鐵道概論 課件 5- 線路

授課內(nèi)容（英文）：線路Chapter1RailwayLine

鐵路線路是機(jī)車車輛和列車運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)。鐵路線路是由路基、橋隧建筑物和軌道組成的一個(gè)整體工程結(jié)構(gòu)。

Railwaylineisthebasisoflocomotiveandtrainoperation.Therailwaylineisanintegralstructurecomposedofroadbed,bridgeandtunnelengineeringandrail.roadbedrailsleeperballastbed本章內(nèi)容：§1.1概述§1.2鐵路線路的平面和縱斷面§1.3鐵路路基及橋隧建筑物§1.4軌道§1.5限界Content：1.1Overview1.2Railwaylineplaneandverticalsection1.3Railwayroadbedandbridgebuilding1.4Track1.5Gauge一、鐵路的勘測設(shè)計(jì)在建筑一條鐵路之前，必須進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究和勘探工作，并從若干個(gè)可供比較的方案中選出一個(gè)最優(yōu)方案來進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。鐵路建設(shè)的三個(gè)階段：

前期工作階段：主要進(jìn)行方案研究、初測和初步設(shè)計(jì)工作。

基本建設(shè)階段：主要進(jìn)行定測、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)，最后進(jìn)行工程施工、驗(yàn)交投產(chǎn)。

投資效果反饋：鐵路運(yùn)營若干年后，有建設(shè)單位會(huì)同有關(guān)部門，對(duì)工程質(zhì)量、技術(shù)指標(biāo)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等考察驗(yàn)證，以評(píng)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)和施工質(zhì)量?！?.1概述RailwaySurveyanddesignPriortotheconstructionofarailway,investigationandexplorationmustbecarriedout,andanoptimalschemecanbeselectedfromanumberofalternatives.Preliminarywork:themainprogramresearch,preliminarytestandpreliminarydesign.Theconstructionphase:themainmeasurement,technicaldesignandconstructiondesign,thefinalconstruction,inspectionandcommissioning.Investmenteffectfeedback:afterseveralyearsofrailwayoperation,theconstructionunitwiththerelevantdepartmentsevaluate

thequalityoftheproject,technicalindicatorsandeconomicbenefits

soastojudgethequalityofdesignandconstruction.§1.1Overview二、鐵路等級(jí)及主要技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

鐵路主要技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括：正線數(shù)目、限制坡度、最小曲線半徑、牽引種類、機(jī)車類型、機(jī)車交路、車站分布、到發(fā)線有效長度和閉塞類型等。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是確定鐵路能力大小的決定因素，一條鐵路選用不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)線的工程造價(jià)和運(yùn)營質(zhì)量有重大影響，同時(shí)又是確定設(shè)計(jì)線的工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和設(shè)備類型的依據(jù)。LinelevelandtechnicalstandardsThemaintechnicalstandardsofrailwayline:the

number,

limitslope,

minimum

curve

radius,

the

station

distribution,

the

effective

length

ofdeparture

line,

traction

type,

locomotive

type,

locomotive

road,

block

type.Thesestandardsaretoidentifythefactorsdeterminingthecapacityofrailway,arailwaywithdifferentstandardshavegreatinfluenceonthequalityoftheconstructioncostandoperationdesignline,anddeterminethedesignlineengineeringstandardsandtypesofequipment.GradeI——Playakeyroleintherailwaynetwork,thelong-termtrafficvolumeisgreaterthanorequalto20Mt。GradeII——Playakeyroleintherailwaynetwork,thelong-termtrafficvolumeislessthan20Mtyears，Orplaythecontact,auxiliaryroleintherailwaynetwork,long-termtrafficvolumeisgreaterthanorequalto10Mt.GradeIII——Foraregionalservice,withthenatureofregionaltransport,long-termtrafficvolumeislessthan10Mt?！?.2鐵路線路的平面和縱斷面鐵路線路在空間的位置是用它的中心線來表示的。1.2TheplaneandlongitudinalsectionofarailwaylineThepositionofarailwaylineinspaceisrepresentedbyitscenterline.§1.2§1.2鐵路線路的平面和縱斷面railsleeperballastbedroadbedroadshoulder§1.2鐵路線路的平面和縱斷面

線路中心線在水平面上的投影，叫做鐵路線路的平面(俯視)，表明線路的直、曲變化狀態(tài)；線路中心線展直后在鉛垂面上的投影，叫鐵路線路的縱斷面（側(cè)視），表明線路的坡度變化。線路平面線路縱斷面§1.2Thehorizontalplaneprojection

ofcenterlineiscalledtherailwaylineplane(overlooking),whichindicateschangestateofstraightandcurvedline;Theprojectionintheverticalplaneofstraighteningcenterlineiscalledtherailwaylineprofile(sideview),indicatingthelineslopechanges.planelongitudinalsection一、鐵路線路的平面及平面圖線路的平面由直線、曲線（圓曲線及緩和曲線）組成。1、曲線要素

