華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考研微生物英語題庫

Test1:DevelopmentofMicrobiology

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Thefundamentalunitofalllivingorganismsisthe

Membranecellnucleuscellwall

2.Organismsthatdonotcontainatruenucleusarereferredtoas

fungieukaryoticprokaryoticnankaryotic

3.Thethreekingdomclassificationsystemoforganismswasproposedby

PasteurBaconWinogradskyWoese

4.Fungidifferfrombacteriainanumberofcharacteristics.Thecellwallsinfungiare

composedof,whilethecellwallsofbacteriaarecomposedofpeptidoglycan

Chitinphospholipidsproteinglucosamine

5.Thefirstmicroscopesweredevelopedby

EhrlichMetchnikoffLeewenhoekLister

6.Controlofmicrobialinfectionscanbeaccomplishedbychemicalorimmunemechanisms.

Thefirstreportontheproductionofanantibioticiscreditedto:

ListerFlemingEhrlichKoch

7Theterm"antibiotic'1means

asubstanceproducedbythelaboratorythatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms

asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitsmolds

asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismthatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms

asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitscancercells

8ThefirstdocumenteduseofavaccineforsmallpoxwasreportedbytheEnglishphysician

Lister.FloreyFlemingJenner

9Activeimmunitycanbedistinguishedfrompassiveimmunityinthattheformerrequires:

developmentofantibodiesinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies

developmentofantibodiesinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantigens

Flemingdevelopmentofantibodiesinaforeignhostandtransfertoone'sownbody

developmentofantigensinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies

10TheprocessofnitrificationbybacteriadescribedbyWinogradskyconverts

ammoniatonitrateionsnitrateionstoammonia

N2toammoniaammoniatourea

11ThetransferofDNAfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughtheuseofaviralvectoris

referredtoas

Electroporationconjugationtransformationtransduction

12Thegeneticmaterialofabacteriaislocatedinthemolecule:

RNADNAproteinlipid

2FillintheBlank

1.Organismsthatcontainatruenucleusarecalled

2.Bacteriadonothaveatruenucleusandareconsidered

3..Bacteriacanbedividedintotwogroups,theandthe

4.areorganismsthatcangrowwithoutusingmolecularoxygen.

5.MicroorganismsthatcansynthesizecomplexorganiccompoundsfromCO2:arecalled

6.aremicroorganismsthatobtaintheirenergytosynthesizeorganiccompoundsfrom

light.

7.requireorganiccompoundsforgrowth.

8.Organismsthatsurviveonlyatveryhightemperaturesarereferredtoas.

9.areorganismsthatproducemethanefromCO2.

10.organismsgrowunderconditionsofhighsalinity

11.Eubacteriacanexhibitanumberofmorphologicalshapes.Identifyfour:a.

b.c.d.

12.Fungi,algaeandprotozoacanbedifferentiatedfrombacteriabythefollowing

characteristic:.

13.Fungihavecellwallconsistingof.

14.Virusesconsistofsurroundedbyaproteincoat.

15.Thescientificmethodutilizesdeductivereasoningandobservationsorexperimentsto

proveordisprovea.

16.Thetheoryofheldthatlivingorganismscouldarisefromnonlivingmatter.

17.Theprocessusedtoreducethenumberofviableorganismsbymoderateheatingis

called:.

18.Theprocessoftyndallizationusesrepeatedheatingtoeliminateor

microorganismsfromsolutions.

19.Anisasubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatinhibitsorkillsother

microorganisms.

20.Theprocessofstimulatingtheimmunedefensesofthebodyisreferredtoas.

21.Whitebloodcellsthatengulfforeignparticlesarereferredtoas.

22.Asubstanceinserumthatcanneutralizeforeignmaterialisreferredtoasor

23.Cellsinfectedwithavirusproduceasubstancecalledthatinhibitsviral

replication.

24.Avery,ColinandMacLeodfirstdemonstratedthattransformationofnonpathogenicto

pathogenicstrainsofbacteriacouldbecarriedoutbythetransferof.

