科技英語(yǔ)寫作授課知識(shí)點(diǎn)

科技英語(yǔ)寫作授課知識(shí)點(diǎn)論文人稱和時(shí)態(tài)一、科技論文要求敘述客觀，讀者關(guān)注作者的研究?jī)?nèi)容和結(jié)論，而非作者本人，所以應(yīng)避免使用。二、論文常用時(shí)態(tài)1.敘述論文研究之前所進(jìn)行的工作（通常出現(xiàn)在論文的部分）

具體時(shí)間或具體人的一般采用；對(duì)以前工作的總結(jié)一般采用。Leeetal.[17](report)aso-called‘hardanodization’approachtoobtainhighlyorderedPAAwithawiderangeofporesizesandinterporedistances.Alotofwork(devote)toinvestigatingtheformationmechanismsofPAA[4–8],andconsiderableresearchefforts(direct)towardthefabricationofthePAAwithlong-rangeorderednanoholes[9–18].2.實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)過(guò)、實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程的描述通常采用。Thespectra(record).Thestructure(determine)byneutrondiffractionmethods.

Theelectrolytesolutions(prepare)fromreagentgradechemicalsanddeionizedwater.ThemorphologyofthePAAfilm(characterize)byfield-emissionscanningelectronmicroscopy(FE-SEM,HitachiS-4800).3.圖表介紹、公式說(shuō)明、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論等通常采用。Fig.3（show)SEMimagesoftheas-preparedsles.InordertofurtherunderstandtheeffectofEGonthemorphologyofPAA,EISmeasurements(carry)outforthefilmsobtainedinEGandaqueoussolutions.Impedancespectraforthefilms(illustrate)inFig.5intheformofBodeplot.ThePAAfilmsformedinbothEGandaqueoussolutions(exhibit）aquasilinearchangeintheimpedancemodulusintheexperimentalfrequencyrangewithaslopecloseto1.總之：?

表示“報(bào)道、研究、綜述”等，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

Inthispaperwereport

thesynthesisofRFCcontainingbariumferriteaccordingtoaspecificmethodanditsevaluationofdielectricandmechanicalproperties.Theprobablemodeofevolutionisdiscussed.

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敘述他人已報(bào)道的內(nèi)容用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

Inthepastdecadepublicattentionmoreandmorefocusedonthepotentialapplicationsofrenewableresources.?

表示研究過(guò)程的行為通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)

HighDensityPolyethylene(HDPE)waskindlysuppliedbyFIAT(Italy).

TheHDPEwasblendedwiththeLDPE,inthemoltenstateathightemperature(200℃),usingaBrabenderblender,equippedwithrotatingblades.?

表示實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果及其產(chǎn)生的原因,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

Tensilestrengthdecreaseswiththeadditionofoxides.Thisisduetothepoorinterfacialadhesionbetweentheoxidefillerandnaturerubber.

如用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則表示這一結(jié)論僅適用于該研究過(guò)程中的特定情況，不具普遍性?

表示計(jì)劃與預(yù)期的結(jié)果用將來(lái)時(shí)

Inthecomingyears,scientistswilltrytocollectsignalsfromouterspace.論文人稱與時(shí)態(tài)論文人稱與時(shí)態(tài)論文人稱與時(shí)態(tài)論文人稱與時(shí)態(tài)科技英語(yǔ)的選詞科技語(yǔ)言與口語(yǔ)的區(qū)別硫酸鉀適用于怕氮作物。

目前，相圖的測(cè)繪已有許多方法，由于很多物質(zhì)的熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)都已積累不少，一些人就干脆直接通過(guò)熱力學(xué)計(jì)算的結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)繪出相圖，特別是采用了計(jì)算機(jī)之后，即使是較為復(fù)雜的相圖也不在話下。→硫酸鉀適用于不能施用氮化物的作物→相圖的測(cè)繪有多種方法，甚至可利用現(xiàn)有的熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)借助計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的相圖選用穩(wěn)重的規(guī)范詞Askbuycheapsimilarenough2.正式動(dòng)詞替代短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

吸收（takein）；熄滅（putout）;維持（keepup）3.避免使用口語(yǔ)或生活中常用的縮略詞語(yǔ)lotsof;quiteafew;lab;ad;We’ll;don’t;can’t4.尊重客觀事實(shí)，不要濫用修辭（夸張、擬人、雙關(guān)語(yǔ)等）