鐵路線路在轉(zhuǎn)向處所設(shè)的曲線，圓曲線基本組成要素有：曲線半徑R，曲線轉(zhuǎn)角α，曲線長L，切線長度T；

緩和曲線長度L0——直線與圓曲線之間的過渡線。一、鐵路線路的平面及平面圖Theplaneofthelineconsistsofastraightline,acurve(acircularcurveandagentlecurve).1Curveelements

ThebasicelementsofthecircularcurvearecurveradiusR,curveangleα,curvelengthL,tangentlengthT;

TransitioncurvelengthL0-thetransitionlinebetweenthecircularandcurvestraightlineHGF（1）外軌超高

為了平衡離心力，使內(nèi)外兩股鋼軌受力均勻，垂直磨耗均等，旅客不因離心加速度而感到不適，將外軌抬高一定程度。外軌超高3、曲線地段的特點(diǎn)HGF(1)extrarail

Inordertobalancethecentrifugalforce,bothinternalandexternalrailreceiveevenforce,verticalwear,andmakethevisitorsnotfeeluncomfortableduetocentrifugalacceleration,theouterrailiselevatedtoacertainextent.superelevation3Characteristicsofthecurveline

為防止輪對(duì)被軌道楔住或擠翻鋼軌，對(duì)于小半徑曲線的軌距要適當(dāng)加寬(R≤350m時(shí)，≤15mm

)

，以使機(jī)車車輛能順利通過曲線，并使鋼軌與車輪間的橫向力最小，減少輪軌間的磨耗。（2）軌距加寬Inordertopreventthewheelsetfrombeingwedgedorpushedovertherail,thegaugeofthesmallradiuscurveshouldbewidenedappropriately(R≤350m≤15mm)sothattherollingstockcansmoothlypassthroughthecurveandmakethegapbetweentherailandthewheelwithinminimumlateralforce,reducingthewearbetweenthewheelandrail.(2)gaugewideningρ=∞ρ=R緩和曲線直線圓曲線為了使列車安全、平順地由直線運(yùn)行到圓曲線(或由圓曲線運(yùn)行到直線）而在直線與圓曲線之間設(shè)置一個(gè)曲率半徑逐漸變化的曲線稱為緩和曲線。4、緩和曲線(1)設(shè)置緩和曲線的原因ρ=∞ρ=R緩和曲線直線圓曲線Inordertomakethetrainsafe,smoothrunningfromthestraightlinetothecircularcurve(orfromthecircularcurvetoastraightline),setacurvaturecurvewithgradualchangebetweenthestraightlineandthecircularcurvewhichiscalledthetransitioncurve.4transitioncurve(1)thereasonsforsettingtransitioncurve275、曲線路段對(duì)運(yùn)營的影響限制列車運(yùn)行速度；增加輪軌磨耗；增加軌道設(shè)備；增加軌道養(yǎng)護(hù)維修費(fèi)用。285ImpactofthecurvesectiontotheoperationLimitthetrainrunningspeed;Increasewheel/railwear;Increasetrackequipment;Increasetrackmaintenancecost.曲線附加阻力：機(jī)車車輛在曲線上運(yùn)行時(shí)的阻力大于同樣條件下直線上運(yùn)行的阻力，其增大部分叫曲線附加阻力，簡稱曲線阻力。產(chǎn)生原因：機(jī)車、車輛在曲線上運(yùn)行時(shí)，輪軌間的縱向和橫向滑動(dòng)、輪緣與鋼軌內(nèi)側(cè)面的摩擦增加，同時(shí)，由于轉(zhuǎn)向架轉(zhuǎn)向和側(cè)向力作用，上下心盤等部分摩擦加劇。6、曲線附加阻力

Curveadditionalresistance:locomotivevehiclesrunningonthecurveoftheresistanceisgreaterthanthesameconditions,theresistanceofrunningontheline,theincreaseinpartcalledthecurveofadditionalresistance,referredtoascurveresistance.

Reason:when

locomotives,vehiclesrunningonthecurve,thefrictionbetweentheverticalandhorizontalsliding,theinneredgeofthewheelandtherailincreases,whileduetothesteeringwheelandlateralforce,theupperandlowerpartofthediskfrictionintensifies.6

Curveadditionalresistance

用一定的比例尺，把線路中心線及其兩側(cè)的地面情況投影到水平面上，就是鐵路線路平面圖。線路平面圖和縱斷面圖是鐵路勘測設(shè)計(jì)、施工和運(yùn)營的重要文件。7、鐵路線路平面圖線路平面圖Usingacertainscale,therailwaylineplanistoovershadowthecenterlineandbothsidesofthegroundtothehorizontalplane.Lineplansandprofilesareimportantdocumentsforsurveying,constructingandoperatingtherailway.7

railwaylineplan線路平面圖線路縱斷面由平道、坡道及設(shè)于變坡點(diǎn)處的豎曲線組成。二、鐵路線路的縱斷面及縱斷面圖1、變坡點(diǎn)、坡段、坡度、豎曲線坡度指以坡段終點(diǎn)對(duì)起點(diǎn)的高差與兩點(diǎn)之間水平距離的比值.