25.Exchangeofgeneticinformationbydirectcontactisreferredtoas.

26.istheprocessinwhichDNAistransferredfromonebacteriatoanother.

Test2:MethodsforStudyingMicroorganisms

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Lightmicroscopyisdependentontheinteractionoflightwithonobject.Theabilityof

lighttopassthroughanobjectisreferredtoas:

transportedlighttransmittedlightreflectedlightrefractedlight

2.Theresolvingpower(R)ofamicroscopeisdependentonthewavelengthoflight(;?)and

thenumericalaperture(NA)ofthelens.TheformulaforRis:

R=0.5?.xNAR=0.5;-/NAR=NA/0.5JrR=Squarerootof0.5)JNA

3.Thegramstainuses-asamordanttofixtheprimarystain

Iodinealcoholacetonesafranin

4.Theacid-faststainisusefulintheidentificationofwhichofthefollowingorganisms

StaphylococcusaureusMycoplasmamycoidesMycobacteriatuberculosis

Moraxellaosloensis

5.Botulismisaseriousdiseasethatcandevelopfromtheimpropercookingoffood

containingbacterialspores.Whichofthefollowinggeneraarecapableofproducing

spores?

SalmonellaListeriaEscherichiaClostridia

6.Whichofthefollowingtypesofmicroscopesutilizeselectronbeamstovisualizeobjects?

NomarskiTEMPCMConfocal

7.AmixtureoforganismswasisolatedfromapatientsuspectedofhavingnStrepThroat.”

Whichtypeofmediawouldyouusetoisolatethesuspectedpathogen?

Definedenrichedselectivedifferential

8.Sterilizationofmaterialwithanautoclaveutilizessteamtokillmicroorganisms.The

correctprocedureforsterilizationwithanautoclaveis:

15minat121℃at15lb/in215minat256℃at15lb/in215minat121℃at1lb/in2

15minat121℃at1lb/in2

9.Anantibioticwasaddedtoacultureofbacteriatodetermineitseffect.Whatmethodof

enumerationwouldyouusetodeterminetheefficacyoftheantibiotic?

directcountviablecountturbidimetriccountabsorbance

9.Identificationofmicroorganismscanbeaccomplishedbyanumberoftechniques.

Whichofthefollowingrequiresthegrowthoftheorganism?

enzymelinkedassaygeneprobemetabolicfluorescent

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1.Amediawherealltheingredientsareknowniscalledamedia.

2.techniqueisusedtomaintainapurecultureandavoidcontamination.

3.Sterilizationinstrumentthatutilizessteamunderpressure:.

4.Aplateutilizesalooporneedletodistributeandisolatecoloniesonaculture

plate.

5.identificationutilizesantibodiesfornamingofbacterialspecies.

6.Bacteriacanbepreservedforlongperiodsoftimebyfreeze-dryingor.

7.Themrbidimetricmethodofcountingbacteriautilizesatomeasurethe

amountoflightpassingthroughasolution.

8.Theviableplatecountcountslivebacterialcoloniesintherangeorto

9.Acountingchamberandamicroscopeareusedinthecountofbacteria.

Test3:OrganizationandStructureofMicroorganisms

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Eukaryoticmembranescanbedifferentiatedfromprokaryoticmembranesbecause

eukaryoticmembranescontain____aspartofthelipidcomponentofthe

membrane.

Phosphatesfattyacidsproteinssterols

2.Thearrangementofproteinsandlipidsinthemembraneisreferredtoasthe:

bilayermodelfluidmosaicmodeltrilayermodelpermeablemodel

3.Themovementofwatermoleculesacrossthemembraneinresponsetoa

concentrationgradientisreferredtoas

Diffusionosmosistranslocationtransport

4.Themembraneofacellisabletodifferentiatemoleculesthatenterorexitthecell

andactasa____barrier.

