《計算機專業(yè)英語》課件第21章

HardwareSolutionVs.SoftwareSolution

1Ahugehardwarejockalwaysclaims,“Anythingyoucandoinsoftware,Icandocheaperandfasterinhardware.”O(jiān)fcourse,heisalwaysstumpedwhenheisaskedtomakeaquickfeaturechangeandrecompilehishardware.Butthebattlebetweentheflexibilityofsoftwarevs.thespeedofhardwareisasoldasthecomputerindustryitself.

2Giventherelativequicknessofsoftwaredevelopments,onewouldthinkthatsoftwaresolutionswouldleadthecomputingagendaformanyyears.Butassoftwaredelayshavebecomemoreprofoundandcommonplace,hardware-featuredsolutionsarebeginningtoofferbettersolutionsthantheirsoftwarecounterparts.Andgiventheimprovingcapabilitiesofhardwarevendorswillbecometheclearleaderinthisrace.

Thisracestartedin1981whenMS-DOSusedseveralsoftware“trickery”tofakethehardwareintoexploitingcertainfeatures.3Thesewereimportanttricksneededtoincreasethespeedofslowharddrivers,ortoaddressmoreRAMthantheprocessorwasdesignedtoaccess.ButthesecretofsuccessforthesesolutionswasthecapabilityofMicrosoftandothervendorstoquicklydevelopsoftwaresolutions.Softwaresolutionsalwaysranslowerthantheirhardwarecounterparts,butwereoftencompletedyearsbeforehardwarevendorscoulddelivertheiroffering.

4Butasthecorporatecomputingindustryhasmatured,thesituationhasradicallyshifted.SoftwaresolutionshavebecomemorebloatedinanattempttocrammyriadfeaturesintoamorecomplicatedOS.Thisfeaturecramhasincreasinglydelayedthenextgenerationoftheoperatingsystem.

Atthesametime,hardwarevendorssuchasIntelhavegottenmoresophisticatedintheirprocessordevelopment.Giventheirclockworklikedevelopmentofnextgenerationprocessors,vendorsarenowabletooffersolutionsthatarejustappearingontheagendaofmanycomputeruser.

ThePentiumⅢepitomizesthisshift.5Buriedintothischipare70newinstructionsthatwillgreatlyimprovetheperformancesofdemandedfeatures,suchasspeechinputandvideooutput.However,withsomeofthecutbacksinWindows2000,itcouldbeonetothreeyearsbeforethenativeOScanleveragetheseintegratedfeatures.

ButevenwithoutanewOS,thesefeaturescanbeutilized.6LeveragingWindows’driversmodel,specialtyvendorswillofferdriversthatcanfullyexploitthoseintegratedfeatures.Thusprovidingdramaticallyimproved-orarguably,finallyusable-videoandspeechcapabilities.Ofcourse,thisPentium-WindowschasmprovidesanopportunityforotheroperatingsystemvendorssuchasRedHatBeInc.thatisassumingthattheycanreactliketheMicrosoftofold.

Butthisshiftgoesbeyondtheprocessorandoperatingsystemchallenge.7Weareseeingmorevendorsbegintoshiftsoftwarebasedsolutionsintothehardware,wherefunctionscanbeexecutedliterallytensofthousandsoftimesfaster,orprovidesolutionsthatcouldn’tbedonewithsoftware.NewWordssolutionn.解決方法jockn.高手stumpv.使困惑,難倒recompilev.重新編譯flexibilityn.靈活性agendan.議事日程profoundadj.深刻的,嚴重的commonplaceadj.常見的,平凡的trickeryn.欺騙,圈套fakev.偽裝,冒充exploitv.采用,利用driven.驅動器processorn.處理器maturev.成熟,到期radicallyadv.根本上的shiftv.移位,交換bloatv.膨脹myriadadj.無數的,種種的complicatedadj.復雜的sophisticatedadj.先進的,復雜的epitomizev.集中體現chipn.芯片instructionn.命令,指令cutbackn.延遲utilizev.利用specialtyn.專業(yè)arguablyadv.可辯論地,有爭議地assumingn.假設challengen.挑戰(zhàn)executev.執(zhí)行PhrasesandExpressionsatthesametime同時speedinput語言輸入videooutput視頻輸出provide...for為……提供TheExplanationofDifficultStatements

1.Ahugehardwarejockalwaysclaims“Anythingyoucandoinsoftware,Icandocheaperandfasterinhardware.”

分析:“youcandoinsoftware”為定語從句,修飾anything。句意:一位硬件高手總是這么說,“你能用軟件完成的事,我能用硬件更快、更便宜地完成”。

2.Giventherelativequicknessofsoftwaredevelopment,onewouldthinkthatsoftwaresolutionswouldleadthecomputingagendaformanyyears.

分析:此句中“giventherelativequicknessofsoftwaredevelopment”為過去分詞短語,在句中作狀語。

句意:在假設軟件開發(fā)較快的情況下,人們會認為軟件方案將在計算機領域獨領風騷許多年。

3.Thesewereimportanttricksneededtoincreasethespeedofslowharddrives,ortoaddressmoreRAMthantheprocessorwasdesignedtoaccess.

