandsoon.Stiffness-Resistancetodeflectionduetodynamicloads;

Toughness-topreventdynamicloadcausedbyrailbreak;

Hardness-topreventthewheeldepressedorweartoofast;

Topsurfaceroughness-isconducivetolocomotivetraction,brakingforcetoachieve

作用于直線(xiàn)軌道鋼軌上的力主要豎直力，其結(jié)果使鋼軌撓曲，為了使鋼軌具有最佳的抗撓曲性能，鋼軌采用“工”字形斷面，由軌頭、軌腰和軌底組成。

為使鋼軌更好承受來(lái)自各方面的力，鋼軌應(yīng)具有一定高度；軌頭為適應(yīng)輪軌接觸，應(yīng)大而厚，并具有足夠面積；為保證穩(wěn)定性，軌底應(yīng)有足夠?qū)挾群鸵欢ê穸取?、鋼軌斷面

Themainverticalforceactingontherailsofthestraighttrackresultsindeflectionoftherails.Inordertogivetherailsoptimumresistancetoflexing,therailsareformedina"I"cross-sectionconsistingofrailhead,railwaistandrailbottom.

Fortherailtobetterwithstandtheforcefromallsides,therailshouldhaveacertainheight;inordertomeetthewheelandrailcontact,railheadshouldbelargeandthick,andhavesufficientarea;toensurestability,therailbottomshouldhavesufficientwidthandacertainthickness.3

Railsection

在我國(guó)，鋼軌的類(lèi)型以每米長(zhǎng)度的大致質(zhì)量的kg整數(shù)（kg/m）表示，現(xiàn)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼軌類(lèi)型有：75kg/m

、60kg/m

、50kg/m

等。4、鋼軌類(lèi)型及長(zhǎng)度我國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼軌長(zhǎng)度為12.5及25m兩種。

為使鋼軌接頭對(duì)接，曲線(xiàn)內(nèi)股應(yīng)使用廠制縮短軌。12.5m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌的縮短量為40mm，80mm，120mm三種；25m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌的縮短量為40mm，80mm，160mm三種。4ThetypesandlengthofrailInChina,thetypeofrailisexpressedinthekg(kg/m)oftheapproximatemasspermeter.Currentstandardrailtype:50

kg/m,60kg/m,and75kg/m.Railsaredividedinto12.5m,25maccordingtothestandardlength.Inordertomaketherailjointsbutttobutt,theinnerpartofthecurveshouldusetheshortenedrail.Shorteninglengthfor12.5mstandardrailis40mm,80mm,120mm;shorteninglengthfor25mstandardrailis40mm,80mm,160mm.5、軌縫

普通軌道為適應(yīng)鋼軌熱脹冷縮的需要，鋼軌接頭處必須留有一定的縫隙。預(yù)留軌縫不應(yīng)太小，以免高溫時(shí)鋼軌伸長(zhǎng)而無(wú)伸長(zhǎng)余地；軌縫也不應(yīng)太大，以免低溫時(shí)鋼軌縮短，縫隙過(guò)大，嚴(yán)重影響運(yùn)行。5Railjoint

Commontrackinordertomeettheneedsofrailthermalexpansionandcontraction,itsrailjointsmustleaveacertaingap.Thetrackshouldnotbetoosmall,soastoavoidhightemperaturerailelongationwithoutelongation;railjointsshouldnotbetoolarge,soastoavoidshorteningwhentherailtemperature;ifthegapistoolarge,itwillseriouslyaffecttheoperation.——無(wú)縫線(xiàn)路

將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)長(zhǎng)度的鋼軌焊接成為長(zhǎng)鋼軌的軌道。我國(guó)一般采用25m的鋼軌先在焊軌廠焊成250～500m的長(zhǎng)軌條，然后再運(yùn)到鋪軌地點(diǎn)，再焊成1000～2000m的長(zhǎng)軌條或按設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行鋪設(shè)。無(wú)縫線(xiàn)路由于消除了鋼軌接縫，因而具有行車(chē)平穩(wěn)、機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛及軌道維修費(fèi)用低、使用壽命長(zhǎng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)?！狫ointlesstrack

