高中英語北師大版選擇性必修一UNIT 3 Period 6　Focus on Language-Relative Clauses(4)-Defining and Non-defining Clauses

Period6FocusonLanguage—RelativeClauses(4)—DefiningandNon-definingClauses感知以下課文原句，完成方框下的小題。1．Extinctions，whereentirespeciesarewipedout，arenotunusualinourEarth’shistory.2．Theseincludethethirdmassextinction，knownasthe“GreatDying”，whichkilled90%to96%ofallspecies.3．A2015studybyscientistswhowerebasedatBrownUniversityandDukeUniversityintheUS，lookedathowquicklyspeciesdieoutduetonaturalcauses，thatis，the“backgroundextinctionrate”．4．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientistswhohavestudiedtheissuebelievethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.5．...weneedtotakestepstosaveendangeredspecies，includingsettingupspecialareaswhereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected.方框中的黑體單詞引導(dǎo)的句子都是定語從句，其中句1和2中主句跟從句用逗號隔開，被稱作非限制性定語從句；句3,4和5主從句在一起，被稱作限制性定語從句。在限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞除了用who，whom，which，whose外，也可以用that；在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞可以用who，whom，which，whose，但不能用that。一、定語從句的種類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度，我們將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1．限制性定語從句限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，兩者之間不用逗號分開；關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略。引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；關(guān)系副詞有where，when，why。Thisisthecomputer(that/which)heboughtforhissonyesterday.這是他昨天為兒子買的電腦。Thewomanwho/thatsurvivedtheearthquakeisAmy’sEnglishteacher.在地震中幸存的那個(gè)女人是埃米的英語老師。2．非限制性定語從句(1)非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開，是對先行詞的附加說明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。Thechildren，whowantedtohaveajourneytothevalley，weredisappointedwhenthejourneywascancelled.那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。Thattheywillgetmarried，whichhasnotbeenannounced，hasspreadaround.他們要結(jié)婚的消息還沒有被宣布，卻已經(jīng)被傳得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)。(2)非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可為單個(gè)的名詞或代詞，也可為整個(gè)句子或其中一部分，且常譯成并列的分句。We’llgraduateinJuly，whenwewillbefree.(先行詞為名詞)我們將于七月份畢業(yè)，到那時(shí)我們就自由了。Heoftencomestoschoollate，whichmakeshisteacherangry.(先行詞為主句的內(nèi)容)他經(jīng)常上學(xué)遲到，這使得他的老師很生氣。(3)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用who，whom和whose；指物時(shí)用which和whose。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞指時(shí)間時(shí)用when；指地點(diǎn)時(shí)用where。Thisisourheadmaster，whoIthinkhassomethingcrucialtotellyou.這是我們的校長，我認(rèn)為他有非常重要的事情要告訴你。Myeldersisterhasbecomeadoctor，whichIwantedtobe.我姐姐已經(jīng)成了一名醫(yī)生，這是我想成為的。ChaplinlivedthelastyearsofhislifeinSwitzerland，wherehewasburiedin1977.卓別林在瑞士度過了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。Hefledhishometownin1992，whenhewasonly12yearsold.他于1992年逃離家鄉(xiāng)，當(dāng)時(shí)他只有12歲。二、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句意義起限定作用，指特定的人或物，從句不可省略，否則原句句意不完整僅作補(bǔ)充或說明，若去掉從句，主句意思依然完整結(jié)構(gòu)要求緊跟先行詞，從句與先行詞之間不加逗號用逗號與先行詞或主句隔開功能修飾先行詞修飾先行詞或整個(gè)主句引導(dǎo)詞所有的關(guān)系代詞及副詞關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，但是關(guān)系代詞that及關(guān)系副詞why除外Whenyoureachedthevillage，youwouldfirstfindahousewhosewindowsweremadeofwood.當(dāng)你到達(dá)那個(gè)村莊時(shí)，你首先會發(fā)現(xiàn)一座有著木窗的房子。Theyenjoyedbeautifulsceneryinthemountainarea，wheretheyalsodidsomeclimbing.