語(yǔ)句的一致性主謂一致、代詞與先行詞一致復(fù)合主語(yǔ)成為一個(gè)整體，或指同一個(gè)人、同一個(gè)地方、同一件事物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)

ItsinventorandpractitionerisRobert.“thereis”,“thereare”

句型，主語(yǔ)為復(fù)合主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近的主語(yǔ)一致Therewasateacherandseveralstudentsinthelaboratory.Therewereseveralstudentsandateacherinthelaboratory.用or,nor(或者either…or,neither…nor)連接的復(fù)合主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)，有時(shí)用單數(shù)。復(fù)合主語(yǔ)中兩主語(yǔ)均是單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)均是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Thedesigneroranotherscientistusuallyannouncesthedecision.Neitherbanksnorindependentagenciesofferappropriatelifeinsurancepolicies.復(fù)合主語(yǔ)中一個(gè)主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，另一個(gè)是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近的主語(yǔ)一致Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.集合名詞指一個(gè)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指集體中各個(gè)體時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)

Thatdata

isreliable.Donotformconclusionuntilthedata

havebeengathered.代詞與先行詞一致

Thepurposeistobringtogetherseveralmanuscriptsbyactivescientistsandengineersandpublishtheminasingleissue.平行結(jié)構(gòu)一致性原則Manufacturingprocessesmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandmassproductionwhichproduceslargenumbersofidenticalparts.ThenanoparticlesdispersedintheSolutionAwererelativelylarge,deepcolorandvariedinshape.Theresultssuggestedthatduringtheprecarbonization,thetensionhadanabruptdecreasebefore480℃,andthenincreasedrapidly,whichcoulddividetheprocessintotwosections.科技英語(yǔ)句子特征Thecrudepetroleumoilobtainedfromwellconsistsofamixtureofhydrocarbonsandeachoftheseisachemicalcompoundofcarbonandhydrogen.BorninBeijing,Chinain1930,YuanLongpingcameupwithanideaforhybridizingriceinthe1960s,whenaseriesofnaturaldisastershadplungedChinaintoanunprecedentedfamine.語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)合理統(tǒng)一句子成分間或段落中各個(gè)句子之間的協(xié)調(diào)一致，一個(gè)句子的各個(gè)部分或段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子都從屬于一個(gè)中心，不存在游離于中心思想之外的句子。

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違反主從關(guān)系：主從顛倒、主從并列

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意思不完整或不明確：成分殘缺，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，表達(dá)不充分，表達(dá)不具體包括意連（句子內(nèi)在意義的邏輯關(guān)系）、形連（使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)）敘述主體對(duì)象突然改變，邏輯銜接欠妥Amicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped.AnI-Vcharacteristiccurvecanbeautomaticallyacquiredin5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.Amicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped,whichcanautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvein5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.AmicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdevelopedanditcanautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvein5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)及比較對(duì)象問(wèn)題Splittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.TheresultsindicatedthatthecontentofironinSleAwashigherthanSleB.

語(yǔ)句連貫性(coherence)完整性

Thelaboratoryneededanoperator.Preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.→Thelaboratoryneededanoperator,preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.Suchcommentsneithercontributenordetractfromhisreputation.→Suchcommentsneithercontributetonordetractfromhisreputation.單義性（1）兩個(gè)句子不以逗號(hào)連接

Nooneisbornwithknowledge,knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.→Nooneisbornwithknowledge;knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.

