全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題

全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題1SECTIONIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)Dilrections:Readthefollowingthreetexts.AnswerthequestionsoneachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.Sometimeinthemiddleofthe15thcentury,awell-to-domerchantfromLondonburiedmorethan6,700goldandsilvercoinsonasloping,hillsideinSurrey.HewasfleeingtheWaroftheRo-sesandplannedtoreturnduringbettertimes.Butheneverdid.ThecoinslayundisturbeduntiloneSeptembereveningin1990,whenlocalresidentRogerMinteychanceduponthemwithametalde-tector,adeviceusedtodeterminethepresenceofmetals.Minteysfindmuchof.whichnowsitsintheBritishMuseum-earnedhimroughly$350,000,enoughtoquithisjobwithasmallmanu-facturerandspendmoretimepursuinglosttreasure.ButdiggingupthepastiscontroversialinBritain.InmanyEuropeancountries,metaldetecto-fists,orpeopleusingmetaldetectors,facetoughregulations.IntheU.K.,however,officialsin-troducedaschemein1997encouraginghobbyiststoreporttheirdiscoveries(exceptforthosefall-ingunderthedefinitionoftreasure,likeMinteysfind,whichtheyarerequiredtoreport)--butal-lowingthemtokeepwhattheyfind,orreceiveareward.Lastyear,ahiddenstorewasuncoveredinafieldoutsideBirmingham.Itconsistsofmorethan1,500goldandsilverobjectsfromthesev-enthcenturyandwasvaluedatmorethan$4.5million.Whilelocalmuseumshurrytoraiseenoughmoneytokeepthefindofftheopenmarket,itsitsinlimbo,ownedbytheCrownbutfa-cingclaimsbythelandownerandthemetaldetectoristwhofoundit.Thefindmarksthelatestbattlegroundintheincreasinglyheatedconflictbetweenthecountrys10,000-20,000metaldetectoristsandthemuseumworkersdeterminedtoprotectitspreciousoldobjects.Supporterssaytheschemestemsthelossofvaluableinformationaboutpreciousoldob-jects,whileopponentsarguethatmetaldetectoristsdontreporteverything.Thedebatecentersonthelargerquestionofwhoownsthepast."Theresbeenaslowmoveoverthecenturiesthatpreciousoldthingsbelongtousall,"saysProfessorChristopherChippindaleofCambridgeUniversity.ButinBritainatleast,thetemptationofburiedtreasurecouldchangeallthat.46.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thecoinsinSurreywereA.worthroughly$350,000C.unearthedabout500yearsagoD.leftbyamerchantduringawar47.WhatdoweknowaboutRogerMintey?A.Heproducesmetaldetectors.B.Heownsamanufacturingfirm.C.HeworksfortheBritishMuseum.D.Heseeksburiedtreasureas48.IntheU.K.,metaldeteA.arerewardedforwhatevertheyfindB.areforcedtoobeytoughregulationsC.maykeepwhattheyhavediscoveredD.shouldreportwhatevertheydiscover49.AsforthefindoutsideBirmingham,itisstillunclearB.howitwasdiscoveredC.whoisentitledtoit50.AccordingtoProfessorChristopherChippindale,buriedtreasureA.isownedbythepublicB.isdebatedinaheatedC.remainsabigtemptationD.turnspreciousovertime在15世紀(jì)中期，一位來(lái)自倫敦的富有商人將6700多枚金幣和銀幣埋藏在薩里的一座傾斜的山坡里。他當(dāng)時(shí)在躲避玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，打算在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)再返回，但是他卻沒能回來(lái)。這些金銀幣一直藏在地下，直到1990年九月的一個(gè)夜晚，當(dāng)?shù)氐囊晃痪用馬ogerMintey偶然間用一種探測(cè)金屬的儀器發(fā)現(xiàn)了它們。Mintey發(fā)現(xiàn)的金銀幣大約價(jià)值35萬(wàn)美金(大部分硬幣現(xiàn)保存在大不列顛博物館)，這筆錢足夠他辭去小工廠的工作并繼續(xù)搜尋剩下的寶藏。但是這種挖掘在當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)是備受爭(zhēng)議的。在許多歐洲國(guó)家，金屬探測(cè)者或使用金屬探測(cè)器的人都將面臨嚴(yán)厲的法律制裁。然而，l997年英國(guó)官方頒布了一項(xiàng)新制度，鼓勵(lì)愛好者們上報(bào)他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)(除了那些屬于寶藏范圍內(nèi)的物品，Mintey的發(fā)現(xiàn)就屬于此范圍，必須上報(bào))，但允許他們擁有發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品或上報(bào)贏得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。