Standard-lengthrailsareweldedtotherailsoflongrails.Chinagenerallyuses25mofrailfirstintheweldingrailfactoryintoa250~500mlongrail,andthentransportedtothelayingsite,andthenweldedintoalengthof1000~2000moftherailorbydesignlengthlaying.Seamlessrailduetotheeliminationoftherailjoints,whichhasthecharactersofsmoothride,rollingstockandtrackmaintenancecostslow,longlifeandsoon.

1)承受鋼軌的垂直力、水平力。2)傳遞這二力給道床和路基。3)保持鋼軌方向、位置、軌距。三、軌枕1、軌枕的功用

堅(jiān)固耐久、具有彈性、造價(jià)合理、制造維修方便。2、軌枕的特點(diǎn)Functionofsleeper：1)Beartheverticalandhorizontalforceofrail2)Transferpressure；3)Maintaintherailposition,fixedgauge.Sleeper

Durable,flexible,reasonablecost,easymaintenance.2

Characteristicsofrail按制作材料分，有鋼筋混凝土枕和木枕兩種。木枕

鋼筋混凝土軌枕

3、軌枕的分類(lèi)按用途分，有普通軌枕、岔枕和橋枕。我國(guó)鐵路所使用的主要是預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土枕。① Accordingtothematerial：Woodensleeperandreinforcedconcretesleeper木枕

鋼筋混凝土軌枕

3Sleepers’classification

② Accordingtotheuses：Ordinarysleeper,switchtieandbridgesleeper;TheprestressedconcretesleeperisusedinChinarailway.

（1）每千米配置軌枕根數(shù)我國(guó)鐵路規(guī)定：木枕軌道：1440~1920混凝土枕軌道：1440~1840配置軌枕數(shù)示意圖4

sleeperarrangement符合左下側(cè)條件之一的地段，軌道應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)，即每千米的軌枕數(shù)需要增加。

1)混凝土枕軌道上，半徑小于600米的曲線(xiàn)地段；或木枕軌道、電力牽引線(xiàn)路，半徑小于800米的曲線(xiàn)地段。2)坡度大于12‰的下坡制動(dòng)地段。3)長(zhǎng)度大于等于300米的隧道地段。木枕增加160根混凝土增加80根；當(dāng)條件重合時(shí)，只增加一次，并且不能超過(guò)數(shù)目最大值。

(1)theallocationofsleeperrootnumberperkilometerChinaRailwayregulations:Sleepertrack:1440~1920Concretesleepertrack:1440~1840ConfigurationdiagramofsleepernumberInareaswithoneofthelowerleftsideconditions,thetrackshouldbestrengthened,iethenumberofsleepersperkilometerneedstobeincreased.1)Curvedsectionswitharadiuswhichislessthan600metersontheconcretepillowtrack;orwoodenpillowrails,electrictractionlines,curvilinearsectionswithradiuswhichislessthan800meters.

2)theslopeisgreaterthan12‰ofthedownhillbrakingarea.

3)thelengthofthetunnelisequalto300metersormoreWoodpillowincreasedby160

Concreteincreasedby80;

Whentheconditionsoverlap,onlyincreaseonce,andcannotexceedthemaximumnumber.4

sleeperarrangement兩節(jié)鋼軌的末端，用接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)。四、鋼軌聯(lián)結(jié)零件1、接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)零件分為接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件和中間聯(lián)結(jié)扣件。鋼軌的接頭連接過(guò)程兩節(jié)鋼軌的末端，用接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)。接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件1、接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)零件分為接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件和中間聯(lián)結(jié)扣件?？梢苑譃椋耗菊砺?lián)結(jié)扣件和混凝土枕聯(lián)結(jié)扣件。2、中間聯(lián)結(jié)扣件把鋼軌與軌枕牢固地聯(lián)結(jié)起來(lái)，以確保鋼軌位置穩(wěn)定。我國(guó)木枕軌道地段中間聯(lián)結(jié)方式主要有混合式和分開(kāi)式。IVConnectingpartsfittingconnectingpart四、鋼軌聯(lián)結(jié)零件Types：Woodenpillowfastener,cementpillowfastener。2intermediateconnectingfastenerTherailandsleeperfirmlyconnectinordertoensurethestabilityofrailposition.