他們欣賞了這個(gè)山區(qū)的美景，在那里他們還做了些爬山運(yùn)動(dòng)。[巧學(xué)助記]定從分類有奧妙，限與非限看逗號；定前必有先行詞，名代兩類最適宜；定從先行很緊密，代副兩詞拉關(guān)系。三、as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別aswhich指代只能指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容既可指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，也可指代主句的一部分位置可位于主句之前、之中或之后不能置于主句之前意義正如這，那功能連接上下文，表達(dá)說話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句Asweallknow，theearthmovesaroundthesun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Thesinger，aswasexpected，achievedagreatsuccess.正如所期盼的那樣，這位歌手取得了巨大成功。Catherinewillattendafriend’swedding，whichsheisbusypreparingfornow.凱瑟琳將參加一個(gè)朋友的婚禮，現(xiàn)在她正在為此做準(zhǔn)備。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported，hasdecreasedby17%injustoneyear.2．IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.3．Thisisthelargestclockintheworld，theminutehandofwhichissixmeterslong.4．Wehavelaunchedanotherman-madesatellite，which/asisannouncedintoday’snewspaper.5．Asisoftenthecase，Iwasstuckinatrafficjamwhenpickingmysonupfromschool.6．Hisnephewfinishedcollegeattheageof15，whichIfoundhardtobelieve.7．Therearemanywaysthatpeoplecanmakecontributionstotheworld.8．Herparentsboughtacandystoretherethat/whichtheyhaveranfordecades.9．Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedinschool.10．Yourspeechwasheardbyagroupoffivejudges，allofwhomagreedthatitwasthebestonethisyear.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Tobefrank，Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhichyoutalkwithme.說實(shí)話，我不喜歡你跟我講話的方式。2．Theyhavegotthreechildren，allofwhomhaveastrongpassionformusic.他們有三個(gè)孩子，所有孩子都很熱愛音樂。3．Itwasrainingheavilylastnight，whichpreventedmefromgoingtotheparty.昨晚雨下得很大，這使我不能去參加晚會。4．Asthesayinggoes，“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”正如諺語所說，“失敗是成功之母?！?．ThereasonwhyIamphoningyouistoconsultsomeacademicquestions.我給你打電話是想咨詢一些學(xué)術(shù)上的問題。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodforme.2．Theyhavebeenintoasituationwheretheymusttakeimmediatemeasures.3．Marywaslateforclassagain，whichmadetheteacherincrediblyannoyed.4．Asisknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.5．Canyoulendmethecollectionofessaysthat/whichiseditedbyEllenKnight?6．Thecouncildidn’ttellthereasonwhythemeetingwascanceled.7．Thetownhasonlytwohotels，neitherofwhichservesbreakfast.8．Creatinganatmospherewhereemployeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.9．Theybuiltsheltersforthepeoplewhosehousesweredestroyedinthetyphoon.10．Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhoaregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrength.Ⅱ.單句寫作(定語從句)1．他是那群學(xué)生中唯一一個(gè)被北京大學(xué)錄取的人。HewastheonlyoneofthesestudentsthatwasadmittedtoPekingUniversity.2．上周日，我們學(xué)校舉行了一場五公里越野賽跑，高三的學(xué)生都參加了比賽。LastSunday，ourschoolheldafive-kilometercross-countryrunningrace，whenallstudentsinSenior3tookpartinit.3．我把她的名字叫錯(cuò)了，對此我應(yīng)該向她道歉。Icalledherbythewrongname，forwhichIshouldapologizetoher.4．他開會遲到的原因是遭遇了交通堵塞。Thereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeetingwasthathewasstuckintrafficjams.5．校廣播站宣布，由于暴風(fēng)雨，運(yùn)動(dòng)會將被推遲到下周。Asisannouncedontheschoolradiostation，thesportsmeetingwillbeputoffuntilnextweekduetotherainstorm.Ⅲ.