（2）句子不應(yīng)粘連（run-onsentence）

Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenanceitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.→Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenance,soitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.省略句較多Oxygenhasanionicvalenceof-2,andchlorinehasanionicvalenceof-1.Letthepressureoftheairpersq.bedonotedbyP,anditstotalvolumebedenotedbyV.Denmarkalreadygetsafifthofitselectricityfromwind,andGermanygetsatenthofitselectricityfromwind.省略句較多Ifitisalloyedwithtin,copperformsaseriesofalloyswhichareknownasbronze.Themetalalloyswhichareusedinsidetheenginemustbeabletowithstandthehightemperatureandpressureswhicharegeneratedduringitsoperation.Ceramicmaterialsareinorganicmaterialswhichconsistofmetallicandnonmetallicelementswhicharechemicallybondedtogether.Sinceitiscomposedofseveraldifferentpuresubstances,airisamixture.科技英語(yǔ)阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字與數(shù)詞的使用方法基數(shù)詞數(shù)字小于10時(shí)用數(shù)詞（即全拼英文單詞），10以上用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，這一點(diǎn)中英文是相似的；序數(shù)詞由“第一”(first)到“第九”(ninth)全部拼寫，序數(shù)詞第10以上前面部分用數(shù)字（即由阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字和序數(shù)詞詞尾構(gòu)成）。如：threeflasks30flasksseventrees10treesthirdflaskseighthexlefirstcentury12thflasks33rdexle21stcenturysixfold20‐fold在某一系列或范圍內(nèi)只要含有數(shù)字10以上的就全部使用數(shù)字。如：5-15experiments

句子開頭用全拼數(shù)量詞，如：Threemicrogramsofslewasdissolvedin20mLofacid.Fiftysleswerecollected,butonly22weretested.敘述中引用兩個(gè)帶有編號(hào)的項(xiàng)目，使用“and”。如：Figures1and2refs23and24compoundsIandII·使用endash表示范圍，或3項(xiàng)以上的系列。如：Tables1–4temperaturesof100–125℃Refs3–5eqs6–9sles5–10pages237–239pp165–172但如以“from…to”或“between…and”的字樣表示則不使用endash。如：from20to80,notfrom20–80between50and100mL,notbetween50–100mL注意中、英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)的差別

中文英文書名號(hào)《》“

”

或用不同字體

頓號(hào)、,凡中文使用頓號(hào)處英文均使用逗號(hào)句號(hào)。（科普讀物）..（學(xué)術(shù)論文）省略號(hào)……

…破折號(hào)——emdash“–”

成對(duì)使用，注釋Allthreeexperimentalparameters―temperature,time,andconcentration―werestrictlyfollowed.

表示范圍的一字線和波紋線endash“–”表示范圍

半字線“–”

構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞endash“–”

構(gòu)成對(duì)等復(fù)合詞(Oxidation–reduction)

hyphen“-”

構(gòu)成不對(duì)等復(fù)合詞(light-year）

其它注意事項(xiàng)數(shù)字與單位之間空一格(單位是溫度和%的除外)，如25kg，35cm，5%縮略詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)該置于點(diǎn)之前。Figs.1and2showthisprocess.Thewell-groundedreadermayskipChaps.1,2,and3.Eqs.5and6areveryuseful.Theanswerstoalltheseexercisesaregivenonpp.11to14.3.上下標(biāo)、大小寫等改寫下列句子，注意科技英語(yǔ)的修辭習(xí)慣1.Thetotalareaundernaturalprotectionreaches19330hectares,andwhichaccountfor2.01%ofthetotalofChina.2.Cokehasprovedtobemoreefficientthananyfuelwehavetried.3.Theboilpointofthesolutionishigherthananyofitsseparatecomponents.4.A80-lbforcemustbeusedhere.5.GivingVandI,wecanfindoutR.6.Speedisequaltodistancedividingtime.改寫下列句子，使其更符合科技英語(yǔ)規(guī)范1.Aninitialanalysisofthedeviceparametershasbeenmadeandtheresultsobtainedaresatisfactory.2.Anelectronisaboutaslargeasanucleus,anditsdiameterisabout10-12cm.3.Sapproximateseanditserrorislessthan10-7.4.Anewmethodforsolvingthisproblemispresented.Thismethodissimpleandpracticable.5.Becausecomputersareaccurateinoperationandhighinspeed,theyhavefoundwideapplicationsinallfields.6.Acapacitorisadeviceanditconsistsoftwoconductorswhichareseparatedbyaninsulator.7.Thepriceforthisinstrumentisexpensive.8.Becausethisdeviceissmallinsize,lightandcheap,ithasfoundwideapplicationsinmanyfields.根據(jù)科技英語(yǔ)規(guī)范，改寫下段錯(cuò)誤。Weusezirconiumfoilasanodicelectrodeandplatinumfoilascathodicelectrode。Thedistancebetweenanodicandcathodicelectrodeswas20mm.Weuse20KGNaOHaqueoussolutionaselectrolyte.Fig.1,2showstheXRDpatternofsleAandsleBannealedatdifferenttemperature.It’