《計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課件第8章

UNIT8

TOPICS

TEXTInformationSecurity

EXERCISES

SUPPLEMENTARYVirusesCanEatYourComputerAliveCONVERSATIONEntertainingClients

WRITINGHowto

WriteEffectiveLettersofAppreciationandCongratulationTOPICS

UNIT8ThehistoryofInformationSecurity

TheconceptofInformationSecurity

ThegoalofInformationSecurity

WhatisconfidentialityofInformationSecurity?

WhatisintegrityofInformationSecurity?

WhatdoesavailabilityofInformationSecuritymean?

Doyouknowhowtomakeitsecurewhenshoppingonline?

Whatiscomputervirus?

Howtoprotectyourpersonalcomputerfromviruses?

Whatdoesfirewalltechnologymean?

Isitsecureafterinstallafirewall?

Skillsofentertainingclients.

Howtowritelettersofappreciateandcongratulation?

ComputernetworksdidnotexistatthedawnofthecomputerEra.Thus,atthistime,theneedforinformationsecurity—thatis,theneedtosecurethephysicalcomputeranditsmedia,makesuretheequipmentwasnotstolen,damaged,ormodifiedsinceeachmainframewasanisolatedmachine.TEXT

InformationSecurityDuringthe1960s,manymoremainframeswerebroughtonline.Theworkperformedbythesecomputersstartedtobecometime-criticalandbegantorequiretheuseofdataandprocesseshousedatseparatesites.Then,securitywasbecomingapopularconcern.

Atthecloseofthetwentiethcentury,theInternetbringsmillionsofcomputernetworksintocommunicationwitheachother.Thepersonalcomputerappearsonpeople’sdesktopsatworkandevenathome.Whatemergedwasalabyrinthofnetworksboastingvariousdegreesofsecurityattemptingtoaccessandshareinformationwitheachother.TheweaknessesbecameeasiertoexploitasaccesstotheInternet’sresourcesbecameeasier.

Understandingtheaspectsofinformationsecurityrequiresthedefinitionsofcertaininformationtechnologyterms.Thewordsecuritymeans“thequalityorstateofbeingsecure—tobefreefromdanger”.While,theterminformationsecuritywhichisreferredtocomputersecurityandinformationassurancemeansprotectinginformationfromunauthorizedaccess,illegaluse,disclosure,disruption,modification,perusal,inspection,recordingordestruction.

Informationsecurityisoftenachievedbymeansofseveralstrategiesandmethodssuchaspolices,standards,andstrategies.Butthecoreaimofinformationsecurityistoensuretheconfidentiality,integrityandavailability(CIA)ofcriticalsystemsandconfidentialinformation.CIAisawidelyusedbenchmarkforevaluationofinformationsystemssecurity,focusingonthethreecoregoalsof

confidentiality,integrityandavailabilityofinformation.Confidentiality

Ininformationsecurity,confidentialitymeanssecrecyofinformation.Theaimofconfidentialityistoensureprotectionagainstunauthorizedaccesstooruseofconfidentialinformation.Consider,forexample,creditcardstransactionsontheInternetarepopularwiththeageofe-tradecoming.Itrequiresthecreditcardnumbertobetransmittedfromthebuyertothemerchantandfromthemerchanttoatransactionprocessingnetwork.Thesystemattemptstoenforceconfidentialityofthecardnumberduringtransmissionbyencryptingthecardinformation.Itissaidtheconfidentialityhasoccurredifanunauthorizedpartyobtainsthecardnumberinanywayduringthetransaction.

Toprotectconfidentialityofinformation,anumberofmeasuresmaybeused,including:

Informationclassification

Securedocumentstorage

Applicationofgeneralsecuritypolices

EducationofinformationcustodiansandendusersIntegrity

Thesecondcomponentofinformationsecurityisintegrity.Theinformationcreatedandstoredbyanorganizationneedstobestableconstantly.Nowthewordintegrityisthetermthatmeansdatacannotbemodifiedundetectably.Thatistoassurethedatabeingaccessedorreadhasneitherbeentamperedwith,norbeenalteredordamagedthroughasystemerror,sincethetimeofthelastauthorizedaccess.Wheninformationisexposedtocorruption,damage,destruction,orotherdisruptionofitsauthenticstate,thatistosaytheinformationislackofintegrity.Forexample,datastoredondiskareexpectedtobestableandnotsupposedtobechanged.Integritymeansthatchangesshouldbedoneonlybyauthorizedusersandthroughauthorizedmechanisms.Availability