Semipermanentsemitransparentsemipermeablesemidiffuse

5.Movementofmoleculesatanenhancedrateacrossthemembraneiscalled

facilitateddiffusionpassivediffusionosmosispermeation

6.Whichofthefollowingmechanismstransportsmoleculeswithoutchemical

alteration?

activetransportgrouptranslocationfacilitateddiffusionbindingproteintransport

7.WhichofthefollowingtransportmechanismoccursonlyinGram-negative

bacteria?

activetransportgrouptranslocationfacilitateddiffusionbindingproteintransport

8.Whichofthefollowingtransportmechanismsoccursonlyinprokaryotes?

activetransportgrouptranslocationfacilitateddiffusionbindingproteintransport

9.Lysozymeandpenicillinhaveactivityagainstthecellwall.Lysozymebreaksthis

component;penicillinpreventsitsformation

Lipopolysaccharidephospholipidpeptidoglycanteichoicacid

10.Partialdestructionofthecellwallwithlysozymeleavesacellcalleda:

Protoplastspheroplastperiplastcapsule

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1.Mostcellsuseenergyintheformoftorunthecell.

2.Phospholipidsofeubacterialcellsarecomposedofagroupandaona

glycerolbackbone.

3.Membraneproteinsfoundonthesurfacearecalledproteins.

4.TheenergysourceforactivetransportineukaryotesisderivedfromATP.Theenergyfor

activetransportinprokaryotesisderivedfrom.

5.TheregionbetweentheoutermembraneinGram-negativebacteriaandthecellwallis

calledthe?

6.ExtrachromosomalDNAelementsfoundinbacteriaarecalled.

7.Ribosomesarestructurescomposedofand.

8.Thefluidinsideacellisreferredtoasthe.

9.Thehereditaryorganelleofeukaryoticcellsiscalledthe.

10.Theprocessbywhichacellengulfsandinternalizesparticlessuchasbacteriaorother

cellsiscalled.

Test4:Eukaryotes

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Fungiareconsideredheterotrophicbecausetheyobtainnutritionthrough

phagocytosisendocytosisadsorptionphotosynthesis

2.Theseparationbetweenfilamentousfungalcellsarereferredtoas

FillintheBlank

1.Unicellularfungiarecalled,

2.Filamentousfungiformbranchingstructurescalled

3?Themostcommonformofreproductioninyeastsoccursby,

4.Silicaisfoundinthecellwallof.

5.Theexternalstructuresofmushroomsarereferredtoas.

6.Thegrowthoffungicanbeexpressedby.

7.Redtideiscausedbyatoxinreleasedbytheorganism,Gonyaulax,whichbelongstothe

groupoffungi.

8.Agarismadefromthisgroupofalgae:.

9.Trypanosomagambiensecausesthedisease.

10.Aflagellateprotozoathatcanbefoundinmountainstreamsandcausesdiarrheais

Test5:BacterialGrowthandReproduction

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Inbacterialcultures,growthcanbedemonstratedbyanincreasein:

Masscellsizecellnumbercelllength

2DNAreplicationinbacteriaiscontrolledby:

cellsizecelldivisioncellseparationcellinitiation

3.Duringwhichphaseofbacterialgrowthisthereanincreaseincellsizebutnotincell

number?

Laglogstationaryexponential

4.Thegenerationtimeforbacteriaisdeterminedby:

measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromthetimetheculturewas

initiateduntilthebeginningofstationaryphase

measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromlagphasetodeathphase

measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromlogphasetotheendof

stationaryphase

measuringthetimeittakestodoublethenumberofbacteriafromlogphasetothebeginning

ofstationaryphase

5.Mostpathogenicbacteriaareconsidered:

Psychrophilesmesophilesthermophiles.merophiles

6.Bacteriathatgrowatlownutrientconcentrationsarereferredtoas:

Autotrophsphototrophscopiotrophsoligotrophs

7.Intimesofnutrientdeficiencies,thebacteriaClostridiumproduceuntilconditions

arepermissiveforvegetativegrowth.