用i‰表示。Theverticalsectionofthelineiscomposedofaflattrack,arampandaverticalcurveatthepointofslope.IIthelongitudinalandverticalsectionofrailwaylines1variableslopepoint,slopesegment,slopeandverticalcurveSlopereferstoratiobetweenheightdifferenceandthehorizontaldistancebotharefromtheendoftheslopetothestartingpoint,indicatedbyi‰.坡道坡度及坡道附加阻力示意圖2rampadditionalresistanceQ坡道阻力是機(jī)車、車輛的重力沿軌道下坡方向的分力。數(shù)值上=i（N/KN）=i有正負(fù)區(qū)分Schematicdiagramofslopegradientandadditionalresistance2rampadditionalresistanceQRampresistanceiscomponentofthelocomotive’sgravityalongthetrackofthedownhilldirection.Numericalvalueof=i(N/KN)=iTherearepositiveandnegativediscriminations三、線路標(biāo)志1、線路標(biāo)志的作用

（1）里程標(biāo)(公里標(biāo)、半公里標(biāo))

公里標(biāo)從鐵路線路起點(diǎn)開始，每走一公里設(shè)置一個(gè)；半公里標(biāo)設(shè)于線路的半公里處。2、線路標(biāo)志的類型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)線路的標(biāo)志是為線路的維修和養(yǎng)護(hù)和司機(jī)和車長等工作上的需要而設(shè)置的。IIILinesigns1

Roleoflinesigns

1)milestone(kilometermark,halfkilometermark)

Kmmarkisfromtherailwaylinestartingpoint,eachoneissetforeachkilometer;halfamilemarkislocatedinthepointofhalfakilometer.2TypeandlocationofthelinesignsThelinemarkissetforthelinemaintenanceandconservationworkbetweenthedriverandcommander.（2）曲線標(biāo)

為曲線的技術(shù)參數(shù)，在上面標(biāo)明曲線的有關(guān)要素(曲線長度、緩和曲線長度、曲半徑、超高、加寬)。該標(biāo)設(shè)置于圓曲線的中部，示意圖如下：2、線路標(biāo)志的類型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)Thestandardsettingandthemiddleofthecircularcurve,thediagramisasfollows:2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns

Asthetechnicalparametersofthecurve,itmarkstherelevantelementsofthecurve(curvelength,easecurvelength,radiusofcurvature,high,widening).2)Curvelabels（3）坡度標(biāo)

表示該坡道的坡度大小及坡段長度，并用箭頭表示上坡和下坡。坡度標(biāo)設(shè)在變坡點(diǎn)處。2、線路標(biāo)志的類型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)(3)slopestandardRepresentstheslopeoftherampandthelengthoftheslope,anduphillanddownhillareindicatedbyanarrow.Theslopeislocatedattheslopepoint.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns（4）橋梁標(biāo)設(shè)在橋梁中心里程（或橋頭）處，標(biāo)明橋梁編號(hào)和中心里程。2、線路標(biāo)志的類型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)Locatedatthebridgecentermileage(orbridgehead),itindicatesthebridgenumberandcentermileage.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns(4)bridgestandard（5）管界標(biāo)

設(shè)在鐵路局、工務(wù)段、領(lǐng)工區(qū)、養(yǎng)路工區(qū)、供電段、電力段的管轄地段的分界點(diǎn)處，兩側(cè)標(biāo)明所向的單位名稱。2、線路標(biāo)志的類型及設(shè)置地點(diǎn)(5)Landmarks

Locatedinthedemarcationpointofrailwaybureau,publicworkssection,collarworkarea,roadmaintenancearea,powersupplysection,powersection,bothsidesofitindicatethenameoftheunit.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns

通常，把垂直于線路中心線的路基橫截面稱為路基橫斷面，簡稱路基斷面。按照路基所處的地勢情況與橫斷面的形狀，路基斷面可以分為6類：一、路基的斷面形式

1、路堤

路基設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高高于地面標(biāo)高，用土、石填筑而成的路基。路堤斷面簡圖

鐵路路基是軌道的基礎(chǔ)，承受并傳遞軌道的重量及列車的動(dòng)載荷。§1.3鐵路路基及橋隧建筑物

roadbedrailsleeperballastbed§1.3RoadbedandBridgeBuildingRoadbedisthefoundationoftrack；Roadbedbearsthepressureofthetrack,andpasstotheground.ICross-sectionformofroadbedUsually,theverticalcross-sectionoftheroadcenterlinecalledtheroadbedcross-section,referredtoasroadbedcross-section.Inaccordancewiththeroadbedinwhichthesituationandtheshapeofthecross-section,roadbedcross-sectioncanbedividedintosixcategories:

Embankment：Thelinedesignishigherthanthenaturalground,formedbyfilling.Itis

composed

ofthetopofroadbed(includingtheshoulder),slope,berm,andsoilpit(verticaldrainageditch),etc.