Ingeneral,theavailabilityofCIAistoensurethatinformationandvitalservicesareassessableforusewhenrequired.Foranysystem,theinformationmustbeavailablewhenitisneeded.Thismeansthatthecomputingsystemwhichisusedtostoreandprocesstheinformationmustbeaccessible.Forexample,researchlibrariesthatrequireidentificationbeforeentrance.Librariansprotectthecontentsofthelibrarysothattheyareavailableonlytoauthorizedusers.Highavailabilitysystemsaimtoremainavailableatalltimes,preventingservicedisruptionsduetopoweroutages,hardwarefailures,andsystemupgrades.Ensuringavailabilityalsoinvolvespreventingdenial-of-serviceattacks.

Availability,likeotheraspectsofsecurity,maybeaffectedbypurelytechnicalissues,naturalphenomena,orhumancauses.

Informationsecurityisa“well-informedsenseofassurancethattheinformationrisksandcontrolsareinbalance.”InformationSecurityisusuallyachievedthroughamixoftechnical,organizationalandlegalmeasures.Thesemayincludetheapplicationofcryptography,thehierarchicalmodelingoforganizationsinordertoassureconfidentiality,orthedistributionofaccountabilityandresponsibilitybylaw,amonginterestedparties.Ⅰ.Matchthetermsandinterpretations.1.SecurityAwareness(a)Ameasureofthedegreeofasystemwhichisintheoperableandcommittablestateatthestartofmissionwhenthemissioniscalledforatanunknownrandompointintime.EXERCISES2.Confidentiality(b)Theconversionofdataintoaformthatcannotbeeasilyunderstoodbyunauthorizedpeople.3.Integrity(c)Theknowledge,skillandattitudeanindividualpossessesregardingtheprotectionofinformationassets.

4.Availability(d)Thecharacteristicthatalterationstoasystem’sassetscanbemadeonlyinanauthorizedway.5.Encryption(e)Referstothepropertyofacomputersystemwherebyitsinformationisdisclosedonlytoauthorizedparties.

Ⅱ.ArethefollowingstatementsTrue(T)orFalse(F)?

1．()TheInternetismoresecuresincemorepeopleareusingit.

2．()Changingpasswordsonyourcomputer,andusingcombinationsoflettersandnumbers,makesiteasiertogainaccess.

3．()Informationsecuritysystemsneedtobeimplementedtoprotectpersonalstaffdetailsinmanybusinesses.

4．()Computervirusesareprogramsthatcaninfectothercomputerprograms.．()Computersecurityconcernsonlywiththesoftwareanddataofcomputersystems.

6．()Databackupmeansmakingcopiesofdata.

7．()Hackermeansabadmanwhoaccessestoacomputersystem7withoutauthority.

8．()Abackupfileisacopyofafilewhichiskeptincaseanythinghappenstotheoriginalfile.

9．()Dataissaidtobecorruptonlywhenlost.

10．()Incomputersecurity,accesscontrolhasbeenwidelyusedto10managethepermissionsofuserstoaccesstheobjects.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingwordsandphrasesintoChinese.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingChinesestatementsintoEnglish.

1．互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用得越多，對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)安全就關(guān)注得越多。

2．有效的信息安全包括了一系列政策、安全產(chǎn)品、技術(shù)等。

3．對(duì)于多數(shù)公司而言，80%的安全問(wèn)題來(lái)自于公司內(nèi)部。

4．黑客有兩種攻擊計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的方法。

5．一個(gè)有效的保護(hù)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方法是安裝防火墻。

Ⅴ.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthefollowingwordsorphrases.