去年，在伯明翰郊外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一處隱秘的倉(cāng)庫(kù)。該倉(cāng)庫(kù)中藏有1500多件7世紀(jì)的金制品和銀制品，價(jià)值高達(dá)450多萬(wàn)美元。正當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)氐牟┪镳^急著籌集資金去購(gòu)買這些制品以免其流入市場(chǎng)時(shí)，它的歸屬權(quán)還在爭(zhēng)論，其皇族擁有者遭到了土地?fù)碛姓呒鞍l(fā)現(xiàn)者的`指責(zé)。這些被發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品激發(fā)了英國(guó)l至2萬(wàn)金屬探測(cè)者和博物館力圖保護(hù)文物的工作人員之間的白熱化的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。支持者認(rèn)為此制度阻止了珍貴文物的流失，而反對(duì)者認(rèn)為金屬探測(cè)者們不會(huì)上報(bào)所有東西。這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論的重點(diǎn)在于到底誰(shuí)應(yīng)該擁有歷史遺產(chǎn)。劍橋大學(xué)的Chris—topherChippindale教授說(shuō)道，“過(guò)去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人們漸漸開始認(rèn)為這些珍貴的文物屬于我們所有人”。但是至少在英國(guó)，這些埋葬的寶藏誘惑著很多人，從而改變了一切。46.D【精析】細(xì)節(jié)題。關(guān)于薩里的硬幣，從文章第一段第一、二句“…awell—to—domerchantfromLondonburiedmorethan6，700...HewasfleeingtheWaroftheRoses…”可知，這些硬幣是被一位商人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中留下的，D正確。由第一段最后一句“Mintey’sfind--muchofwhichnowsitsintheBritishMuseum--eamedhimroughly$350.000…spendmoretimepursuinglosttreasure.”可知Mintey發(fā)現(xiàn)的金銀幣大約值三十五萬(wàn)美元，但他并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)全部的，題干問(wèn)的是埋在底下的全部金幣的信息，所以A不正確;第一段沒有提及歸屬權(quán)的問(wèn)題，故8錯(cuò)誤;由第一段開頭可知，金幣是在15世紀(jì)中期(大約l650年左右)埋藏的，l990年發(fā)現(xiàn)，中間大約340年左右，故C不正確。綜上所述，故選D。47.D【精析】推斷題。由文章第一段可知，Mintey只是使用金屬探測(cè)器發(fā)現(xiàn)了金幣，并不是他發(fā)明了金屬探測(cè)器，故A不正確。由第一段最后一句可知，Mintey是在一家工廠工作，并不是擁有一家工廠，故B、C不正確。從文章第一段最后兩句可知，RogerMintey是偶然間用金屬探測(cè)器發(fā)現(xiàn)的并且他在一家小工廠工作，第二段第三句也提到政府鼓勵(lì)愛好者上報(bào)他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)，并舉了Mintey的例子，由此可推斷Mintey只是將此作為愛好，故選D。48.C【精析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“IntheU.K.，however，offi—cl997encouraginghobbyiststorepoatheirdiscoveries(…)一butallowingthemtokeepwhattheyfind.Orreceiveareward.”可知，在英國(guó)，政府出臺(tái)政策鼓勵(lì)人們上報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品，但是允許他們擁有，故選c。49.C【精析】推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句“Whilelocalmuseumshurrytoraiseenoughmoneytokeepthefindofftheopenmarket，itsitsinlimb0，ownedbytheCrownbutfacingclaimsbythelandownerandthemetaldetectoristwhofindit.”可知，關(guān)于該寶藏的歸屬權(quán)還在爭(zhēng)論中，故選C。50.A【精析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從文章最后一段第二句“1here’SbeenaslowmoreoverthecenturiesthatpreciousoldthingsbelongtoUSall.”可知，這位教授認(rèn)為這些寶藏或文物是屬于大家共有的，故選A。全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題2Directions:Readthefollowingtwotexts.AnswerthequestionsoneachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.Isabelhasturneddowntwojoboffersinthepastyear.In2021,shestartedherownconsultingpractice,butby2021,mostofherlargerclientshadtodropherbecauseoftheeconomy.In2021,shewasundertakingirregularassignmentsandknewsheneededasteadyjob.ThefirstjobsheconsideredwasDirectorofHRforacompanyinUtah.Aftertheinitialinterviews,shefeltthejobfitherexceptforthelocation.Still,sheflewwesttomeetthehiringmanager.ThehiringmanagerexplainedthatIsabelwasthetopcandidateforthejobbutthat,beforeshecontinuedwiththeprocess,sheshouldbetterunderstandthefirmsculture.ShedirectedIsabeltoseveralvideosofthecompanysCEO,whoregularlyappearedinfrontofthecompanyincostumeaspartofmoralebuildingexercisesandexpectedhisseniorleaderstodothesame.EventhoughIwasdesperateforajob,IknewIcouldntdothat,Isabelsays.Shecalledtherecruitertoturndownthejobandexplainedthatshedidntfeeltherewasaculturalfit.Afewmonthslater,sheinterviewedforanotherjob:adirectorofemployeerelationsatalocaluniversity.Afterseveralinterviews,thehiringmanagertoldherthejobwashersifshewantedit.Thejobhadmanypositives:itwasalow-stressenvironment,itofferedgreatbenefits,andtheuniversitywasanemployee-friendlyplace.ButthejobwasrelativelyjuniordespitethetitleandIsabelworrieditwouldntbechallengingenough.Finally,sheturneditdown.ItwouldbegreattohaveapaycheckandgreatbenefitsbutIwoulddefinitelyhavetroublesleepingatnight,shesays.Inbothcases,shewasfrankwiththehiringmanagersaboutwhyshewasnttakingthejobs.Inthepast,itfeltlikedating,Iwasworriedabouthurtingpeoplesfeelings,shesays.However,theyappreciatedherfranknessandthankedherforherhonesty.Shesaysitwashardtoturndownthejobsanditwasariskforherfinanciallybutshefeltshehadto.A.didconsultingnowandthenB.foundajobclosetoherhomeC.refusedseveraljobinterviewsD.ranasuccessfulconsultingfirm27.IsabelturneddownthefirstjoboffermainlybecauseofitsA.CEOD.recruiter28.IsabelwasdissatisfiedwiththesecondjobduetoitsA.juniorrifleC.EnvironmentD.lackofchallenge29.IsabelbelievedthatherrejectionofthejobswasA.harmfulB.surprisingC.justifiableD.troublesomeA.lookforjobswithlittlestressB.lookforjobswithgreatbenefitsC.betruthfulindecliningjoboffersD.becautiousindecliningjoboffersYoudonotusuallygetsomethingfornothing.Now,anewstudyrevealsthattheevolutionofanimprovedlearningabilitycouldcomeataparticularlyhighprice:anearlierdeath.Pastexperimentshavedemonstratedthatitisrelativelyeasy.throughselectivebreedingtomakerats,honeybeesand-thatgreatfavouriteofresearchers-fruitfliesalotbetteratlearning.Animalsthatarebetterlearnersshouldbecompetitiveand,thus,overtime,cometodominateapopulationbynaturalselection.Butimprovedlearningabilitydoesnotgetselectedamongsttheseanimalsinthewild.Noonereallyunderstandswhy.TadeuszKaweckiandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofFribourginSwitzerlandhavemeasuredtheeffectsofimprovedlearningonthelivesoffruitflies.Thefliesweregiventwodifferentfruitsasegg-layingsites.Oneofthesewaslacedwithabitteradditivethatcouldbedetectedonlyoncontact.Theflieswerethengiventhesamefruitbutwithoutanadditive.Fliesthatavoidedthefruitwhichhadbeenbitterweredeemedtohavelearnedfromtheirexperience.Theirchildrenwererearedandtheexperimentwasrunagain.Afterrepeatingtheexperimentfor30generations,thechildrenofthelearnedflieswerecom-paredwithnormalflies.TheresearchersreportinaforthcomingeditionofEvolutionthatalthoughlearningabilitycouldbebredintoapopulationoffruitflies,itshortenedtheirlivesby15%.Whentheresearcherscomparedtheirlearnedfliestocoloniesselectivelybredtolivelonglives,theyfoundevengreaterdifferences.Whereaslearnedflieshadreducedtheirlifespans,thelong-livedflieslearnedlesswellthanevenaverageflies.Theauthorssuggestthatevolvinganimprovedlearningabilitymayrequireagreaterinvestmentinthenervoussystemwhichtakesresourcesawayfromprocessesthatdelayageing.However,Dr.Kaweckithinkstheeffectcouldalsobeaby-productofgreaterbrainactivityincreasingtheproductionofReactiveOxygenSpecies(ROS),whichcanincreaseoxidationinthebodyanddamagehealth.Nooneknowswhetherthephenomenonholdstrueforotheranimals.So,biologists,atleast,still31.PastexperimentsproveselectivebreedingcanmakeanimalsbetterA.CommandersB.CompetitorsC.survivors32.Inthisexperiment,scientistsobservedthatA.somefliesavoidedthefruitwithoutanaddictiveB.somefliespreferredthefruitwithanaddictiveC.theeggsoftheflieswerenotdamagedD.theimpactonthefliesdidnotlastlong33.TheforthcomingreportsaysthatA.long-livedfliesarebetteratlayingeggsB.long-livedfliesarepoorerinlearningC.learnedflieshavearelativelylonglifeD.learnedfliesliveaslongasaverageones34.AccordingtoDr.Kawecki,greaterbrainactivityA.reducesoxygenconsumptionB.regulatesthenervoussystemC.speedsuptheageingprocessD.stabilizestheageingprocess35.WelearnfromthetextthatA.theresearchfindingsneedtobetestedfurtherB.biologistsaredoingsimilarresearchonotheranimalsC.theanimalworldusuallyfollowsthesameuniversallawsD.biologistsareapplyingtheirfindingstootherareas閱讀PartBDirections:Readthetextsfromamagazinearticleinwhichfivepeopletalkabouttippinginarestaurant.Forquestions36-40,matchthenameofeachpersontooneofthestatements(A-G)givenbelow.MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.Richard:Ivealwaysviewedtippingasawayofsayingthankyoutotheonewhoservesme.Ibelievewhatisbadiswhennotipisleftatall.Thebettertheservice,thehigherthetip.Unlesstheserviceisliterallyperfect,Inevertipmorethan10%ofthebill.Muchliketheharderteachersinschool,Inevergiveeasy"A.Myassessmentishonest.Atipisathankyou,butintruth,atipispaymentforservice.20%isastandardtip.Serversdeserveitfortheirhardwork.Restaurantswillneverpaymoreforlaborunlesstheyareforcedtodosobynewlaws.Tipsmakeupabout97%ofaserverstotalincome.Thosetipsareneededforsurvival.So,beforeserversarepaidalivingwage,tip20%.WhyshouldIpaythedifferencebetweenwhattherestaurantiswillingtopaytheemployeeandwhatanacceptablewageis?Idopay20%,butIhateit.AfriendofmineleftEuropeforNewYorkCity,foundajobinarestaurantthereandendedupmaking$5,500amonth.Enoughabovemini-mumwage?Howaboutminers,constructionworkers,residentdoctors,etc?Dotheygettipped?18-20%forgoodserviceistodaysstandard.Therestaurantanditsemployeesarctoopolitetotellyouthisortoputitontheirmenus,butthatistheirexpectationandyouneedtounderstandthat.Ibelieveitisgoodmannerstorespectthis.Todootherwiseistobeopenlyrude.Ifyoudisagree,youarcwisetocatelsewhere,asyouarehurtingahardworkingprofessional.Michael:Tippinghasgottenoutofcontrol.Ialwayshadthoughtitwas15%,andnowsuddenlyservershavemadeit20%.Itip15%,andthatsit.Iftheserviceisreallysuperior,thenIworkhigherfromthere.Interestingtobetold,"Ifyoucantaffordtotip20%,thenyoushouldcatathome.Ifallthosepeoplestayedaway,therestaurantwouldnotevenbeinbusiness.Nowmatchthenameofeachperson(36-40)totheappropriatestatement.Note:therearetwoextrastatements.Statements36.Richard40.MichaelB.Idotip,thoughIdontlikeit.C.Tippingshouldntbecompulsory.D.Tipsareessentialtoserverssurvival.E.Ifyoudonttip,youarepunishingtheserver.F.IthinkthecurrenttippingstandardistoohigG.Mytipfaithfullyreflectshowgoodtheserviceis.閱讀PartC:Directions:Readthefollowingtextfromwhichfivesentenceshavebeenremoved.ChoosefromthesentencesA-Gthemostsuitableonetofilleachnumberedgapinthetext(41-45).ThereareTWOextrasentencesthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.In2021,thenumberofhungrypeopleintheworldreachedonebillionforthefirsttime.Itsdifficultnottobeshockedbythefactthatmorethanoneinsevenpeopleintheworlddonothaveenoughtoeat.41HungerkillsmorepeopleperyearthandiseasessuchasAIDS,malariaandTBcombined.TheUNestimatesthatalmosttwothirdsoftheworldshungrypeopleareinAsia,whichisofcoursetheworldsmostpopulouscontinent.42AlthoughthisregionhasamuchlowerpopulationthanAsia,ithasthehighestpercentageofhungrypeople.AlmostalloftherestareinLatinAmerica,NorthAfricaandtheCaribbean,Intherichestregionsoftheworldthereareonlyatinynumberofpeoplewhodonthaveenoughtoeat.Therearemanyreasonsforworldhunger.Theyincludewars,droughts,floods,andtheover-useoffanningland.43Manypeoplealsoblamegreedybusinessmenforpushingupthepricesofbasicfoodsintheglobalmarket.Butthemostimportantreason,quitesimply,ispoverty,whichhasincreasedrecentlyduetothefinancialcrisisof2021.Althoughmanypeoplemaketheobviouspointthattherewouldbelesshungeriftheglobalpopulationweresmaller,fewpeoplewouldarguethatthereisnotenoughfoodtogoaround.44Inthelast50years,globalfoodproductionhasrisenevenmorequicklythantheglobalpopulation.Therearemanyareasoftheworldinwhichpeoplegenerallyhavemorethanenoughfood.45Theanswertoworldhunger,therefore,maybeabalancedfooddistributionaroundthewholeworld.Everyonewillhaveenoughtoeat,butnotovereat.A.Thebasicproblemseemstobenotalackoffood,butitsdistribution.B.Morethanaquarterareinsub-SaharanAfrica.C.Allthesefactorsaffectfoodproduction.D.Ittakestheeffortofeverycountrytofightagainstworldhunger.E.Inthoseplaces,obesityisafarbiggerproblemthanhunger.F.Thoseplacesneedfarmorefoodthantheyactuallyget.G.Bytheendofthisyear,morethan35millionpeoplewillhavediedasaresultofnothavingenoughtoeat.Directions:Readthefollowingtextfromwhich10wordshavebeenremoved.ChoosefromthewordsA-0themostsuitableonetofilleachnumberedgapinthetext(46-55).ThereareFIVEextrawordsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.Icantbelievethekindofrubbishthatsomepeoplecallart.Yesterday,mygirlfrienddraggedmetoamodernart46toseeanexhibitionshehadreadaboutinthepaper.Itwasfiveorsixso-calledinstallationsmadeofbitsofplastic,woodandpaperthat47justtohavebeenthrownonthefloor.Itwasamess,basically--justlikethefloorinmysistershousewhenmytwo-year-oldnephewsleftallhistoysout,butless48Cometothinkofit,49youhadgiventhosebitsofplastic,woodandpapertomynephew,hecouldprobablyhave50somethingjustasgood.Iguess,sometimes,thecleanersendupthrowingartlikethatinthebinsattheendoftheday,51theymustfindithardtoworkoutwhatsanexhibitandwhatsjust52IthinkthatifapaintingoraninstallationlookslikesomethingIcouldhavedonemyselfinfifteenminutes,itdoesnt53tobecalledart.ButwhenIsaythat,peoplelikemygirlfriendsayIm"uncultured.Ithinkalotofthepeoplewhosaythey54thekindofstuffwesawyester-dayarejustpretending--deepdowntheyknowitsrubbishbuttheydontwanttobethefirstonetoadmititbecause,unlikeme,theyre55ofbeinglookeddownon.A.AfraidB.appreciateH.galleryM.seemedN.serious0.when真題答案：26.A27.B28.D29.A30.C31.D32.A33.B34.C35.A36.G37.D38.B39.A40.F41.G42.B43.C44.A45.E46.H47.M48.D49.I50.E51.C52.J53.F54.B55.A全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題3Technologyhasbeenanencouragementofhistoricalchange.ItactedassuchaforceinEng-landbeginningintheeighteenthcentury,andacrosstheentireWesternWorldinthenineteenth.Rapidadvancesweremadeintheuseofscientificfindingsinthemanufacture(制造)ofgoods,whichhaschangedideasaboutwork.Oneofthefirstchangeswasthatotherformsofenergyhavetakentheplaceofhumanpower.Alongwiththiscametheincreaseduseofmachinestomanufac-tureproductsinlesstime..Peoplealsodevelopedmachinesthatcouldproducethesamepartsforaproduct:eachnailwasexactlylikeeveryothernail,meaningthateachnailcouldbechangedforeveryothernail.Thismeansthatgoodscouldbemassproduced,thoughmassproductionrequiredbreakingproductiondownintosmallerandsmallertasks.Oncethiswasdone,workersnolongerstartedontheproductandlaboredtocompleteit.In-stead,theymightworkonlyonethousandthofit,otherworkerscompletingtheirownpartsincer-tainorder.Thereisnothingstrangeaboutthismanufacturingworkbytodaysstandards.Highlyskilledworkerswereunabletocomparewiththenewproductiontechniques,asmassproductional-lowedgoodsofhighstandardtobeproducedingreaternumberthancouldeverbedonebyhand.Buttheskilledworkerwasnttheonlyloser,thecommonworkerslosttoo.Similarchangesforcedfarmersaway.Theincreasedmechanization(機(jī)械化)ofagriculturefreedmassesofworkersfromploughingthelandandharvestingitscrops.Theyhadlittlechoicebuttostreamtowardtherapidlydevelopingindustrialcenters.Increasingly,standardsweresetbymachines.Workersnolongerownedtheirowntools,theirskillwasnolongervalued,andprideintheirworkwasnolongerpos-sible.Workersfed,lookedafterandrepairedthemachinesthatcouldworkfasterthanhumansatgreatlyreducedcost.26.Inthispassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredasachangecausedbytheuseofscientificfindingsintheproductionofgoods?A.Otherformsofenergyhavetakentheplaceofhumanpower.B.Theincreasedexploitationofworkersinthe19thcentury.C.Theincreaseduseofmachinestomakeproductsinlesstime.D.Theuseofmachinesproducingpartsofthesamestandard.27.Theunderlinedword"this"inthefLrStparagraphreferstoA.theuseofscientificfindingsB.thepracticeofproducingthesamepartsforaproductC.thehumanpowerbeingreplacedbyotherformsofenergyD.thetechnologybecomingtheencouragementofhistoricalchange28.Theunderlinedword"this"inthesecondparagraphreferstothechangethatA.eachnailcouldbetakentheplaceofbyeveryothernailB.eachnailwasexactlylikeeveryothernailC.producingtasksbecamesmallerandsmallerD.goodscouldbemassproduced29.Accordingtothewriter,highlyskilledworkersA.completelydisappearedwiththecomingofthefactorysystemB.weredismissedbythebossC.wereunabletoproducegoodsofhighstandardD.wereunabletoproducefinegoodsatthatsamespeedasmachines30.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthefarmershavetodowiththecomingofmechanizationofagriculture?A.Manyofthemhadtoleavetheirfarmlandforindustrialcenters.B.Theystucktotheirfarmwork.C.Theyrefusedtousemachines.Theydidtheirbesttolearnhowtousethemachines.參考譯文技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為歷史性改變的一種激勵(lì)。在十八世紀(jì)初的英國(guó)和十九世紀(jì)的整個(gè)西方世界，技術(shù)就具有這樣的一種力量。在商品制造領(lǐng)域，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)物的使用使得商品制造領(lǐng)域取得了快速改進(jìn)，這改變了人們對(duì)工作的看法。最初的一種改變就是人力被其他形式的能量所代替。隨之而來(lái)的是機(jī)器的加大使用，以便在更少的時(shí)間里生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。人們也開發(fā)了可以用來(lái)生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品相同零件的機(jī)器：每個(gè)釘子都造得跟其他任何釘子完全相同，也就是每個(gè)釘子都可以跟其他釘子互換。這就意味著商品可以大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，雖然大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)要求把生產(chǎn)分成一個(gè)一個(gè)更小的部分。一旦它實(shí)現(xiàn)，工人們?cè)僖膊挥弥痔幚懋a(chǎn)品以及花力氣完成產(chǎn)品。取而代之的是，他們也許只工作過(guò)去工作量的千分之一，另外的工人按一定工序完成各自的部分就可以了。按照今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這種生產(chǎn)工作沒什么令人奇怪的。技術(shù)高超的工人無(wú)法跟這種新的生產(chǎn)技藝相媲關(guān)。因?yàn)榇笠?guī)模生產(chǎn)使高規(guī)格的商品的大批量生產(chǎn)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，而手工制作相形見絀。然而，技術(shù)好的個(gè)人并非唯一的受損失者，普通工人也如此。相似的改變讓農(nóng)民地位不保。不斷增加的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化把大批農(nóng)民從耕地和農(nóng)作物收獲中解放出來(lái)。除了涌入快速發(fā)展的工業(yè)中心，他們別無(wú)選擇。規(guī)則日益被機(jī)器制定。工人不再擁有自己的工具。他們的技術(shù)不再有價(jià)值，從而工作中的自豪感不再存在。工人供養(yǎng)、照顧和維修那些遠(yuǎn)比人類更有工作效率的機(jī)器，這大大減少了花費(fèi)。答案及解析26.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。原文中并未說(shuō)l9世紀(jì)開始對(duì)工人剝削的增加。其余三項(xiàng)均在第一段中間出現(xiàn)。所以此題選擇B。27.c【解析】理解題。單詞this指上文“0therformsofenergyhavetakentheplaceofhumanpower.”