《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》課件第19章

CanLinuxBecomeanAlternativetoWindowsontheDesktop?

1AstheLinuxphenomenonhasspread,visionsofitssuccesshavegrownaswell,fedbyaperennialdesireforanalternativetoWindows.2Severalplatforms,includingOS/2andtheMacintosh,havealreadybattledWindowsforthedesktop,andin1998Linuxwasenlistedforthesamecampaign.Oneyearago,fewoutsidetheLinuxdevelopercommunityhadevenheardoftheupstartOS,andlongtimeuserscanclaimthatthisUNIXvariantforinexpensivePChardwarewasneitherintendednorengineeredtobeadesktopWindows

killer.3Regardless,thereisagrowingviewthatifLinuxcantakeshareontheserver(asithas),itcouldtakeseatsonthedesktop.

4ThereareanumberofperceivedbenefitstoLinuxbecomingadesktopalternativetoWindows.5Linuxisfreetouseanddistribute,whichcouldsavecompaniesabundleinlicensingfees.SeveralLinuxproductivityapplicationsarealsofreeorinexpensive,potentiallysavingevenmoremoney.ManyalsofeelthatLinuxisfarmorestableplatformthanWindows’shakytowerofDLLsandregistrysettings.AndbecausetheLinuxkernelisnotproprietary,theplayingfieldforapplicationvendorsislevel.Novendorcontrolsthesourcecode,sonovendorcanleverageLinuxtoitsbenefit.

LinuxhasapowerfulUNIX-likecommandline,andmanyLinuxproshavenoneedordesireforaGUI.ButifLinuxistobecomeagiant-killeronthedesktop,itmustbejudgedagainstWindowsbymainstreamusers.6GiventhestateofLinuxdevelopmentthough,theexperienceofsuchusersfluentwithWIMP(windows,icons,menus,pointer),butnotwithtextprompts,islikelytobeamixedone.

Ononehand,severalpopularwindowsmanagersprovideLinuxwithWIMPinterfacesandfilemanagersthatechomanyWindowsconventions.Therearealsonumerousproductivityapplications,suchasbrowsersandofficesuites,availableforLinux.Forthemostpart,theseapplicationshaveaWindowslookandfeelandofferfunctionalitythatiscomparable

totheirWindowscounterparts.

7Despitetheslewofimpressiveapplicationsandinterfacesthough,LinuxwillnotbeanacceptablecorporatealternativetoWindowsuntilhardware-compatibilityissuesareresolved

andallaspectsofinstallationandconfigurationareachievableinthedesktopenvironment.8Formostusers,thelearningcurverequiredtotransformaLinuxboxintoa“personal”computeristosteep.

Butgiventhesuccessthusfaroftheopensourcemodel,andthesizeandenthusiasmofthedevelopercommunity,nothingthathappenssurroundingLinuxshouldbeasurprise.Justlookhowfarthingscamein1998.NewWordsperennial

adj.多年的alternativen.代替,替代品enlist

v.加入communityn.團(tuán)體upstartadj.新生的engineerv.設(shè)計(jì)regardlessadj.不管perceivedadj.明顯的distributev.分配,分發(fā)bundlen.捆licensev.許可,認(rèn)可potentiallyadv.潛在地registryn.登錄settingn.設(shè)置kerneln.內(nèi)核proprietaryadj.專有的vendorn.賣主leveragev.利用prosn.擁護(hù)者giant-killern.強(qiáng)大的殺手mainstreamn.主流fluentadj.熟悉的echov.反應(yīng),回應(yīng)conventionn.習(xí)慣,約定numerousadj.許多的suiten.(程序)套,組comparableadj.可比較的counterpartn.副本,對(duì)應(yīng)物despiteprep.盡管impressiveadj.給人印象深刻的acceptableadj.可接受的installationn.安裝,裝備configurationn.配置,設(shè)置achievableadj.能達(dá)到的transformv.變換,改變curven.曲線steepadj.不合理的enthusiasmn.熱情PhrasesandExpressionsOS(operationsystem)操作系統(tǒng)neither...nor既不……也不……beintendedto有意做sourcecode源碼DLLs動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接庫registrysetting登錄設(shè)置commandline命令行GUI圖形用戶接口textprompt文本提示符officesuites辦公室程序套件personalcomputer(PC)個(gè)人電腦opensourcemodel開放源碼模型TheExplanationofDifficultStatements

1.AstheLinuxphenomenonhasspread,visionsofitssuccesshavegrownaswell,fedbyaperennialdesireforanalternativetoWindows.