refertotransmittedcollectioncrimeinformation

recordedvaluabledisruptpermissiondata

Anypartofacomputingsystemcanbethetargetofa

.Whenwe

acomputingsystem,wemeana

ofhardware,software,storagemedia,

,andpeoplethatanorganizationusestoperformcomputingtasks.Sometimes,weassumethatpartsofacomputingsystemarenot

toanoutsider,butoftenwearemistaken.Forinstance,wetendtothinkthatthemostvaluablepropertyinabankisthecash,gold,orsilverinthevault.Butinfactthecustomer

inthebank’scomputermaybefarmorevaluable.Storedonpaper,

onastoragemedium,residentinmemory,or

overtelephonelinesorsatellitelinks,thisinformationcanbeusedinmyriadwaystomakemoneyillicitly.Acompetingbankcanusethisinformationtostealclientsorevento

serviceanddiscreditthebank.Anunscrupulousindividualcouldmovemoneyfromoneaccounttoanotherwithouttheowner’s

.Agroupofconartistscouldcontactlargedepositorsandconvincethemtoinvestinfraudulentschemes.Thevarietyoftargetsandattacksmakescomputersecurityverydifficult.

Ⅵ.Thefollowingisaconversationbetweencustomerandtechsupport.FillintheblankswiththehelpoftheChinesegiveninthebrackets.

TechSupport:WhatcanIdo?

Benjamin:

(我在網(wǎng)上沖浪時(shí)電腦系統(tǒng)崩潰了)

TechSupport:

(你瀏覽過(guò)非法網(wǎng)站嗎？)

Benjamin:No,butdoesthatmatter?

TechSupport:Yes,

(如果瀏覽非法網(wǎng)站，電腦很容易感染病毒)

Benjamin:Isee.I’dbetternevertry.

TechSupport:That’swise.

Benjamin:Doyouknowwhat’swrongwithmyPC?

TechSupport:Oneminute.

(哦，它中毒了，而且電腦上沒(méi)有殺毒軟件)

Benjamin:IsthesoftwarenecessaryforaPC?

TechSupport:Ofcourse.You’dbetterlearnsomethingaboutit.

Benjamin:I’mafraidyes.ButwhataboutthedataIstoredinthecomputer?

TechSupport:Don’tworry.Itshouldhavebeenprotectedautomatically.

(我有殺毒軟件，需要我?guī)湍惆惭b嗎？)

Benjamin:Yes,please.I’llreallyappreciatethat.

Systemmanagementisthedaytodayrunningofacomputersystem.Anycomputersystemthatisdoingusefulworkmustbemaintainedonaregularbasis.Buteachyear,thenumberofsecurityvulnerabilitiesdiscoveredrises,andhackingtoolsavailabletoexploitthesevulnerabilitiesbecomemorereadilyavailableandeasiertouse.SUPPLEMENTARY

VirusesCanEatYourComputerAlive

Hackerslookforwaysto“accessyourcomputerandcopy,stealoralterdatayouhavestored”.Absolutelyandwithoutquestion,thenumberonecomputing-andnetworking-relatedchallengeweallfacetodayiscomputerandnetworksecurity.

Computerandnetworksecurityproblemsaffectcorporationsandsmallbusinesses,governments,highereducation,schools,individualsandfamiliesalike—allofusarestruggling.

Nomatterhowcarefulwemightbe,computersmaybefoundinfectedwithdifferentviruses.IfusingInternetfrequentlyfordownloadingmovies,musicandotherfilesfromtheInternet,thechancesofpickingupatrojan,worm,orothervirusarealmostassured.

Avirusinvadesforsystem,erasestheharddriveandsendsrandomdocumentstoeveryoneontheuser’scontactslist.Acomputervirusisatypicallymaliciousprogramwrittentospreaditselfeasilyfromcomputertocomputer.Itssolepurposeistoinfect,corruptandultimatelybreakdownacomputersystemandanynetworkitmaybeapartof.