路基設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高低于地面標(biāo)高，通過挖掘而形成的路基。路塹實(shí)物圖

路塹斷面簡圖一、路基的斷面形式2、路塹

Cutslope

：Thelinedesignislowerthanthenaturalground,formedbyexcavation.Itiscomposedofroadbedtop,sideditch,slope,spoilpileandcutditch.physicalmapCuttingsectiondiagramICross-sectionformofroadbed路基設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)高與地面標(biāo)高相同，軌道直接鋪設(shè)在經(jīng)過處理的天然地面上。半路堤斷面簡圖不填不挖路基斷面簡圖4、半路堤在山岳地區(qū)，通過部分填筑而形成的路基。一、路基的斷面形式3、不填不挖路基

roadbeddesignelevationandgroundelevationisthesame,thetrackislaiddirectlyonthetreatednaturalground.半路堤斷面簡圖不填不挖路基斷面簡圖4Halfembankment

Inmountainousareas,theroadbedisformedbypartialfilling.3RoadbedwithoutfillinganddiggingICross-sectionformofroadbedCuttingsectiondiagramCuttingsectiondiagram

5、半路塹

在山岳地區(qū)，通過部分挖掘而形成的路基。半路塹斷面簡圖半路塹實(shí)物圖一、路基的斷面形式5halfcutting

Inthemountainousarea,formedbypartialexcavationoftheroadbed。PhysicalpictureICross-sectionformofroadbedCuttingsectiondiagram二、路基的組成路基邊坡

鐵路路基本體組成路基路基本體路基頂面路肩路基附屬設(shè)施2.ComponentsofroadbedroadbedslopeCompositionofroadbedbasicbodyroadbedroadbedbodyroadbedtopsurfaceShoulderroadbedauxiliaryfacilities1、路基頂面

路基頂面即路基的頂部，是鋪設(shè)軌道的工作面。根據(jù)路基頂面形狀，路基頂面的形狀，分為有路拱、無路拱兩種形式。

路基頂面的寬度是指從路基一側(cè)的路肩邊緣到另一側(cè)路肩邊緣之間的距離。無路拱路基斷面有路拱路基斷面路基頂面寬度示意圖二、路基的組成1roadbedtopsurfaceItisusedforlayingtracks.

Accordingtothetopshapeoftheroadbed,itisdividedintowithcrownandwithoutcrown.

Thewidthofthetoproadbedisthedistancefromtheedgeoftheshoulderonthesideoftheroadbedtotheedgeoftheothershoulder.AsectionofroadbedwithcrownDiagramofroadbedtopsurfacewidth2.ComponentsofroadbedAsectionofroadbedwithoutcrown2、路肩與路基邊坡路肩：路基頂面兩側(cè)無道床覆蓋的部分。路基邊坡：路肩邊緣以外的斜坡。路基路肩與邊坡示意圖

路肩的作用：1）抵抗路基核心部分在受壓力時(shí)向外發(fā)生擠動(dòng)、變形，加強(qiáng)路基的穩(wěn)定性；2）防止道渣滾落于路基坡面，保持道床完整；3）便于設(shè)置必要的線路、信號(hào)標(biāo)志；4）供鐵路現(xiàn)場作業(yè)人員行走，便于進(jìn)行工作。二、路基的組成2ShoulderandroadbedslopeShoulder:thetopofroadbedcoveringpartoftheroadonbothsides.Roadbedslope:theoutsideedgeoftheslopeshoulder.Diagramofshoulderandroadbedslope

Theshoulderfunction:1)Helpthecorepartoftheroadbedtoresisttheoutwardextrusion,deformation,strengthenthestabilityoftheroadbed;2)Preventslagfallingontheslopeofroadbed,keeptrackofcomplete;3)Easytosetthenecessarylines,signalsigns;4)Usedfortherailwayfieldoperationspersonneltowalk,easytowork.2.Componentsofroadbed3、路基附屬設(shè)施排水溝

路基附屬設(shè)施的作用：保證路基的強(qiáng)度與穩(wěn)定。

①排水設(shè)施地面排水設(shè)施→匯集地表雨水，引到路基以外。

例如：排水溝（見圖）、截水溝等。地下排水設(shè)施→截?cái)?、疏?dǎo)地下水，排出路基。二、路基的組成3roadbedauxiliaryfacilitiesDrainageditch