分析:此句中“neededtoincreasethespeedofslowharddrives,ortoaddressmoreRAMthantheprocessorwasdesignedtoaccess.”為過去分詞短語在句中作定語修飾先行詞“tricks”。句意:這些都是很重要的計謀,對提高慢速硬盤機的速度或對更多的RAM尋址(超過處理器設計所應該能訪問的地址)是必需的。

4.Butasthecorporatecomputingindustryhasmatured,thesituationhasradicallyshifted.

分析:“as”在此句中為連詞,意為“隨著”,引導時間狀語從句。

句意:但是隨著企業(yè)計算業(yè)的成熟,形勢已發(fā)生了根本的改變。

5.Buriedintothischipare70newinstructionsthatwillgreatlyimprovetheperformanceofdemandedfeatures,suchasspeedinputandvideooutput.

分析:此句為倒裝句,正常語序應為:“70newinstructionsareburiedintothischip”;that所引導的從句為定語從句,修飾“instructions”。

句意:在此芯片中新增了70條指令,它們將極大地改進所要求的性能,如語音輸入和視頻輸出性能。

6.LeveragingWindow’sdrivermodel,specialtyvendorswillofferdriversthatcanfullyexploitthoseintegratedfeatures.

分析:“LeveragingWindow’sdrivermodel”為現在分詞作狀語;that引導定語修飾“drivers”。

句意:通過利用Windows的驅動程序模型,專業(yè)公司將提供全面利用這些內在特性的驅動程序。

7.Weareseeingmorevendorsbegintoshiftsoftwarebasedsolutionsintothehardware,wherefunctionscanbeexecutedliterallytensofthousandsoftimefasten,orprovidesolutionsthatcouldn’tbedonewithsoftware.

分析:此句中“basedsolutionsintothehardware”為過去分詞作定語;where所引導的從句為非限制性定語從句,其中where在從句中作狀語,相當于“在硬件中”。

句意:我們正在看到更多的公司開始把基于軟件的方案轉到硬件中,在硬件中,執(zhí)行功能的速度要快上幾萬倍或者提供軟件不能完成的方案。GrammarTranslationSkills(3)定語的翻譯方法(Ⅱ)

1.定語在限制性定語從句中的翻譯

(1)譯成“……的”詞組修飾名詞。

(2)可以分譯成并列分句。例如:

Anythingyoucandoinsoftware,Icandocheaperandfasterinhardware.你能用軟件完成的事,我能用硬件更快、更便宜地完成。Italsomakeskernelhuge,complexpiecesofsoftwarethatarehardtoenhancewithoutaddingbugs.它也使內核成為巨大而復雜的軟件,這就很難做到不增加錯誤而得到升級。

2.定語在非限制性定語從句中的翻譯

(1)譯為并列句。

(2)主從之間有轉折連接關系加“而”、“可是”、“但是”等。

(3)主從之間含有原因、讓步、條件等意義,譯成相應的狀語。例如:

Bycontrast,applicationsrunin“usermode”,whichallowsthemaccesstotheirownsectionsofmemory.與此相反,應用程序以“用戶方式”運行,此方式允許應用程序訪問屬于它們自己的那部分存儲器。

Computers,whichhavemanyadvantages,cannottaketheplaceofman.雖然計算機有許多優(yōu)點,但它們無法取代人類。

3.where引導的定語從句的翻譯

(1)在限制性定語從句中譯成“……的”,將where省略。

(2)在非限制性定語從句中where譯成“在那里”、“其中”。例如:

Weareseeingmorevendorsbegintoshiftsoftwarebasedsolutionsintothehardware,wherefunctionscanbeexecutedliterallytensofthousandsoftimesfaster,orprovidesolutionsthatcouldn’tbedonewithsoftware.我們正在看到更多的公司開始把基于軟件的方案轉到硬件中,在硬件中,執(zhí)行功能的速度要快上幾萬倍,或者能提供軟件不能完成的方案。

4.由which引導的特種定語從句的翻譯由which引導的特種定語從句不修飾某個名詞,而是對整個主語加以補充說明。翻譯時將which譯成“這”。例如:

Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太陽照熱了大地,這使植物得以生長。ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext:(1)Giventherelativequicknessof______________,onewouldthinkthatsoftwaresolutionswouldleadthecomputingagendaformanyyears.(2)Softwaresolutionsalwaysran______________thantheirhardwarecounterparts,butwereoftencompletedyearsbeforehardwarevendorscoulddelivertheiroffering.(3)Softwaresolutionshavebecomemorebloatedinanattempttocram______________intoamorecomplicatedOS.(4)ThePentiumⅢepitomizesthisshift.Buriedintothischipare______________thatwillgreatlyimprovetheperformancesofdemandedfeatures,suchasspeechinputandvideooutput.(5)______________thatcanfullyexploittheseintegratedfeatures.Ⅱ.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalseaccordingtothetext:(1)Thebattlebetweentheflexibilityofsoftwarevs.thespeedofhardwareisn’tasoldasthecomputerindustryitself.(2)Thisracestartedin1983whenMSDOSusedseveralsoftware“trickery”tofakethehardwareintoexploitingcertainfeatures.(3)Butassoftwaredelayshavebecomemoreprofoundandcommonplace,hardware-featuredsolutionsarebeginningtoofferbettersolutionsthantheirsoftwarecoun-terparts.(4)Giventheirclockwork-likedevelopmentofnext-generationprocessors,vendorsarenowabletooffersolutionsthatarejustappearingontheagendaofmanycomputeruser.(5)However,withsomeofthecutbacksinWindows2000,itcouldbetwotofiveyearsbeforethenativeOScanleveragetheseintegratedfeatures.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:(1)Afuelisamaterialwhichwillburnatareasonabletemperatureandproduceheat.(2)Arocketenginecanworkinspacewherethereisnoair.(3)Forreaderswhosebackgroundhasnotincludedthesetopics,astudyofthesetwochaptersisessentialtounderstandingtherestofthebook.(4)Electroniccomputers,whichmakeitpossibletofreemanfromthelaborofcomplexmeasurementsandcomputations,havefoundwideapplicationinengineering.(5)Anautomaticproductionlineisexcellentfortheautomotiveindustrywherethousandsofidenticalpartsareproduced.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese:

Whenenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systemsappearedonthesceneintheearly’90s,manyISprofessionalswerecaughtunaware.WhatvendorstoutedasERP,ISmanagerstypicallyregardedsimplyasintegratedcorebusinesssystems,usuallyencompassinganyofavarietyofelementsincludingforecasting,logistics,manufacturingoperations,andfinancialapplicationsinonecombinationoranother.Eventoday,manyISmanagersareunfamiliarwithERPsystems,althoughthefunctionalitytheyprovide-forrunningthedailybusinessoperations,andmanagingthepersonnelandtheirbenefits-haslongbeentheheartofcorporateISoperations.However,ERP’sprofileisrapidlyrising,makingitoneofthehottestIScategories.ReadingMaterialsERPSystems(1)

Whenenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systemsappearedonthesceneintheearly’90s,manyISprofessionalswerecaughtunaware.WhatvendorstoutedasERP,ISmanagerstypicallyregardedsimplyasintegratedcorebusinesssystems,usuallyencompassinganyofavarietyofelementsincludingforecasting,logistics,manufacturingoperations,andfinancialapplicationsinonecombinationoranother.Eventoday,manyISmanagersareunfamiliarwithERPsystems,althoughthefunctionalitytheyprovide—forrunningthedailybusinessoperations,andmanagingthepersonnelandtheirbenefits—haslongbeentheheartofcorporateISoperations.However,ERP’sprofileisrapidlyrising,makingitoneofthehottestIScategories.

ERP,whichevolvedoutofmaterialsresourceplanning(MRP)andmanufacturingresourceplanning(MRPⅡ)systems,describesafamilyofsoftwareapplicationsthathandlethecoreoperationsoftheorganization.Theseoperationsincludeaccounting/financials,suchasgeneralledgerandreceivables/payables;humanresources,includingpayrollandbenefits;production/logistics/operations,suchasorderentry,inventory,distribution,andscheduling;andplanningandforecasting,whichaddresssuchquestionsaswhattomake,howmuchtomake,andwhentomakeit.Increasingly,vendorsareextendingthescopeoftheirERPproductsbyaddingcustomerinteractionmanagement,supplychainmanagement,salesforceautomation,andmore.NewWordsandExpressionsERP(enterpriseresourceplanning)企業(yè)資源計劃IS(informationsystem)信息系統(tǒng)tout

vi.招攬,招徠integratedcorebusinesssystem集成的核心業(yè)務系統(tǒng)forecast

vt.預言,預測,預報logistics

n.后勤學,后勤financialapplications財務應用profilen.輪廓,外形,形象hottestadj.熱門的MRP(materialresourceplanning)材料資源計劃generalledger總賬production/logistics/operations生產/后勤供應/經營inventoryn.庫存,財產清冊,盤存schedulevt.調度Questions

(1)WhatareincludedintheERPsystems?(2)WhatdidERPevolveoutof?ERPSystems(2)

Corebusinesssystemsofthepastprovidedthesamefunctionalitythroughseparateapplications.WiththenewERPsystems,thiscorebusinessfunctionalityistightlyintegrated.Eachfunctionhasthesamelookandfeel.Whenauserentersinformationinonepart,itisautomaticallyreflectedeverywhereelse.Forinstance,ifamanagergivessomebodyaraise,itisreflectedinthepayrollsystemandtheaccountingsystem.Whenaclerktakesanorder,theinformationisautomaticallyenteredintoaccounting,scheduling,inventory,andanyotherfunctionsthatwillbeaffected.

Noneofthisisglamorous.ERPsystemsarethemeatandpotatoesofISapplications.However,thebenefitsaresubstantial.Becauseeverythingisti