Prosthecaesporesstalksfruitingbodies

8.Thetemperatureoftheincubatorwasraisedfrom15*(2to35-(2.Theculturesinthe

incubatordemonstratedafoldincreaseinenzymaticactivity

Twoforeighttwenty

9.Organismsthatgrowatorneartheiroptimalgrowthtemperaturearecalled

stenothermalbacteriaeuthermalbacteria

cauldoactivebacteriamesophilicbacteria

10.Allofthefollowingaretoxicoxygenproductsexcept:

02OH-H20H202

11.Catalase,whichisproducedbyStaphylococci,catalyzeswhichofthefollowing

reactions?

202+2H+―2H202+02

202+2H+-2H202+02

H202+NADH+H+—2H20+NAD

H202+e?+H+-H2O+OH-

12AsaturatedsolutionofNaClhasawateractivityindexof:

1.00.900.800.70

13.OrganismsthatcangrowatawaterindexatorbelowthatofNaCIarecalled

Xerotolerant.salttolerantmesotolerantsalotolerant

14.Allofthefollowingorganismswillsurviveanenvironmentof0.9Awexcept

LactobacillusStaphylococcus.SaccharomycesSpiriUum

15alophilesareclassifiedasorganismsthatrequireforgrowth.

Sugarsalt.waterair

16.Osmophilesrequirea_____Awforgrowth.

Lowhigh

17.Thepressureexertedonacellduetohighsoluteconcentrationsisreferredtoas:

osmoticpressurehydrostaticpressurebarometricpressuresurfacetension

18.Adiverencounteredanewbacterialisolatewhileshewasdivingat1000m.The

organismwillbeclassifiedas:

Marinebarotolerantbarophilicnormal

19.Fungicanbedifferentiatedfrommostbacteriabyculturingat:

MarinelowpHneutralpH

20.Allphototacficbacteriarespondtolightby:

movingawayfromthesourceoflight

movingtowardthesourceoflight

increasingthemovementoftheirflagella

creatinggasvesiclestorisetothesurface

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1.Organismsthatgrowbestabove40oCarecalled.

2.Organismsthatgrowbestbelow20oCarecalled.

3.Organismsthatgrowbestbetween20and40oCarecalled.

4.Myxobacteriaformuniquestructurescalledtocopewithnutrientdeficiencies.

5.Bacteriathatgrowonlyatreducedoxygenconcentrationsarecalled.

6.Bacteriathatrequireoxygenforgrowtharecalled?

7.Bacteriathatgrowathighnutrientconcentrationsarecalled.

8.Caulobacterisanexampleofabacteria.

9.Attemperaturesabovetheoptimum,E.coliandotherbacteriainduceachangeingene

expressioncalled

10.Achangeinhydrostaticpressureof10atmisexperiencewithanincreaseindepthof

m

Test6:ControlofMicrobialGrowth

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Chemicalsusedonthebodytocontrolmicroorganismsarecalled:

Antisepticsdisinfectantsantibioticschemotherapeutic

2.Themosteffectivewayofsterilizingasolutionisby:

Incinerationpasteurizationfiltrationmoistheat

3.Anautoclaveisanapparatusthatisusedtosterilizevariousmaterials.The

appropriateconditionsforsterilizingcontaminatedmaterialisgivenbywhichofthe

following:

15minat121°CatIpsi

5minat121℃at15psi

15minat121°Cat15psi

5minat131°Cat15psi

4.Allofthefollowingareaneffectofionizingradiationexcept:

breakshydrogenbonds

thyminedimerformation

generatesoxygenradicals

ringstructuredestruction

5hyperbaricchamberwouldbeusefulfortreatinginfectionscausedbywhichofthe

followinggenera:

TreponemaChlamydiaCampylobacterClostridia

6.Agentsthatareusedtoinhibitbacterialgrowthareconsidered

Bacteriocidalbacteriostaticantisepticsdisinfectants

7.Thetermusedtodescribesubstancesproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillorinhibit

othermicroorganismsarecalled

Antimicrobicsantibioticschemotherapeuticagentsantiseptics

8.Antibioticsmustexhibitwhichofthefollowingtobeeffective:

narrowspectrumbroadspectrumselectivetoxicity

bacteriocidal

9.Whichofthefollowingtestsutilizesanantibioticimpregnateddisktotestforthe

efficacyoftheantibiotic?