①drainagefacilities：Facilitiesforsurfacewater→Bringingtogetherthesurfacerain,leadingtotheoutsideoftheroadbed.E.g.verticalditches,drainageditchandsoonFacilitiesforgroundwater：→Cutoff,dredgegroundwater,dischargefromroadbed.Roleofroadbedauxiliaryfacilitiesistoensurethestrengthandstabilityofroadbed.路基邊坡度沖刷防護(hù)②防護(hù)設(shè)施路基邊坡坡面防護(hù)→增強(qiáng)路基邊坡的抗風(fēng)化能力。

例如：植被防護(hù)、砌石防護(hù)等。路基邊坡沖刷防護(hù)→用于濱河、河灘、水庫地段防護(hù)。例如：植被防護(hù)、拋石防護(hù)等。3、路基附屬設(shè)施Roadbedslopeerosionprotection②Protectionfacilityslopeprotection→enhancetheweatheringresistanceofroadbedslope

Forexample:vegetationprotection,masonryprotection.slopeerosionprotection→forflood,reservoirprotection,riversidearea.Forexample:vegetationprotection,riprapprotection,etc.3roadbedauxiliaryfacilities擋土墻加固工程通過修建加固結(jié)構(gòu)物或其它措施，使路基獲得穩(wěn)定。

例如：擋土墻、扶壁、擋棚等。山體擋棚3、路基附屬設(shè)施Retainingwall

strengthentheconstructionofreinforcedstructuresorothermeasurestoensurethestabilityoftheroadbed.Forexample:retainingwall,buttress,

stopshedMountainstopshed3roadbedauxiliaryfacilities

橋梁，在鐵路架空的部位承托軌道。內(nèi)昆線金沙江大橋三、橋梁Bridge

isusedtosupportrailintheoverheadpartsofrailway.NeikunlineJingshajiangBridgeIIIBridge1、橋梁的作用與分類作用：供鐵路線路跨越水流、山谷或其它建筑物的設(shè)施?？缭胶恿鳌绾訕颉？缭缴焦取绻葮?。跨越鐵路、公路——跨線橋。跨越市區(qū)、工業(yè)區(qū)、農(nóng)作物區(qū)——旱橋?？绾訕?隴海線渭河橋)1Roleandclassification

ofthebridge橋梁的型式很多，根據(jù)橋梁受力情況，分為5類：梁橋、拱橋、剛架橋、懸橋和組合體系橋等。Role:Afacilityforarailwaylinethatspanswater,valleys,orotherbuildings.Acrosstheriver-acrosstheriverbridge.Acrossthevalley-acrossthevalleybridge.Acrosstherailway,highway–overpassbridge.Acrosstheurbanareas,industrialareas,cropareas-drybridge.acrosstheriverbridge(LonghailineWeihebridge)Bridge,accordingtothebridgeforce,isdividedintofivecategories:beambridge,archbridge,rigidframebridge,suspensionbridgeandcombinationsystembridge.1Roleandclassification

ofthebridge跨谷橋(南昆線八渡3號(hào)大橋)

旱橋(西康線)跨線橋acrossthevalleybridge(NankunlineBaduNO.3bridge)

drybridge(Xikangline)overpassbridge跨河橋組成部分簡單圖

2、橋梁組成結(jié)構(gòu)我們以跨河橋?yàn)槔浣M成部分為：橋面、橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)；橋墩、橋臺(tái)；墩臺(tái)及基礎(chǔ)。

橋梁由上部結(jié)構(gòu)（橋跨）和下部結(jié)構(gòu)（橋墩、橋臺(tái)、墩臺(tái)基礎(chǔ)）組成。軌道傳來的力，通過橋墩、橋臺(tái)、基礎(chǔ)，傳遞至基底面上。simplegraphofbridgeacrosstheriver

2

StructureofbridgeWetakethebridgeacrosstheriverasanexample,thecomponentsare:bridgedeck,bridgespanstructure;pier,abutment;pierandfoundation

Bridgeiscomposedbythesuperstructure(bridgespan)andthelowerstructure(piers,abutments,pierfoundation).Theforcefromthetrack,throughthepier,abutment,foundation,passestothebasesurface.

隧道，鐵路穿越山嶺所開鑿的地下通道。其底部承托著軌道，四周承受著圍巖的壓力。隧道也可以代替橋梁，從河道、海峽下穿過，即水下隧道。內(nèi)昆線安邊2號(hào)隧道四、隧道Tunnel:

Anundergroundtunnelcutthroughamountain.Itsbottomsupportstheorbitandbearsthepressureofthesurroundingrock.Tunnelcanalsoreplacethebridge,passingfromtheriverandchannel,thatis,underwatertunnel.內(nèi)昆線安邊2號(hào)隧道IVTunnel1、隧道的基本組成

隧道是修筑在地層內(nèi)的建筑物，鐵路隧道結(jié)構(gòu)由主體建筑物和附屬建筑物組成。

主體建筑物——洞門、洞身襯砌。作用是保持隧道的穩(wěn)定，保證列車的安全運(yùn)行。

附屬建筑物——避車洞、防排水設(shè)施、通風(fēng)設(shè)施。為隧道安全、養(yǎng)護(hù)與維修隧道的需要而設(shè)置。1Basiccomponentsoftunnel

Thetunnelisbuiltintheformationofthebuilding,therailwaytunnelstructureiscomposedbythemainbuildingandattachedbuildings.