分析:此句為as所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,其中“fedbyaperennialdesireforanalternativetoWindows”為過去分詞作定語,修飾主語“visionsofitssuccess”。

句意:隨著Linux現(xiàn)象的擴(kuò)散,有關(guān)其成功的看法也在不斷增長(zhǎng),多年希望出現(xiàn)Windows的替代品的意愿也助長(zhǎng)了這種看法。

2.Severalplatforms,includingOS/2andtheMacinstosh,havealreadybattledWindows

forthedesktop,andin1998Linuxwasenlistedforthesamecampaign.

分析:“includingOS/2andtheMacinstosh”為句中的插入語。

句意:幾種平臺(tái)包括OS/2和Macintosh在內(nèi),已經(jīng)與Windows在桌面系統(tǒng)中較量過,1998年Linux加入這一爭(zhēng)斗中。

3.Regardless,thereisagrowingviewthatifLinuxcantakeshareontheserver(asithas),itcouldtakeseatsonthedesktop.

分析:“thatifLinuxcantakeshareontheserver(asithas)”為同位語從句。注意其與定語從句的區(qū)別。

句意:不管怎么說,越來越多的人開始持這種看法:如果Linux能在服務(wù)器上爭(zhēng)得一席之地(實(shí)際已經(jīng)是這樣),那么在桌面系統(tǒng)上它也能爭(zhēng)得交椅。

4.ThereareanumberofperceivedbenefitstoLinuxbecomingadesktopalternativetoWindows.

分析:“becomingadesktopalternativetoWindows”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語,在句子中作定語修飾Linux。

句意:Linux成為Windows桌面系統(tǒng)的替代品有很多明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

5.Linuxisfreetouseanddistribute,whichcouldsavecompaniesabundleinlicensingfees.

分析:此句中which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,which為關(guān)系代詞,代替前面整個(gè)一個(gè)句子,在非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞不能使用that。例如:Thesunheatstheearth,

whichmakesplantsgrowbetter...

句意:Linux的使用和分發(fā)是免費(fèi)的,這可以為公司節(jié)省一大筆使用許可費(fèi)。

6.GiventhestateofLinuxdevelopmentthough,theexperienceofsuchusersfluentwithWIMP(windows,icons,menus,pointer),butnotwithtextprompts,islikelytobeamixedone.

分析:“GiventhestateofLinuxdevelopmentthough”為過去分詞短語,在句中作狀語相當(dāng)于讓步狀語從句:ThoughtheyhavebeengiventhestateofLinuxdevelopment.

句意:雖然知道了目前Linux的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,這些已用慣了WIMP(窗口、圖標(biāo)、菜單和指針)但不熟悉文本提示符的用戶的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可能是混合型的。

7.Despitetheslewofimpressiveapplicationsandinterfacesthough,LinuxwillnotbeanacceptablecorporatealternativetoWindowsuntilhardware-compatibilityissuesareresolvedandallaspectsofinstallationandconfigurationareachievableinthedesktopenvironment.

分析:①despite為介詞,意為“雖然,盡管”,與“inspiteof”同義,故其后跟名詞短語與though/although后面跟從句有所區(qū)別。②not...until意為“直到……才”,故此句按肯定句翻譯。句意:盡管有大量的令人印象深刻的應(yīng)用程序和接口,但Linux仍須等到硬件兼容性問題得到解決,以及所有的安裝和設(shè)置能在桌面環(huán)境中實(shí)現(xiàn)后,才能為公司所接受,成為Windows的替代品。

8.Formostusers,thelearningcurverequiredtotransformaLinuxintoa“personal”computeristoosteep.