Acomputervirushasfewboundariesandlimitations,andwiththeglobaluseofE-mailandtheinternetallowingavirustospreadsoeasily,asimpleclickofthemousecancausealmostinstantworldwidechaos.Withoutpriorknowledgeofanypossiblevirusthatiscirculatingatthetime,thistypeofcomputervirusisimpossibletospot.TheuserwillhavenoideathatthemailthattheyhavejustclickedonandopenedhasinfectedtheirPCand,insomecases,thePCviruswillhavealreadysentitselfouttoalloftheemailaddressescontainedwithintheusersemailcontactlist.Therearesomemostcommonviruses:

ThePandaBurnsIncensecomputerworm—thiswasviruswreakedhavocformonthsinChinain2006and2007.JumpingonecomputertoanotherbytrickingusersintoopeningwhatappearedtobeafriendlyE-mailmessage,thePandafunneledpasswords,financialinformationandonlinecashbalancesleavingapandaasitscallingcard.

TheMelissaVirus—thiswasabugthathiteveryPCusers.ItwouldautomaticallyE-mailitselftootherpeoplewithoutpermission.Itcanbeextraharmfulifusingaprivatemailserver.TheMelissavirushasgonedowninhistoryasoneofthemostcommoncomputervirusesofalltime.

ATrojanhorse,orTrojan,isastandalonemaliciousprogramdesignedtogivefullcontrolofinfectedPCtootherPC.Itcanalsoperformothertypicalcomputervirusactivities.Trojanhorsescanmakecopiesofthemselves,stealinformation,orharmtheirhostcomputersystems.ThetermisderivedfromtheTrojanHorsestoryinGreekmythologybecauseTrojanhorsesattempttogivefullcontrolofPCtootherPC.

Thankfully,therearemanygreatvirusprotectionprogramsonthemarkettodaythatcaninstantlyvanquisheventhetoughestviruses,butthatdoesn’tmeantheusershouldn’thaveanideaofsomeofthecommoncomputervirusesthatarecurrentlygoingaround.

WhenusingcomputersespeciallysurfingontheInternet,therearesometipstofollow:

1.Don’tclickonpop-upadsthatadvertiseantivirusoranti-spywareprograms.Ifyouareinterestedinasecurityproduct,contacttheretailerdirectlythroughitshomepage,retailoutletorotherlegitimatecontactmethods.

2.Don’tdownloadsoftwarefromunknownsources.Somefreesoftwareapplicationsmaycomebundledwithotherprograms,includingmalware.

3.Useandregularlyupdatefirewalls,antivirus,andanti-spywareprograms.Keeptheseprogramsupdatedregularly.Usetheauto-updatefeatureifavailable.

4.Patchoperatingsystems,browsers,andothersoftwareprograms.Keepyoursystemandprogramsupdatedandpatchedsothatyourcomputerwillnotbeexposedtoknownvulnerabilitiesandattacks.

5.Regularlyscanandcleanyourcomputer.Scanyourcomputerwithyouranti-spywareonceaweek.

6.Backupyourcriticalfiles.Back-upcopiesofimportantfilesisoneofthemostfundamentalrequirementsifthecomputerbecomesinfected.在經(jīng)濟(jì)日益發(fā)達(dá)的今天，人與人之間的距離逐漸縮短。在日常工作及社會(huì)交往中，接待客戶(hù)的活動(dòng)越來(lái)越多。但是如何接待客戶(hù)對(duì)每個(gè)人而言都是一件值得學(xué)習(xí)的事。下面是在日常接待中應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)。CONVERSATION

EntertainingClients

接待客戶(hù)

1.迎接禮儀迎來(lái)送往，是社會(huì)交往接待活動(dòng)中最基本的環(huán)節(jié)，是表達(dá)主人情誼、體現(xiàn)禮貌素養(yǎng)的重要方面。尤其是迎接，能給客人留下重要的第一印象。通常迎接客人要有周密的部署，應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)注意以下事項(xiàng)：●了解客人的車(chē)次、航班。安排與客人身份、職務(wù)相當(dāng)?shù)娜藛T前去迎接。●迎接客人時(shí)應(yīng)該提前為客人準(zhǔn)備好交通工具。將客人送往目的地后，應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)土人情、自然景觀(guān)等做簡(jiǎn)單介紹。

2.接待禮儀接待客人要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

●客人要找的負(fù)責(zé)人不在時(shí)，要明確告訴對(duì)方負(fù)責(zé)人何時(shí)回來(lái)。

●客人到來(lái)時(shí)，如果負(fù)責(zé)人不能馬上接見(jiàn)，要向客人說(shuō)明等待理由與等待時(shí)間。

●接待人員帶領(lǐng)客人到達(dá)目的地，應(yīng)該有正確的引導(dǎo)方法和引導(dǎo)姿勢(shì)。ExampleDialogue1

A:HowcanIhelpyou?