MICMBCMueller-HintonKirby-Bauer

10.TheMICassaycandetermineifanantibioticagentis:

Bacteriocidalbacteriostaticaandbnoneoftheabove

11.Penicillinsareeffectiveagainst:

cellsinlogphasecells

instationaryphase

cellsineclipsephase

allbacterialcells

12.Penicillinasesinhibittheactivityofpenicillinsbywhichofthefollowingmechanisms:

breakN.acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramicacidbonds

breakthepeptidiglycan

breakthebetalactamring

breakcycloserine

13.Aminoglycosidesinhibitproteinsynthesisbybindingtothe

tRNAmRNA30Sribosomalsubunit

50Sribosomalsubunit

14.Trimethaprimisaninhibitorofdihydrofolatereductasewhichisimportantiswhichof

thefollowing:

vitaminmetabolism1-carbontransfers

proteinsynthesismembraneintegrity

15.HIsoniazidisusedinthetreatmentof:

Pneumococcalinfections

StreptococcalInfections

Legionellainfections

Mycobacteriainfections

16.Fungalcellsdifferfrommammaliancellsbythepresenceofwhichofthefollowing

compoundsintheirmembranes

Chitincholesterolergosterolositol

17.Allofthefollowingantifungalagentstargetthemembraneexcept

GriseofulvinamphotericinBimidazolenystatin

18.Whichofthefollowingantimicrobicsisusedinthetreatmentofmalaria?

ChloroquinemetronidazolepentamidineamphotericinB

19.Amantadineiseffectiveinthetreatmentofwhichviralinfection

HerpesHIVHTLVinfluenza

20.Whichofthefollowingisinhibitedbyzidovudine?

inhibitsviralDNAdependentDNAsynthesis

inhibitsviralRNAdependentRNAsynthesis

inhibitsviralRNAdependentDNAsynthesis

inhibitsviralDNAdependentRNAsynthesis

Test7:MicrobialEcology

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Agroupofmicroorganismscoexistingtogetherinagivenlocationisreferredtoasa:

Ecosystempopulationclonescommunity

2.Anativepopulationiscalled:

Indigenousneutralobligatorycommunity

3foreignpopulationisreferredtoasapopulation

autochthonousallochthonousxenochthonouschorochthonous

4.Organismsthatgrowonthesurfaceofotherorganismsarecalled:

Symbioticepiphyticsyncotropiclichens

5.Therhizosphereeffectisanexampleof:

Commensalismscompetitionsynergismcometabolism

6.Lichensaresymbioticrelationshipbetweenfungiand:

Algaeeubacteriaprotozoaarcheabacteria

7.Bgcteriathatlivewithinprotozoaareandexampleofan:

nonobligatoryendosymbioticrelationship

nonobligatoryautochthonousrelationship

obligatoryendosymbioticrelationship

obligatoryautochthonousrelationship

8.Whichofthefollowingbacteriaarecapableoffixingnitrogen?

RhizobiumXanthomonasAgrobacteriumPseudomonas

9.Ruminantbacteriautilizebacteriatodegradewhichofthefollowingsubstrates?

Chitinkeratingalactosecellulose

10.Luminescentbacteriaengageinasymbioticrelationshipwithinvertebratesandfish.

Inthisrelationshipthefishcontributewhichofthefollowing?

Energyfoodoxygennitrogen

11.Whichofthefollowingdescribesparasitismandnotendosymbiosis?

parasitismisarelationshipinwhichbothhostandparasiteareharmed.

parasitismisarelationshipinwhichtheparasiteisharmedandthehostisunaffected.

parasitismisarelationshipinwhichthehostisharmedandtheparasiteisunaffected.

parasitismisarelationshipinwhichboththehostandparasitebenefit.

12.BacterialplantpathogensarecalledbytheUSDA.