(其他形式的能源已經(jīng)代替了人類的勞動(dòng)力)的`內(nèi)容。所以此題選擇c。28.D【解析】理解題。在條件句中，this指下文“goodscouldbemassproduced”(貨物大批生產(chǎn))。所以此題選擇D29.D【解析】判斷推理題?？蓮牡谌蔚谒木洹癏ighlyskilledworkerswereunabletocomparewiththenewproductiontechniques.”(技術(shù)高超的工人也無(wú)法和新的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相比)可知答案。所以此題選擇D。A【解析】判斷推理題?？筛鶕?jù)第三段中的“Similarchangesforcedfarmersaway.”(類似的改變趕走了農(nóng)民)及“Theyhadlittlechoicebuttostreamtowardtherapidlydevelopingindustrialcen-ters.”(除了慢慢向工業(yè)中心轉(zhuǎn)移，他們沒有其他選擇)。所以此題選擇A。StudentsofUnitedStateshistory,seekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovements,havethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorians,however,haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,theideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStatehavebeenobscuredbecause,evenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStates,theyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas“solitary”and“individualtheorists”wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFalls,NewYork,in1848.Thus,acompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhas,however,beenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hence,byignoringitsfeminism,EuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.Moreover,sincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtosaint-simonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.Saint-Simon’sfollowers,manyofwhomwerewomen,basedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamale,torepresentreflection,andafemale,torepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthat,whiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,theyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirutopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievethatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacter,andtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthought,however,wasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.1.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsiderthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUnitedStatesas“solitary”tobe[A]insufficientlyfamiliarwiththeinternationaloriginsofnineteenth-centuryAmericanfeministthought.[B]overlyconcernedwiththeregionaldiversityoffeministideasintheperiodbefore1848.[C]notfocusednarrowlyenoughintheirgeographicalscope.[D]insufficientlyawareoftheideologicalconsequencesoftheSenecaFallsconference.2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardEuropeanhistorianswhohavestudiedtheSaint-Simoniansisprimarilyoneof[A]approvalofthespecificfocusoftheirresearch.[B]disapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontotheissuethatabsorbedmostoftheSaint-Simonians’energyafter1832.[C]approvaloftheirgeneralfocusonsocialconditions.[D]disapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontolinksbetweentheSaint-SimoniansandtheirAmericancounterparts.3.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheSaint-SimoniansEXCEPT[A]Thegroupincludedmanywomenamongitsmembers.[B]Thegroupbelievedinaworldthatwouldbecharacterizedbysexualequality.[C]ThegroupwasamongtheearliestEuropeansocialistgroups.[D]Mostmembersbelievedthatwomenandmenwereinherentlysimilarinabilityandcharacter.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheSaint-Simoniansenvisionedautopiansocietyhavingwhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?[A]Itwouldbeworldwide.[B]Itwouldemphasizedogmaticreligiousprincipl