閱讀理解MoreattentionisbeingpaidtotheairissueinLondon，especiallywithacontinuinginvestigationintothedeathofEllaKissi-Debrah，a9-year-oldgirlwholivedjustmetersfromoneofthecapital’sbusiestroads.ElladiedinFebruary2013，havingsufferedfrommanyasthmaticattacks(哮喘發(fā)作)，andhadbeentakentohospitalfornearly30timesinthethreeyearspriortoherdeath.ShemaybecomethefirstpersonintheUKforwhomairpollutionislistedasthecauseofdeath.Todaylowemission(排放)hashelpedreducedangerouspoisonousairinpartsoftheUnitedKingdomcapitalby94percent，accordingtoanannualreportfromTransportforLondon(TFL)．ThetransportauthoritysaidtheyhadestablishedthedefinedareaswhereaccessbysomepollutingvehiclesisrestrictedorforbiddeninCentralLondoninFebruary，whichcontributedmostlytothechange.TheTFLreportshowedtrafficonroadsfellbyhalfduringlockdown.FiguresshowedabigincreaseinthenumberofpeoplewalkingandcyclinginLondon，withjourneysmadeonfootorbybicycleupfrom29percentbetweenJanuaryandMarch2020to46percentbetweenMarchandJune2020.TFLwillspendatleast75millionpoundsonwalkingandcyclingprogramsacrossthecapitaloverthenextsixmonths.About88.5kilometersofneworupgradedcyclelaneshavebeenbuiltorareunderconstruction.“ThisnewdatashowjusthowimportantwalkingandcyclinghavebeeninhelpingLondonersstayhealthyandsafe，”TFLStreetspacedeliverymanagerHelenCansicksaid.“That’swhyit’scrucialthatwecontinuetoinvesttosupportwalkingandcycling，ensuringthatthecapitalcanbecomeahealthierandmoresustainableplaceforeveryone.”語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講了倫敦為降低空氣污染、保護(hù)市民生命健康采取了很多措施，最終空氣質(zhì)量有所改善。1．WhatdoesEllaKissi-Debrah’sdeathindicate?A．Airpollutionisabigcauseofdeath.B．Childrenoftensufferfromasthma.C．Bigcitiesarepollutedmoreseriously.D．Airpollutionanditseffectaresevere.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，空氣污染被列為Ella的死因之一，說明英國的空氣污染及其影響非常嚴(yán)重。故選D。2．WhatmainlycontributedtothereducedpoisonousairinpartsofLondon?A．Policyonlockdown.B．Changeintransport.C．Low-emissionzones.D．Reductionineconomy.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Todaylowemission(排放)hashelpedreducedangerouspoisonousairinparts...TransportforLondon(TFL)．”可知，低排放有助于減少倫敦地區(qū)的有毒空氣。故選C。3．WhatdoestheTFLreportshow?A．Short-distancejourneysaremorepopular.B．Thetrafficonroadsincreasesalot.C．WalkingandcyclingareLondoners’firstchoice.D．MoreLondonerschoosetowalkandride.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“FiguresshowedabigincreaseinthenumberofpeoplewalkingandcyclinginLondon”可知，TFL報(bào)告顯示，越來越多的倫敦人選擇步行和騎自行車。故選D。4．What’sthebesttitleofthistext?A．London’sAirIsNowCleanerB．TrafficRestrictionsTakeEffectsC．WalkingandCyclingHelpStayHealthyD．AirIssueinLondonIsGainingAttention答案A解析標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文尤其是最后一段可知，文章主要講了倫敦為降低空氣污染采取了很多措施，最終空氣質(zhì)量有所改善，A項(xiàng)“倫敦現(xiàn)在的空氣更干凈了”適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。Ⅳ.完形填空WhenIwasayoungboyIwaslivinginapoorneighborhoodasafoster(代養(yǎng)的)child.Iwouldoften1tohelpcleanayardorwashsomewalls2somepocketmoneyjusttobuysomeclothesorcandy.OnceIknockedonthedoorofanelderlywomanandaskedifsheneededheryardcleaned.SheaskedwhyIwasnotinschoolandI3hermytorntrousersand4shoes.AndwhenIfinishedthework，shegavemesome5.Shesaid，“Iwantyoutobuysometrousersandnewshoesand6school.Ialsowantyoutocomebackand7mewithyourreportcardandIwill8youwhenIseeyouhaveworkedhardandhavesomegoodmarks.”Ireturnedseveraltimestoseethewomanandshedidjustasshe9.ShelookedatmyreportcardandgavemeahandfulofdollarsandasandwicheverytimeI10showedherIhadan“A”or“B”．