Themainbuilding–holegate,holelining.Theroleistomaintainthestabilityofthetunneltoensurethesafeoperationofthetrain.

Attachedbuildings-avoidingcavitation,drainagefacilities,andventilationfacilities.It’ssetforthetunnelsafety,maintenanceandmaintenanceneeds.大瑤山隧道洞門秦嶺隧道的洞身襯砌1、隧道的基本組成大瑤山隧道洞門秦嶺隧道的洞身襯砌1Basiccomponentsoftunnel

涵洞，設(shè)置在路基下的過水建筑物。設(shè)在路堤下面的填土中，是用以通過水流的一種建筑物。承受通過路基傳來的動(dòng)力載荷，以及路基土體的土壓力。涵洞五、涵洞

Culvertislocatedintheunderwaterbuildingsunderroadbed.Setinthefillingbelowtheembankment,isusedtoflowthroughabuilding.Towithstandthepowerloadcomingfromtheroadbed,andtheearthpressureofthesubgradesoil.涵洞VCulvert鋼軌§1.4軌道一、軌道的組成及作用防爬設(shè)備軌枕道床聯(lián)結(jié)零件道岔Wheelset§1.4Track1CompositionandroleoftrackAnticlimbingequipmentsleeperballastConnectingpartsturnout作用：軌道起著機(jī)車車輛運(yùn)行的導(dǎo)向作用，直接承受由車輪傳來的巨大壓力，并把它傳遞給路基或橋隧建筑物。Role:trackofthelocomotivevehiclesplaysaguidingrole,directlybearstheenormouspressurefromthewheel,andpassesittotheroadbedorbridgeandtunnelconstruction.

1）支承和引導(dǎo)車輪；2）為車輪滾動(dòng)提供阻力較小的表面；3）承受車輪的作用力并傳布于軌枕；4）在電氣化鐵路和自動(dòng)閉塞區(qū)段，作為軌道電路使用。1.鋼軌的功用二、鋼軌2.鋼軌的特點(diǎn)鋼軌的作用要求它應(yīng)當(dāng)具備足夠的剛度、韌度、硬度、頂面粗糙等特點(diǎn)。

剛度——抵抗由動(dòng)荷載引起的撓曲變形；韌度——防止動(dòng)荷載引起鋼軌折斷；

硬度——防止被車輪壓陷或磨損太快；

頂面粗糙度——有利于機(jī)車的牽引力、制動(dòng)力的實(shí)現(xiàn)。1)supportingandguidingthewheels;

2)providinglessresistancetorollingofthewheelsurface;

3)bearingtheforceofthewheelandspreadinthesleeper;

4)usedintheelectrifiedrailwayandautomaticblocksectorasatrackcircuit.1.Functionofrail：Rail2.

Characteristicsofrail：Theroleoftherailrequiresitshouldhavesufficientrigidity,toughness,hardness,rough

topsurfaceandsoon.Stiffness-Resistancetodeflectionduetodynamicloads;

Toughness-topreventdynamicloadcausedbyrailbreak;

Hardness-topreventthewheeldepressedorweartoofast;

Topsurfaceroughness-isconducivetolocomotivetraction,brakingforcetoachieve

作用于直線軌道鋼軌上的力主要豎直力，其結(jié)果使鋼軌撓曲，為了使鋼軌具有最佳的抗撓曲性能，鋼軌采用“工”字形斷面，由軌頭、軌腰和軌底組成。

為使鋼軌更好承受來自各方面的力，鋼軌應(yīng)具有一定高度；軌頭為適應(yīng)輪軌接觸，應(yīng)大而厚，并具有足夠面積；為保證穩(wěn)定性，軌底應(yīng)有足夠?qū)挾群鸵欢ê穸取?、鋼軌斷面

Themainverticalforceactingontherailsofthestraighttrackresultsindeflectionoftherails.Inordertogivetherailsoptimumresistancetoflexing,therailsareformedina"I"cross-sectionconsistingofrailhead,railwaistandrailbottom.