分析:“requiredtotransformaLinuxintoa‘personal’computer”為過去分詞作定語修飾thelearningcurve。

句意:對(duì)大多數(shù)用戶而言,將Linux改裝到“個(gè)人”電腦上這一學(xué)習(xí)過程太突然。GrammarTranslationSkills(1)英語否定形式的翻譯方法英、漢兩種語言在表達(dá)否定的概念時(shí),所使用的詞匯手段、語法手段,甚至語言邏輯都有很大差別,翻譯時(shí)必須注意這一點(diǎn)。為了翻譯表達(dá)的正確,首先要對(duì)英語各種否定句的含義有一個(gè)正確理解。在英語中,表達(dá)否定語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)很多,可歸納如下:

1.全部否定

表示全部否定意義的詞有:

none沒人,誰都不neither(兩者)都不

neither...nor既不……也不no沒有

not不never從來不

nothing沒有任何東西nobody沒有人

nowhere什么地方都不這類詞譯成漢語,一般為否定句,但語序有變動(dòng)。例如:

1)Noneofthesemetalshaveconductivityhigherthancopper.這些金屬的導(dǎo)電率不及銅高。

2)LongtimeuserscanclaimthatthisUNIXvariantforinexpensivePChardwarewasneitherintendednorengineeredtobeadesktopwindows-killer.

長(zhǎng)期使用者可能聲稱這個(gè)廉價(jià)PC的硬件上的UNIX變種既不是主觀有意也不是被設(shè)計(jì)成Windows桌面系統(tǒng)的替代品(殺手)。

3)Butgiventhesuccessthusfaroftheopensourcemodel,andthesizeandenthusiasmofthedevelopercommunity,nothingthathappenssurroundingLinuxshouldbeasurprise.但是如果知道了開放源碼模型獲得的巨大成功,以及Linux開發(fā)隊(duì)伍如此之大,熱情之高,圍繞Linux發(fā)生的任何事情都不會(huì)讓人吃驚。

2.部分否定

表示部分否定的詞匯有:

notall/both/every/much/many/often/always譯成漢語通常為“不都是”、“不全是”、“不是都”、“并非都”、“不多”、“不常”等。例如:

1)Notmanyofthemcansolvetheproblem.

并非他們中的許多人都能解決這一難題。

2)Everymachinehereisnotproducedinourfactory.這里的機(jī)器并不全是我廠的產(chǎn)品。

3.意義上的否定英語中有些詞和詞組意義上包含有否定語氣,如:

1)動(dòng)詞

fail失敗lack缺乏

deny拒絕,否認(rèn)ignore忽略不計(jì)

exclude排除refuse拒絕

overlook忽略miss失敗例如:

Hesteadilyrefusedtotellanuntruth.他堅(jiān)決不肯說謊。

2)名詞

neglect忽略ignorance無知

scarcity缺乏absence缺少

exclusion除外例如:

Hisexclusionfromthetennisclubhurthimverymuch.不讓他參加網(wǎng)球俱樂部對(duì)他傷害很大。

3)形容詞

freefrom免于farfrom遠(yuǎn)離

few幾乎沒有l(wèi)ast最不可能的

little幾乎沒有short(of)缺少例如:

Oneyearago,fewoutsidetheLinuxdevelopercommunityhadevenheardoftheupstartOS.一年前,在Linux開發(fā)人員圈子外很少有人曾聽說過這個(gè)新生的操作系統(tǒng)。

4)連詞

unless除非,如果不ratherthan而不是

until直到nor也不

butthat要不是,若非例如:

Thespeedofliftingshouldbefastratherthanslow.上升速度應(yīng)該是快的,而不是慢的。

5)副詞

barely幾乎沒有scarcely幾乎不

hardly幾乎不rarely很少,不常

seldom很少too...to太……而不能

unlikely不太可能

6)介詞

without沒有beyond超過

insteadof而不(是)outof在……之外,缺乏,脫離

except除……之外

4.雙重否定

雙重否定表達(dá)的意思是肯定的,而且比一般原肯定語氣更重,翻譯時(shí),既可譯成雙重否定,也可譯成肯定句。表達(dá)雙重否定的詞匯有:

too...nottonever...but

can’ttoo...tocan’t...without

not...untilnot...but

no...otherthannotbutthat...例如:

LinuxwillnotbeanacceptablecorporatealternativetoWindowsuntilhardware—compatibilityissuesareresolvedandallaspectsofinstallationandconfigurationareachievableinthedesktopenvironment.