B:Yes,IamJimMilsonfromEdisonassociate.I’dliketoseeMr.Smith.

A:Doyouhaveanappointment?

B:Yes,heknowsIamcoming.Ourmeetingisat9o’clock.

A:IwonderingifMr.Smithforgotyourmeeting.Iamafraidheleftthisofficethismorningandheisnotexpectedbackuntilafter4PM.Letmefindoutifhemadeanarrangementforsomeoneelsetomeetwithyouinhisplace.Willyoupleasehaveaseat?

B:Sure.

A:Yeah,Mr.Milson.IjustcheckedwiththeirofficemanagerMsTerry,shesaidMr.Smithbriefedheronyourproject.Sheisjustfinishingupourmeetingnow.Sheshouldbemeetingyoushortly.Wouldyoulikemetoshowyouaroundforyourwaiting?

B:Thatwouldbeverynice,thankyou!

A:RightthiswayMr.Milson.Wecanstartwithourfrontoffice.WhenMsTerryisready,youmaytakeatthefront6thfloor.Thereisaconferenceroomalreadyprepared.Dialogue2

F: Hello,Mr.Henson,welcometoBeijing!IsthisyourfirsttimetovisitChina?

M:Ohno,I’vealreadymadeseveraltripstoGuangzhou,thisismyfirsttriptoBeijing.ItisalotlargerthanIexpecteditwouldbe.

F:Yes,Beijinghasbeenbrokenoverthelastfewyears,therearealotofimprovementchangingbemadeforOlympic.Whatwouldyouliketoseewhenareyouhere?

M:IhopetohavetimetovisitGreatWallwhenIamhere.Ialwayswanttogothere.IthinkitwouldbearealshamebycameallthewayinBeijinganddidn’tmakeoutthewall.DoyouthinkIhaveachancetoseeit?

F:Icanprettysureitcanbearranged.TheWallisashortdistancefromthecity.ButwecouldmakearrangementsfordrivertotakeusouttovisittheGreatWallduringwhenourafternoonbreaks.IalsorecommendyoutovisitTian’anMenSquareandcitywhileyouaddit!

M:Yes,thatwouldbenice.WouldIhaveatourguidetotourcompletelyvisittheseplaces?

F: Don’tworry.Iwouldbeabletogoalongwithyouoverthenextfewdays.IfyouhaveanyquestionsorproblemsIwillberightheretohelpyouout.Icanbeatranslatorandtourguide.

M:Thankyouverymuch.

F:?Mypleasure.IhopeyourvisittoBeijingisveryenjoyable!Practice

ImaginethatAisasalesmanagerofABCCompany,andBisaguestofABC.AisgoingtopickBupattheairport.PleasecompletethefollowingdialoguebetweenAandBwiththegivenpoints:

Greeteachother.

Talkingaboutthetrip.

Talkingaboutthehotel.

Makeabriefintroductiontothecityandlocalcustoms.Tips招待客戶(hù)常用語(yǔ)

1．I’mXXX,fromAA.I’vecometomeetyou.我是從AA來(lái)的XXX，我是來(lái)接您的。

2．Didyouhaveapleasanttrip?/Howwasyourtrip?旅途愉快嗎？

3．IsthisthefirsttimeyoucomtoShenzhen?您是第一次來(lái)深圳嗎？

4．Thecarisintheparkinglot,thiswayplease.車(chē)在停車(chē)場(chǎng)，這邊請(qǐng)。

5．Wouldyoulikeaglassofwater?/CanIgetyouacupofChineseredtea?/HowaboutaCoke?來(lái)杯水怎么樣？/我給您倒杯紅茶吧？/來(lái)杯可樂(lè)怎么樣？