Fortherailtobetterwithstandtheforcefromallsides,therailshouldhaveacertainheight;inordertomeetthewheelandrailcontact,railheadshouldbelargeandthick,andhavesufficientarea;toensurestability,therailbottomshouldhavesufficientwidthandacertainthickness.3

Railsection

在我國，鋼軌的類型以每米長度的大致質(zhì)量的kg整數(shù)（kg/m）表示，現(xiàn)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼軌類型有：75kg/m

、60kg/m

、50kg/m

等。4、鋼軌類型及長度我國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼軌長度為12.5及25m兩種。

為使鋼軌接頭對(duì)接，曲線內(nèi)股應(yīng)使用廠制縮短軌。12.5m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌的縮短量為40mm，80mm，120mm三種；25m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌的縮短量為40mm，80mm，160mm三種。4ThetypesandlengthofrailInChina,thetypeofrailisexpressedinthekg(kg/m)oftheapproximatemasspermeter.Currentstandardrailtype:50

kg/m,60kg/m,and75kg/m.Railsaredividedinto12.5m,25maccordingtothestandardlength.Inordertomaketherailjointsbutttobutt,theinnerpartofthecurveshouldusetheshortenedrail.Shorteninglengthfor12.5mstandardrailis40mm,80mm,120mm;shorteninglengthfor25mstandardrailis40mm,80mm,160mm.5、軌縫

普通軌道為適應(yīng)鋼軌熱脹冷縮的需要，鋼軌接頭處必須留有一定的縫隙。預(yù)留軌縫不應(yīng)太小，以免高溫時(shí)鋼軌伸長而無伸長余地；軌縫也不應(yīng)太大，以免低溫時(shí)鋼軌縮短，縫隙過大，嚴(yán)重影響運(yùn)行。5Railjoint

Commontrackinordertomeettheneedsofrailthermalexpansionandcontraction,itsrailjointsmustleaveacertaingap.Thetrackshouldnotbetoosmall,soastoavoidhightemperaturerailelongationwithoutelongation;railjointsshouldnotbetoolarge,soastoavoidshorteningwhentherailtemperature;ifthegapistoolarge,itwillseriouslyaffecttheoperation.——無縫線路

將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)長度的鋼軌焊接成為長鋼軌的軌道。我國一般采用25m的鋼軌先在焊軌廠焊成250～500m的長軌條，然后再運(yùn)到鋪軌地點(diǎn)，再焊成1000～2000m的長軌條或按設(shè)計(jì)長度進(jìn)行鋪設(shè)。無縫線路由于消除了鋼軌接縫，因而具有行車平穩(wěn)、機(jī)車車輛及軌道維修費(fèi)用低、使用壽命長等優(yōu)點(diǎn)?！狫ointlesstrack

Standard-lengthrailsareweldedtotherailsoflongrails.Chinagenerallyuses25mofrailfirstintheweldingrailfactoryintoa250~500mlongrail,andthentransportedtothelayingsite,andthenweldedintoalengthof1000~2000moftherailorbydesignlengthlaying.Seamlessrailduetotheeliminationoftherailjoints,whichhasthecharactersofsmoothride,rollingstockandtrackmaintenancecostslow,longlifeandsoon.

1)承受鋼軌的垂直力、水平力。2)傳遞這二力給道床和路基。3)保持鋼軌方向、位置、軌距。三、軌枕1、軌枕的功用

堅(jiān)固耐久、具有彈性、造價(jià)合理、制造維修方便。2、軌枕的特點(diǎn)Functionofsleeper：1)Beartheverticalandhorizontalforceofrail2)Transferpressure；3)Maintaintherailposition,fixedgauge.Sleeper

Durable,flexible,reasonablecost,easymaintenance.2

Characteristicsofrail按制作材料分，有鋼筋混凝土枕和木枕兩種。木枕

鋼筋混凝土軌枕

3、軌枕的分類按用途分，有普通軌枕、岔枕和橋枕。我國鐵路所使用的主要是預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土枕。① Accordingtothematerial：Woodensleeperandreinforcedconcretesleeper木枕

鋼筋混凝土軌枕

3Sleepers’classification

② Accordingtotheuses：Ordinarysleeper,switchtieandbridgesleeper;TheprestressedconcretesleeperisusedinChinarailway.

（1）每千米配置軌枕根數(shù)我國鐵路規(guī)定：木枕軌道：1440~1920混凝土枕軌道：1440~1840配置軌枕數(shù)示意圖4

sleeperarrangement符合左下側(cè)條件之一的地段，軌道應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)，即每千米的軌枕數(shù)需要增加。

1)混凝土枕軌道上，半徑小于600米的曲線地段；或木枕軌道、電力牽引線路，半徑小于800米的曲線地段。2)坡度大于12‰的下坡制動(dòng)地段。3)長度大于等于300米的隧道地段。木枕增加160根混凝土增加80根；當(dāng)條件重合時(shí)，只增加一次，并且不能超過數(shù)目最大值。

(1)theallocationofsleeperrootnumberperkilometerChinaRailwayregulations:Sleepertrack:1440~1920Concretesleepertrack:1440~1840ConfigurationdiagramofsleepernumberInareaswithoneofthelowerleftsideconditions,thetrackshouldbestrengthened,iethenumberofsleepersperkilometerneedstobeincreased.1)Curvedsectionswitharadiuswhichislessthan600metersontheconcretepillowtrack;orwoodenpillowrails,electrictractionlines,curvilinearsectionswithradiuswhichislessthan800meters.

