癌癥的化療原理

/癌癥的化療原理：化療就是采用化學(xué)藥物來進(jìn)行治療，化療治療癌癥的原理是利用不同的細(xì)胞對于化療藥物敏感性的不同進(jìn)行的。增殖旺盛的細(xì)胞對于化療的敏感性高于增殖緩慢的細(xì)胞，幼稚細(xì)胞對化療的敏感性高于成熟細(xì)胞。癌細(xì)胞是身體的增殖旺盛細(xì)胞，而且含有幼稚細(xì)胞很多，而身體的其他細(xì)胞則多數(shù)是成熟細(xì)胞。因此癌細(xì)胞是身體內(nèi)的化療敏感組織，也就是說化療藥物對在這些細(xì)胞的作用最大。藥物抑制核苷酸的從頭合成途徑。這些藥物被設(shè)計(jì)成核苷酸從頭合成途徑中有關(guān)酶的抑制劑，如氧重氮亮氨酸是Gln的類似物，競爭性的抑制劑，干擾嘌啉和嘧啶核苷酸的從頭合成;5-F-U是U的類似物，干擾dTMP的合成;和氨甲基喋呤是葉酸（F）的類似物，干擾FH4的合成，進(jìn)而干擾嘌啉核苷酸的合成。Thechemotherapy:Thechemotherapyisakindoftreatmentsbychemicaldrugs,basedonthesensitivityofdifferentcells.Thesensitivityofthoseactivelyproliferativeandjuvenileishigherthanthoseslowlyandmature.Cancercellsareproliferativeandmanyofthemarejuvenilewhileothercellsinthebodyaremature.Hencecancercellsarechemical-sensitivetissues,influencedbychemicaldrugsatmost.ManydrugsaredesignedtostopordisturbthesynthesisofDNAofcancercells,suchas5-FUandaminopterindisturbingthesynthesisofdTMPandFH4.放療的長處：

①很多\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"腫瘤患者通過放療得到治愈，獲得長期生存，如早期鼻咽癌、淋巴瘤和\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"皮膚癌等；②有些患者的放療療效甚至同手術(shù)療效一樣好，如早期\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"宮頸癌、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"聲帶癌、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"皮膚癌、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"舌癌、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"食管癌和\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"前列腺癌等，而患者的說話、發(fā)音、咀嚼、進(jìn)食和排便等功能完好，外觀也保留完好；\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"早期乳腺癌通過小手術(shù)大放療后，不僅存活時(shí)間同根治術(shù)，而且乳腺外觀保留基本完好，為世界各國女性乳癌患者所接受；③有些\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"腫瘤患者開始不能進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療或切除難題，但經(jīng)術(shù)前放療后，多數(shù)患者腫瘤縮小，術(shù)中腫瘤播散機(jī)會(huì)減少，切除率進(jìn)步，術(shù)后生存率進(jìn)步，如頭頸部中晚期癌，較晚期的\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"食管癌、乳腺癌和直腸癌等；④也有些患者需術(shù)后放療，既消滅殘存病灶、又進(jìn)步局部控制率和存活率，如肺癌、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"食管癌、直腸癌、乳腺癌、軟組織贅瘤、頭頸部癌和腦瘤等；⑤還有些\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"腫瘤病人因?yàn)轶w質(zhì)差或有合并癥不能手術(shù)，或不愿手術(shù)者，單純放療效果也不錯(cuò)；⑥對于那些病期較晚，或癌瘤引起的骨痛、呼吸難題、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"顱內(nèi)壓增高、\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"上腔靜脈壓破和癌性出血等，放療往往能很好地減輕癥狀，并達(dá)到延永生命的目的TheadvantagesofradiotherapyManypatientswithcancerscanlivelongerbythehelpofradiotherapy,suchasthosewiththeearlynasopharyngealcarcinoma,lymphomaandskincancer,etcSomepatientsthroughtheradiotherapycangetthesameimprovementastheoperations,suchastheearlycervicalcancer,vocalcordcancer,skincancer,tonguecancer,esophagealcancerandprostatecancer,etc.Themostimportantisthattheabilitiesofspeaking,pronouncing,chewing,eatingandexcretingareremainedaswellastheappearanceSomepatients,atthebeginning,arenotfitfortheoperationbutviathepreoperativeradiotherapywhichshrinksthetumor,reducethespreadpossibilityandraisetheresection

ratecanhavemorechancetosurvive,suchasthosewiththeadvancedesophagealcancer,andbreastcancer,etcThepostoperativeradiotherapycaneliminatetheremnantsandraisethecontrolandsurvivalrates,suchaspatientswithlungcancer,esophagealcancer,colorectalcancer,breastcancer,softtissueanythingsuperfluousoruseless,headandneckcancerandbraintumor,etc.Theradiotherapyisalsofitforthosewithfragilehealth,complicationsorunwillingnesstoundergothesurgeryTheradiotherapycanrelievesymptomsandpains,especiallyfor

patients

inadvancedstages放療的缺點(diǎn)：

①放射治療設(shè)備昂貴，治療用度較高；

②放射治療工作職員要責(zé)備面和純熟，包括合格的放射治療醫(yī)生、放射物理、放射生物和純熟的放射技術(shù)職員；

③放射治療周期長，一般需1～2個(gè)月；

④放射并發(fā)癥較多，甚至引起部門功能喪失；

⑤有些\t"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\_blank"腫瘤，尤其是晚期腫瘤患者，放射治療效果并不完好。ThedisadvantagesofradiotherapyTheequipmentisexpensiveandthetherapycostsalotStaffworkingforthetreatmentmustbespecificallytrained,includingradiationtreatment,doctors,radiationphysics,radiationbiologyandhigh-techradiationtechnologystaffAlltoooften,theradiotherapyperiodislong,usually1-2monthsCompl