Andoverthenextyearsshecontinuedtobethis11influenceinmylifebutI12knewhername.Later，Imovedfromthatneighborhoodintoadifferenthome.Iwillofcoursenever13thehugedifferencethiswonderful14madeovermylifewithher15；thisissomethingIhopetodomyselfinthislifetimeoverandoveragain.語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者在一位陌生老太太的鼓舞下變得越來越好的故事。1．A.happen B．offerC．a(chǎn)pply D．a(chǎn)gree答案B解析happen發(fā)生；offer主動(dòng)提出；apply應(yīng)用；agree同意。根據(jù)下文“OnceIknockedonthedoorofanelderlywomanandaskedifsheneededheryardcleaned.”可知，作者主動(dòng)找活干。2．A.inchargeof B．inplaceofC．inexchangefor D．inpreparationfor答案C解析inchargeof負(fù)責(zé)；inplaceof取代；inexchangefor交換；inpreparationfor為……做準(zhǔn)備。根據(jù)下文“AndwhenIfinishedthework，shegavemesome.”可知，作者通過工作來換錢。3．A.selected B．showedC．carried D．left答案B解析select選擇；show展示；carry攜帶；leave離開。根據(jù)“SheaskedwhyIwasnotinschool”可知，老人詢問作者不去學(xué)校的原因，此處指作者把自己的貧窮展示給老人看。4．A.special B．strongC．worn-out D．clean-washed答案C解析special特殊的；strong強(qiáng)壯的；worn-out破損的；clean-washed洗干凈的。根據(jù)上文“Iwaslivinginapoorneighborhood”“torntrousers”可知，作者是個(gè)窮孩子，穿著破舊的褲子和鞋子。5．A.food B．moneyC．clothes D．trousers答案B解析food食物；money錢；clothes衣服；trousers褲子。根據(jù)下文“Iwantyoutobuysometrousersandnewshoesandschool.”可知，老人給的是錢。6．A.returnto B．leaveforC．a(chǎn)daptto D．lookfor答案A解析returnto返回；leavefor動(dòng)身去；adaptto適應(yīng)；lookfor尋找。根據(jù)下文“whenIseeyouhaveworkedhardandhavesomegoodmarks”可知，老人想讓作者回到學(xué)校。7．A.challenge B．impressC．visit D．treat答案C解析challenge挑戰(zhàn)；impress給……留下印象；visit參觀，探望；treat招待。根據(jù)句中的“comeback”可知，老人是想讓作者回來看望她。8．A.reward B．comfortC．thank D．repay答案A解析reward獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；comfort安慰；thank感謝；repay償還。根據(jù)下文的“gavemeahandfulofdollarsandasandwich”可知，老人給的是獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。9．A.hoped B．recordedC．waited D．promised答案D解析hope希望；record記錄；wait等待；promise保證。根據(jù)下文“gavemeahandfulofdollarsandasandwicheverytimeIshowedherIhadan‘A’or‘B’”可知，老人信守承諾。10．A.proudly B．carefullyC．a(chǎn)nxiously D．nervously答案A解析proudly自豪地；carefully細(xì)心地；anxiously焦慮地；nervously緊張地。根據(jù)“showedherIhadan‘A’or‘B’”可知，得了“A”或“B”應(yīng)該很自豪。11．A.typical B．positiveC．extra D．common答案B解析typical典型的；positive積極的；extra額外的；common普通的。老人的做法對作者產(chǎn)生了積極的影響。12．A.still B．evenC．a(chǎn)lso D．never答案D解析still仍然；even甚至；also也；never從不。根據(jù)“Andoverthenextyearsshecontinuedtobethisinfluenceinmylife”和轉(zhuǎn)折詞but可知，作者一直不知道老人的名字。13．A.forget B．believeC．receive D．compare答案A解析forget忘記；believe相信；receive收到；compare比較。根據(jù)“thisissomethingIhopetodomyselfinthislifetimeoverandoveragain”可知，作者永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記老太太給自己帶來的改變。14．A.guest B．partnerC．stranger D．relative答案C解析guest客人；partner搭檔；stranger陌生人；relative親戚。根據(jù)上文“butIknewhername”可知，作者不知道她的姓名，她只是個(gè)陌生人。15．A.dream B．trustC．principle D．inspiration答案D解析dream夢想；trust信任；principle原則；inspiration鼓舞，啟發(fā)。由上文語境可知，一個(gè)陌生老太太鼓勵(lì)作者去上學(xué)，并在作者取得好成績時(shí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)作者，由此可知，是老人的鼓舞使得作者變得更好。Ⅴ.語法填空Anewresearchsuggestsplantingtreesandotherplantsnearfactoriescouldreducepollutionbyalmostone-third.The1.(add)ofplantlifemayevencostlessandbemoreeffectivethantechnology2.(design)tocutpollution.Thefindings3.(report)inthepublicationEnvironmentalScience&Technology.TheleadauthorofthestudywasBhavikBakshi，4.isaprofessorofchemicalandbiomolecular(生物分子)engineeringatTheOhioStateUnive