Linux仍須等到硬件兼容性問題得以解決并且設(shè)置能在桌面環(huán)境中實(shí)現(xiàn)后才能為公司所接受,成為Windows的替代品。ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext:(1)Thereareanumberofperceivedbenefitsto_____________becomingadesktopalternativetoWindows.(2)ManyalsofeelthatLinuxis______________thanWindows’shakytowerofDLLsandregistrysettings.(3)Linuxhasapowerful______________commandline,andmanyLinuxproshavenoneedordesireforaGUI.(4)Therearealsonumerousproductivityapplications,suchas______________,availableforLinux.(5)Formostusers,thelearningcurverequiredtotransforma______________intoa“personal”computeristosteep.Ⅱ.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalseaccordingtothetext:(1)AstheLinuxphenomenonhasspread,visionsofitsfailurehavegrownaswell.(2)IncludingOS/2andtheMacintosh,haven’talreadybattledWindowsforthedesktop,andin1998Linuxwasenlistedforthecampaign.(3)ThereareanumberofperceivedbenefitstoLinuxbecomingadesktopalternativetoWindows.(4)ButifLinuxistobecomeagiant-killeronthedesktop,itmustbejudgedagainstWindowsbymainstreamusers.(5)Ononehand,severalpopularwindowsmanagersprovideLinuxwithCommandinterfacesandfilemanagersthatechomanyWindowsconventions.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:(1)Notuntiltheinventionofthehighaltituderocketdidthedirectstudyoftheupperatmospherebecomepossible.(2)Butthathesawit,hecouldnothavebelievedit.(3)Hisexclusionfromthetennisclubhurthimverymuch.(4)Keepthepetroleumfromthefire.Itwillburstintoflame.(5)Itneverrainsbutitpours.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese:

Electroniccommunication,duetoitsspeedandbroadcastingability,isfundamentallydifferentfrompaper-basedcommunicationsuchaslettersandmemos.Becausetheotherperson’sresponsetimecapabilityistofast,emailismore“conversational”thantraditionalmethodsofcommunication.

Inapaperdocument,itisabsolutelyessentialtomakeeverythingcompletelyclearandunambiguousbecauseyouraudiencemaynothaveachancetoaskforclarification.Withemaildocuments,yourrecipientcanaskquestionimmediately.Email,therefore,likeconversationalspeech,tendstobemuchsloppierandmoreambiguous.ReadingMaterials

ElectronicCommunication(Ⅰ)

Electroniccommunication,duetoitsspeedandbroadcastingability,isfundamentallydifferentfrompaper-basedcommunicationsuchaslettersandmemos.Becausetheotherperson’sresponsetimecapabilityistofast,emailismore“conversational”thantraditionalmethodsofcommunication.

Inapaperdocument,itisabsolutelyessentialtomakeeverythingcompletelyclearandunambiguousbecauseyouraudiencemaynothaveachancetoaskforclarification.Withemaildocuments,yourrecipientcanaskquestionimmediately.Email,therefore,likeconversationalspeech,tendstobemuchsloppierandmoreambiguous.

Thisisnotalwaysbad.Itmightnotbeaworthwhileexpenditureofenergytoslaveover

amessage,makingsurethatyourspellingisfaultless,yourwordseloquent,andthatyourgrammarandpunctuationarebeyondreproach,ifthepointofthemessageissimplytoinformtherecipientthatyouarereadytogotolunch.NewWordsandExpressions

memosn.備忘錄clarificationn.澄清recipientn.接受者,收件人sloppya.草率的,無條理的ambiguousa.含糊的,意思不清的expendituren.花費(fèi),花銷slavevi.奴隸般地工作;苦干;煞費(fèi)苦心地處理eloquenta.有說服力的,雄辯的punctuationn.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)reproach

n.指責(zé)Question

Whyelectroniccommunicationi