Bacteroidsplantpestsplantbugsplantgerms

13.Bacteriathatcauseplantdiseasesoccurinalloffollowinggeneraexcept:

XanthamonasMycoplasmaCorynebacteriaMycobacteria

14.Whichofthefollowingorganismscausescrowngalltumors?

AgrobacteriumXanthomonasErwiniaSpiroplasma

15.Mostplantdiseasesarecausedby:

Fungibacteriavirusesviroids

16.Whichofthefollowingisnotaneffectivebiologicalcontrolmethodforcontrollingplant

pathogens?

useofresistantcrops

useofviralpesticides

useofbacterialpesticides

useoffungalpesticides

17.Whichofthefollowingisthemostusefulbacterialpesticide?

M.infectiumB.thuringiensisP.putrificansX.campestris

18.Thegreenhouseeffectisdueto

excessproductionofCO-OHbyburningoffossilfuels

excessproductionofCO2byburningoffossilfuels

excessproductionofCObyburningoffossilfuels

excessproductionofCH4byburningoffossilfuels

19.Whichisthelowesttrophiclevelinthefoodweb?

primaryproducersgrazerspredatorshetertrophicorganisms

Test8:GeneticVariation:MutationandRecombination

1MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)

1.Bacterialgenesareconsidered

Homozygousheterozygousdiploidhaploid

2.Extrachromosomalelementsthatcanbeexchangedbetweenbacteriaarecalled

Transposonsplasmids.allelesprobes

3?Extrachromosomalelementsareknowntocontaingeneticinformationforallthe

followingexcept

nitrogenfixationtoxinproductionantibioticresistancecellwallrepair

4Whichofthefollowingmutationswouldhaveahigherprobabilityofcodingforalethal

event?

Suppressorsilentnonsensemissense

5.Whichofthefollowingmutationswouldresultinachangeintheaminoacidinthe

polypeptidchain?

Suppressorsilentnonsensemissense

6.FrameshiftmutationsresultintheadditionordeletionofabaseintheDNA

chain.Reestablishmentofthereadingframecanbecorrectedbyasecondmutationcalled:

Suppressorsilentnonsensemissense

7Thetechniqueofreplicaplatingisoftenusedtodetectnutritionalmutations.

Microorganismsthatgrowoncompletemediabutfailtogrowonminimalmediaare

called:

Autotrophsauxotrophssymbiontsheterotrophs

8.Thetechniqueofreplicaplatingwasdevelopedby:

CrickWatsonLederbergCollins

9Acomplementationtestwasusedtodeterminethesiteoftwoseparatemutations.Two

mutantstrainswerematedandtheresultantprogenywerestillmutant.Theresultsindicate

thatthemutationsare:

Cistrans

10.UVlightinducesmutationsby:

causingbreaksintheDNAchainallowingforthesubstitutionofadditionalbases

causeslinksbetweenthymidinemoleculesonthesameDNAchain

causeslinksbetweenthymidinemoleculesondifferentDNAchains

causesanincreaseinmelaninintheskin

11.Variouschemicalscaninducemutationsbymodifyingthenucleotides,causingbase

deletionsormimickingbasesandsubstitutingforthemintheDNAchain.Anexampleof

thelatteris:

Acridine5-bromouracilmitomycinCnitrousoxide

12.TheAmestestisusedtoscreenchemicalsformutagenicandcarcinogenicpotential.

Whichbacterialstrainisutilizedinthisprocedure?

EscherichiacoliShigelladysenteriaeSalmonellatyphimurium

Streptococcuspyogenes

13.AfterinfectionofacellbytheHIVvires,aDNAcopyoftheviralgenomemaybe

insertedinthehostchromosome.Thisisanexampleof:

viralrecombination

disparaterecombination

disparaterecombination

homologousrecombination

nonhomoiogous—recombination

14.Multiplecopiesofanantibioticresistancegenewasfoundonthechromosomeisolated

frombacteriaX.Whatisthemostlikelyexplanationforthisoccurrence?

thebacteriawasinfectedwithnumerous