6．Acupofcoffeewouldbegreat.Thanks！來(lái)杯咖啡吧。謝謝！

7．Therearemanyplaceswherewecaneat.HowaboutCantonesefood?有很多吃飯的地方?；洸嗽趺礃樱?/p>

8．Iwouldliketoinviteyouforlunch.我想請(qǐng)您吃午飯。

9．Oh,Ican’tletyoupay.Itismytreat,youaremyguest.哦，不能讓您請(qǐng)。這次我來(lái)，您是客人。

10．MayIproposethatwebreakforcoffeenow?我們休息一下喝杯咖啡吧？

11．Excuseme.I’llberightback.不好意思，我馬上回來(lái)。

12．Haveagoodjourney!祝您旅途愉快！

13．ThankyouverymuchforeverythingyouhavedoneusduringourstayinChina.謝謝您為我們?cè)谥袊?guó)期間所做的一切。

14．I’mlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.希望能再次見(jiàn)到您。

15．Thereisawelcomingdinnertomorrownight.明晚將有一個(gè)接風(fēng)宴。

16．

Iwilltakeyouonacitytourtomorrowmorning.

明天上午我會(huì)帶您瀏覽市容。

17．

Wouldyoupleasetellmewhenyouarefree?能告訴我您什么時(shí)候有空嗎？

18．

I’mafraidIhavetocancelmyappointment.恐怕我得取消約會(huì)了。

19．

Willyouchangeourappointmenttomorrowat10:00a.m.tothedayaftertomorrowatthesametime?我們的約會(huì)是不是要從明天上午10點(diǎn)改到后天同一時(shí)間？

20．Wouldyouliketogothroughourfactorysometime?什么時(shí)候來(lái)參觀(guān)我們的工廠(chǎng)吧？

21．Thankyouforcomingtoday.謝謝您的蒞臨。

22．Wouldn’tyouliketospendanextradayortwohere?您不愿意在這里多待一兩天嗎？

23．Whencanweworkoutadeal?我們什么時(shí)候洽談生意？

24．I’dappreciateyourkindconsiderationinthecomingdays.在接下來(lái)的幾天里還請(qǐng)多關(guān)照。在日常生活和社會(huì)交往中，我們常常會(huì)得到別人的幫助、招待、饋贈(zèng)、慰問(wèn)等。而感謝信作為一種禮儀文書(shū)，主要用來(lái)向?qū)Ψ奖硎境鲎匀磺页錆M(mǎn)真摯的感謝之情。感謝信在寫(xiě)作時(shí)通常篇幅較短，直接表達(dá)對(duì)對(duì)方的感謝之情。WRITING

HowtoWriteEffectiveLettersofAppreciation

and

Congratulation

如何寫(xiě)感謝信及祝賀信

在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中，祝賀信使用的頻率很高。在同學(xué)、同事、朋友或者親戚取得成績(jī)、獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)以及結(jié)婚、生子、生日、晉升等情況下，通常要寫(xiě)祝賀信以表達(dá)我們的祝賀之情。祝賀信用詞必須親切有禮、表達(dá)出真誠(chéng)的喜悅之情。英語(yǔ)感謝信和祝賀信的寫(xiě)作格式類(lèi)似，主要由以下幾部分組成：信頭(heading)，即發(fā)信人的地址和日期(右上角)；稱(chēng)呼(salutation)，即對(duì)收信人的尊稱(chēng)(一般用DearMr…,DearMadam…,DearMiss…等);正文(body)，即感謝信或祝賀信的主要內(nèi)容，通常正文第一句和稱(chēng)呼之間要空一至二行；信尾客套話(huà)(complimentaryclose)或祝賀詞，即寫(xiě)信人在信的右(或左)下角寫(xiě)上表示自己對(duì)收信人的一種禮貌客氣的謙稱(chēng)或者再次表示感謝或祝賀。Example

DearMrs.Beck,

Howdidyoueverfindthosewonderfulglasses?Theyareperfect,andJimandIwanttothankyouathousandtimes!

Thepresentswillbeshownonthedayofthewedding,butdocomeoverThursdaymorningifyoucanforacupofcoffee.

Thankyouagain,andwithlovefromusboth.

Mary

親愛(ài)的貝克太太：您是怎樣