2)theslopeisgreaterthan12‰ofthedownhillbrakingarea.

3)thelengthofthetunnelisequalto300metersormoreWoodpillowincreasedby160

Concreteincreasedby80;

Whentheconditionsoverlap,onlyincreaseonce,andcannotexceedthemaximumnumber.4

sleeperarrangement兩節(jié)鋼軌的末端，用接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)。四、鋼軌聯(lián)結(jié)零件1、接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)零件分為接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件和中間聯(lián)結(jié)扣件。鋼軌的接頭連接過程兩節(jié)鋼軌的末端，用接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)。接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件1、接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件聯(lián)結(jié)零件分為接頭聯(lián)結(jié)零件和中間聯(lián)結(jié)扣件?？梢苑譃椋耗菊砺?lián)結(jié)扣件和混凝土枕聯(lián)結(jié)扣件。2、中間聯(lián)結(jié)扣件把鋼軌與軌枕牢固地聯(lián)結(jié)起來，以確保鋼軌位置穩(wěn)定。我國木枕軌道地段中間聯(lián)結(jié)方式主要有混合式和分開式。IVConnectingpartsfittingconnectingpart四、鋼軌聯(lián)結(jié)零件Types：Woodenpillowfastener,cementpillowfastener。2intermediateconnectingfastenerTherailandsleeperfirmlyconnectinordertoensurethestabilityofrailposition.

China'srailsleepersectionlinkingwaysmainlyaremixedandseparated.1

fittingconnectingpart

道床鋪設(shè)在路基面上的石碴（道碴）墊層，介于軌枕與路基之間，是軌道的重要組成部分。五、道床1、道床的功用與材料選擇道床斷面

1）承受來自軌枕的壓力，均勻的傳遞到路基；2）固定軌枕的位置，阻止軌枕縱向或橫向移動(dòng)，保持軌道的穩(wěn)定；3）提供軌道彈性，緩和機(jī)車車輛輪對(duì)對(duì)鋼軌的沖擊；4）提供良好的排水性能，減少路基病害；便于軌道養(yǎng)護(hù)維修作業(yè)。碎石道床示意圖

以碎石、礦渣、沙子等為材質(zhì)構(gòu)成的碎石道床，滿足以上5點(diǎn)要求，價(jià)廉物美，是我國目前使用最廣泛的道床類型。

Ballast

bedlayingintheroadbedsurfaceoftheballast(ballast)cushion,betweenthesleeperandtheroadbed,isanimportantpartoftherail.VBallastbed（ballastlayer）1Thefunctionandthematerialselectionoftheballastcross-sectionofroadbed1)withstandthepressurefromthesleeper,evenlypassedtotheroadbed;

2)fixthepositionofthesleepertopreventverticalorhorizontalsleepermovement,tomaintainthestabilityofthetrack;

3)provideorbitalflexibility,toalleviatetheimpactofrailvehiclewheelsontherail;

4)providegooddrainageperformance,reduceroadbeddisease;easytotrackmaintenanceoperations.SchematicdiagramofballastTheballastwhichiscomposedofgravel,slag,sandandothermaterialsmeettheaboverequirementsof5points,itiscurrentlythemostwidelyusedbedtype.

機(jī)車車輛在運(yùn)行過程中，常常需要由一條線路轉(zhuǎn)入另一條線路，或跨越其它線路。在就需要設(shè)置線路的連接與交叉設(shè)備，即道岔。

道岔是鐵路軌道的重要組成部分。由于道岔數(shù)量多、使用壽命短、限制列車速度、行車安全性低，與曲線、接頭并稱為軌道的三大薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。八、道岔Locomotivevehiclesinoperationoftenneedtobetransferredfromonelinetoanotherline,oracrossotherlines.Lineconnectionandcrossoverequipmentaresettomeettheneed,thatis,turnout.

Turnoutisanimportantpartofrailwaytrack.Duetothelargenumberofturnout,shortservicelife,limitspeedofthetrain,lowsafetyofthetrain,togetherwithcurveandthejointareknownasthethreeweaklinksoftherail.VIIITurnout②對(duì)稱道岔

整個(gè)道岔對(duì)稱于主線的中線或轍叉角的中分線，列車通過時(shí)無直向及側(cè)向之分。

對(duì)稱道岔增大導(dǎo)曲線半徑，提高側(cè)線通過速度，并可縮短站場長度。②equilateralturnoutTheturnoutissymmetricaltothemidlineofmainlimeorcrossingangle,whenthetrainpassesthereisnotdiscriminationofdirectsideandlateralside.

Symmetricalturnoutincreasestheradiusoftheguidecurvetoimprovethesidelinethroughthespeed,and