China'srailsleepersectionlinkingwaysmainlyaremixedandseparated.1

fittingconnectingpart

道床鋪設(shè)在路基面上的石碴（道碴）墊層，介于軌枕與路基之間，是軌道的重要組成部分。五、道床1、道床的功用與材料選擇道床斷面

1）承受來(lái)自軌枕的壓力，均勻的傳遞到路基；2）固定軌枕的位置，阻止軌枕縱向或橫向移動(dòng)，保持軌道的穩(wěn)定；3）提供軌道彈性，緩和機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛輪對(duì)對(duì)鋼軌的沖擊；4）提供良好的排水性能，減少路基病害；便于軌道養(yǎng)護(hù)維修作業(yè)。碎石道床示意圖

以碎石、礦渣、沙子等為材質(zhì)構(gòu)成的碎石道床，滿(mǎn)足以上5點(diǎn)要求，價(jià)廉物美，是我國(guó)目前使用最廣泛的道床類(lèi)型。

Ballast

bedlayingintheroadbedsurfaceoftheballast(ballast)cushion,betweenthesleeperandtheroadbed,isanimportantpartoftherail.VBallastbed（ballastlayer）1Thefunctionandthematerialselectionoftheballastcross-sectionofroadbed1)withstandthepressurefromthesleeper,evenlypassedtotheroadbed;

2)fixthepositionofthesleepertopreventverticalorhorizontalsleepermovement,tomaintainthestabilityofthetrack;

3)provideorbitalflexibility,toalleviatetheimpactofrailvehiclewheelsontherail;

4)providegooddrainageperformance,reduceroadbeddisease;easytotrackmaintenanceoperations.SchematicdiagramofballastTheballastwhichiscomposedofgravel,slag,sandandothermaterialsmeettheaboverequirementsof5points,itiscurrentlythemostwidelyusedbedtype.

機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，常常需要由一條線(xiàn)路轉(zhuǎn)入另一條線(xiàn)路，或跨越其它線(xiàn)路。在就需要設(shè)置線(xiàn)路的連接與交叉設(shè)備，即道岔。

道岔是鐵路軌道的重要組成部分。由于道岔數(shù)量多、使用壽命短、限制列車(chē)速度、行車(chē)安全性低，與曲線(xiàn)、接頭并稱(chēng)為軌道的三大薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。八、道岔Locomotivevehiclesinoperationoftenneedtobetransferredfromonelinetoanotherline,oracrossotherlines.Lineconnectionandcrossoverequipmentaresettomeettheneed,thatis,turnout.

Turnoutisanimportantpartofrailwaytrack.Duetothelargenumberofturnout,shortservicelife,limitspeedofthetrain,lowsafetyofthetrain,togetherwithcurveandthejointareknownasthethreeweaklinksoftherail.VIIITurnout②對(duì)稱(chēng)道岔

整個(gè)道岔對(duì)稱(chēng)于主線(xiàn)的中線(xiàn)或轍叉角的中分線(xiàn)，列車(chē)通過(guò)時(shí)無(wú)直向及側(cè)向之分。

對(duì)稱(chēng)道岔增大導(dǎo)曲線(xiàn)半徑，提高側(cè)線(xiàn)通過(guò)速度，并可縮短站場(chǎng)長(zhǎng)度。②equilateralturnoutTheturnoutissymmetricaltothemidlineofmainlimeorcrossingangle,whenthetrainpassesthereisnotdiscriminationofdirectsideandlateralside.

Symmetricalturnoutincreasestheradiusoftheguidecurvetoimprovethesidelinethroughthespeed,and